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Article

Polychaetes (Annelida) of Cyprus (Eastern Mediterranean Sea): An Updated and Annotated Checklist including New Distribution Records

by
Maria Rousou
1,†,
Joachim Langeneck
2,*,†,
Chara Apserou
3,
Christos Arvanitidis
4,5,
Stephanos Charalambous
6,
Kyproula Chrysanthou
3,
George Constantinides
7,
Panagiotis D. Dimitriou
8,
Sergio Carlos García Gómez
9,
Soteria Irene Hadjieftychiou
3,
Nikolaos Katsiaras
10,
Periklis Kleitou
11,
Demetris Kletou
11,12,
Frithjof C. Küpper
13,14,
Paraskevi Louizidou
13,15,
Roberto Martins
16,
Manos L. Moraitis
17,
Nafsika Papageorgiou
18,
Magdalene Papatheodoulou
1,
Antonis Petrou
3,
Dimitris Xevgenos
19,
Lavrentios Vasiliades
1,
Eleni Voultsiadou
20,
Chariton Charles Chintiroglou
20 and
Alberto Castelli
21add Show full author list remove Hide full author list
1
Department of Fisheries and Marine Research (DFMR), Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and the Environment of the Republic of Cyprus, 101 Vithleem Street, Strovolos, 2033 Nicosia, Cyprus
2
Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), U.L.R. di Lecce, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Strada Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
3
AP Marine Environmental Consultancy Ltd., P.O. Box 26728, 1647 Nicosia, Cyprus
4
Institute of Marine Biology Biotechnology & Aquaculture (IMBBC), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Gournes Pediados, Crete, P.O. Box 2214, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
5
GreeceLifeWatch Eric, Sector I-III Plaza de España, 41071 Seville, Spain
6
T.C. Geomatic Ltd., 1095 Nicosia, Cyprus
7
George Constantinides, Freelance, 95th Makariou Av., Lakatamia, 2313 Nicosia, Cyprus
8
Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
9
Sergio Carlos García Gómez, Freelance, Calle Jalón 32, Portal 4, 3B, 29004 Málaga, Spain
10
Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 44.6km Athinon-Souniou, 19013 Anavissos, Greece
11
Marine & Environmental Research (MER) Lab Ltd., 4533 Limassol, Cyprus
12
Department of Maritime Transport and Commerce, Frederick University, 3080 Limassol, Cyprus
13
School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Bldg, St. Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
14
Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
15
Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Hydrobiological Station of Rhodes, Cos Street, 85100 Rhodes, Greece
16
CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
17
Cyprus Marine and Maritime Institute, CMMI House, Vasileos Pavlou Square, 6023 Larnaca, Cyprus
18
Department of Agricultural Development, Agri-Food & Natural Resources Management, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Evripos Complex, 34400 Psachna, Greece
19
Engineering Systems & Services Department, Technology Policy & Management Faculty, Delft University of Technology, Jaffalaan 5, 2628 BX Delft, The Netherlands
20
Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
21
Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
 
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*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Diversity 2023, 15(8), 941; https://doi.org/10.3390/d15080941
Submission received: 30 June 2023 / Revised: 8 August 2023 / Accepted: 17 August 2023 / Published: 19 August 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Investigation of the Biology, Ecology, Distribution of Marine Macrozoobenthic Communities)
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Abstract

:
The diversity and distribution of polychaetes in the coastal area and the EEZ of the Republic of Cyprus is presented based on both the literature records and new data acquired in a wide range of environmental monitoring programmes and research projects. A total of 585 polychaete species belonging to 49 families were reported in Cyprus waters; among them, 205 species (34%) were recorded based on the literature only, 149 (26%) were new records based on our own data, and a total of 231 spp. (40%) were recorded from both the literature and new data. A total of 51 polychaete species were identified as non-indigenous; among them, 32 were confirmed as alien species, 4 were considered cryptogenic, and 15 were considered questionable as there were doubts about their identity. The Indo-Pacific Schistomeringos loveni was reported for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea, while four species already reported in the literature, namely, Bispira melanostigma, Fimbriosthenelais longipinnis Leonnates aylaoberi, and Rhodopsis pusilla, were added to the list of non-indigenous polychaetes in the Mediterranean Sea. The current work highlights the importance of implementing environmental monitoring programmes and carrying out research surveys targeting benthic macrofauna assemblages.

1. Introduction

Polychaetes (Annelida) are one of the most important groups of benthic organisms, and they are often characterised by high diversity, abundance and biomass in benthic communities from a wide depth range [1,2,3,4]. Due to the high biomass reached in several environments, polychaetes often play an important role in benthic community food webs [5,6], and often represent an important food item for benthic and nektonic species with commercial interest, both in the wild [7,8,9] and in aquaculture plants [10,11], thus contributing to their sustainable exploitation. In addition, several species of polychaetes show tolerance to different types of pollution [12,13,14] and might be successfully used for both environmental monitoring and water quality assessment [15,16,17] as well as bioremediation of polluted environments [18,19,20].
The identification of polychaetes to the species level is often crucial to obtain reliable datasets that can be effectively used for environmental monitoring and cross-comparisons with other studies [21,22]. However, taxonomic and parataxonomic expertise on this group is globally decreasing [23,24], following a well-known and general trend [25]. In addition, polychaetes have been historically considered as a group with relatively low diversity and characterised by the widespread occurrence of cosmopolitan species [26,27] with extremely variable morphology, ecology, and reproductive traits [28,29]. Even though current polychaete research is revealing a widespread pattern of cryptic and pseudocryptic diversity in several allegedly cosmopolitan species [30,31,32], taxonomic keys are often outdated, and a critical re-evaluation of the diversity is not available for several polychaete species. In fact, integrative taxonomy studies taking into account many lines of evidence other than morphology need to take in consideration not only the existence of new species but also the occurrence of overlooked old taxa, described in the XIX century and subsequently incorrectly put into the synonymy of allegedly cosmopolitan species [33,34]. The extent of the phenomenon of diversity underestimation in polychaetes is unclear, but taking into account already published studies, in which species complexes were found to include up to >20 divergent lineages [31,34], a coarse estimate would suggest that we are currently underestimating the actual species diversity of polychaetes by approximately one order of magnitude. Even though the Mediterranean Sea is widely considered as one of the best-known marine areas in the world, it is clear that its polychaete fauna is still incompletely known, and further studies are needed to unravel its actual diversity.
At present, comprehensive checklists are available for relatively few Mediterranean areas, mostly corresponding to national waters and/or administrative regions. In particular, national checklists are available for Italy [35], Türkiye [36], Greece [37], Algeria [38], and Tunisia [39,40]. A considerably less frequent approach in the compilation of checklists entails focusing on biogeographic sectors. A first attempt at creating a checklist for the Levant Basin is by Ben-Eliahu [41], and this list, albeit incomplete, remains the only attempt at collating the available evidence on polychaete diversity in the Levant Sea. A more detailed work in the same direction is represented by the commented checklist of Adriatic polychaetes by Mikac [42]. Still, comprehensive checklists are missing for several Mediterranean countries/biogeographic areas, including the island of Cyprus.
Information on marine polychaete species along the Cypriot coasts can be considered scarce in time and space. The first works on the topic are by Ben-Eliahu [43,44] followed by Ben-Eliahu & Fiege [45] and Ben-Eliahu [41]. Hadjichristophorou et al. [46] provided the first checklist of macrofaunal taxa, including several polychaetes species, while Ben-Eliahu & Payiatas [47] focused on the family Serpulidae. Results of a sampling cruise carried out in the late 1990s along the north coast of Cyprus provided a sizable amount of data on the macrofauna of Cyprus; annelid checklists, and sometimes species redescriptions, were provided by Çinar & Ergen [48], Çinar et al. [49], and Çinar [50]. While a comprehensive checklist of polychaetes recorded from Cyprus is still missing, this latter author compiled all the literature available at the time, stating that 456 polychaete species had been reported from Cyprus to date, among which 15 should be considered non-indigenous. Later, Katsanevakis et al. [51] listed 19 non-indigenous annelid species in Cyprus waters. Further data are available in general ecology papers [52,53,54] or on works dedicated to a specific family [55,56,57,58].
In recent years, a PhD thesis was devoted to a detailed study of the benthic assemblages along the southern coast of Cyprus, with a specific focus on Vassilikos Bay [59]. While findings referring to other taxonomic groups have been published, allowing one to retrieve new records and new species and to provide updated checklists [60,61,62], data regarding polychaetes are still unpublished. In addition, the recent implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive in Cyprus represents a further precious source of additional data on benthic assemblages.
This work aims to compile a checklist of polychaete species recorded in the coastal waters and the Economic Exclusive Zone of the Republic of Cyprus based on both the literature records and new data.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Development of the Polychaeta Dataset

A bibliographic review was carried out, and all the articles published in scientific journals and conference abstracts that included information on polychaete species recorded in the marine waters of Cyprus were identified. Where polychaeta species were reported in the scientific literature resources, but no information on the exact sampling stations were noted, we contacted the authors and asked them to provide, if available, the Supplementary Materials checklist.
The new records and unpublished data on polychaeta species presence came from: (i) monitoring programmes that are implemented as part of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) 2000/60/EU and the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) 2008/56/EU, (ii) environmental monitoring programmes of the open-sea aquaculture units, (iii) implementation of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) related to marine works, (iv) environmental monitoring of Artificial Reef Marine Protected Areas, (v) research projects: OIKAPAV, IDREEM, WATERMINING, EMBOS, and AQUA-Plos, and (iv) some samples collected by J. Langeneck around Limassol Bay, from the surface to approximately 12 m depth, during a visit to Cyprus in July 2015. Information on each of the projects is presented in Supplementary Table S2.
All the bibliographic and new or unpublished data indicated above were included in an Excel document (Supplementary Table S3). Specifically, for each species record, information, when present, was recorded on: (i) species taxonomy (family, genus, species, subspecies, scientific name, WoRMS code), (ii) taxonomic notes (new record, non-indigenous species, species complex), (iii) the locality (country, region, sampling station names, coordinates, depth), (iv) habitat information (habitat type, type of artificial construction when present, sediment type, TOM %, TOC%, flora associations), (v) human activities, if present, (vi) sampling method information (method, sieve size), and (vii) information on the data (taxonomic experts and institutions, citation/reference).
Following that, the data were uploaded to the OBIS System and can be downloaded from the following link (http://ipt.medobis.eu/resource?r=cyprus_checklist) (accessed on 16 August 2023).
With regard to the non-indigenous polychaetes that were found along the Cypriot coasts, three categories indicated by Langeneck et al. [63] were used: (i) non-indigenous species (NIS): all species whose status of NIS could be confirmed were assigned to this category; (ii) cryptogenic species (CS): following Carlton [64], we defined cryptogenic species as all species with reasonably clear taxonomy that are not demonstrably native or introduced; (iii) questionable species: species records with uncertain occurrence in Mediterranean environments; these are chiefly species that were reported only once in Cypriot waters, whose records were not supported by morphological studies and lack reference material, and which in most cases, were likely to be misidentifications of native species. Following Tsiamis et al. [65], we also included in this category species commonly recorded in Mediterranean environments but showing discrepancies in morphology and/or ecology that might suggest the occurrence of an overlooked undescribed native species.

2.2. Data Analysis

As the main aim of the current study was to develop an updated Polychaeta checklist, only descriptive data analyses were carried out based on species presence. Specifically, the following were estimated: number of species with regard to the bibliographic and new data (development of Venn diagrams); number of species per category (NIS, new records, species complexes); number of newly recorded species records per year; number of species per family; number of species per region; and number of species found to be in association with habitat types, with seagrasses and macroalgae, and with human activities.

3. Results

3.1. Bibliographic Sources and New Surveys

A total of 31 bibliographic references were found to include information on polychaeta species presence in Cyprus dating from 1972 to the year 2022 (Table S1). The new polychaeta data came from 44 surveys that were carried out between the years 2011 and 2022 (Table S2). From these, 30 were annual environmental monitoring surveys of open-sea aquaculture units, 7 surveys were research funded projects, 4 were baseline survey assessments as part of the implementation of environmental impact assessments, 2 were multiannual surveys that were carried out as part of the WFD and the MSFD, and 1 was related to the Fisheries Data Collection Programme that is implemented in Cyprus. The spatial distribution of the bibliographic references and the new surveys is presented in Figure 1.

3.2. Polychaete Diversity in Cyprus, including New Records and Non-Indigenous Species

A total of 585 polychaete species belonging to 49 families were recorded along the Cypriot coasts (Table 1; Supplementary Files S1 and S2). Of these, 436 species were reported in the published literature, 231 of which were also retrieved during the implementation of new research surveys; while 149 species were newly reported for Cyprus waters (Figure 2). The distribution of new records in time presents two main sharp increases; during the years 2005–2008, when a total of 262 species were reported, and the year 2023, which refers to the current study (149 new records) (Figure 3).
The family Syllidae presented the highest number of species (100 species) followed by Serpulidae (44 species) and Sabellidae (39 species) (Table 2). In total, 51 species belonging to 20 families were considered non-indigenous; among them, the families showing the highest numbers of non-indigenous species were Serpulidae (7 species) and Capitellidae, Nereididae, and Syllidae (5 species each). According to the classification used by Langeneck et al. [63], 32 of the non-indigenous species recorded were confirmed as alien species, 4 were cryptogenic, and 15 were questionable (Figure 4, Table 1). The Indo-Pacific Schistomeringos loveni was reported for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea, while four species already reported in literature, namely, Bispira melanostigma, Fimbriosthenelais longipinnis, Leonnates aylaoberi, and Rhodopsis pusilla, were added to the list of non-indigenous polychaetes in the Mediterranean Sea (see Supplementary File S2).

3.3. Spatial Distribution of Polychaeta Species

The spatial distribution of polychaeta species records from the literature review and the new records are presented in Figure 5. Overall, the region of Larnaca presented the highest number of polychaeta species (357), accounting to 60% of the overall recorded species, followed by Ammochostos (339 sp., 58%), Limassol (235 spp., 40%), Keryneia (232 spp., 40%), Nicosia (26 spp., 26%), and Paphos (89 spp., 15%), while available data on the Cyprus Economic Exclusive Zone included 5 species (0.86%) (Figure 5). The majority of the newly recorded species was found in the Larnaca region with 126 species followed by Limassol (50 spp.) and Ammochostos (3 spp.). The Vassilikos Bay, which is located in Larnaca, presented 113 new species records. With regard to spatial distribution of the polychaeta NIS, the highest number was recorded in Larnaca (26 spp.), Ammochostos (23 spp.), Limassol (20 spp.), Keryneia (9 spp.), and Nicosia and Paphos (with 3 spp. each) (Figure 5).

3.4. Habitat Characteristics and Associations with Flora and Human Activities

Based on the data that included information on habitat type characteristics, a total of 500 species were found in soft sediments, 186 species were found on hard substrates and rocks, 179 species were found on a combination of soft/hard substrates, 51 species were found in associations with sponges, 13 species were found on artificial constructions, 7 species were found in sea caves, and 16 species were found in a combination of habitats. Of the 149 newly recorded species, 147 were found in soft sediments while just 2 spp. were found in hard substrates. Similarly, soft sediments exhibited the highest number of NIS (35 spp.) followed by hard substrates and rocks (11 spp.), a combination of soft/hard (7 spp.), artificial constructions (3 spp.), and sponge (1 spp.).
A total of 405 polychaeta species were recorded in samples with flora associations (seagrasses and/or macroalgae); of these, 23 were NIS and 63 were newly recorded species (Table 3). The highest number of records was found to be associated with Posidonia oceanica (280 spp. accounting to 48% of the overall recorded species), followed by Caulerpa prolifera, C. racemose, and C. cylindracea (192, 164, and 137 spp., respectively). A higher number of NIS species were found to be associated with the P. oceanica meadows (11 spp.), while the highest numbers of newly recorded species were found at the associations with Caulerpa prolifera, Caulerpa cylindracea, and Caulerpa racemosa (52, 33, and 18 spp., respectively).
With regard to identified human activities, the highest species presence was found to be associated with fish farms (254 species), followed by desalination plants (68 species), ports (55 species), and single buoy moorings (41 species) (Table 3). The highest number of newly recorded species and NIS were recorded near fish farms (70 and 19 species, respectively). At the stations associated with the artificial reefs, fish farms, ports, and touristic facilities (areas near hotels), 7–8.3% of the recorded species were identified as NIS (Table 3).

4. Discussion

4.1. On the Path to Modern Checklists: What Is Complete and What Is Still Missing

The present work allowed us to reconstruct an updated checklist of polychaetes occurring in coastal waters and the EEZ of The Republic of Cyprus. Overall, we recorded the occurrence of 585 polychaete species, even though the identity of some species still needs to be checked, possibly using molecular markers, as their ecology and morphology do not fully correspond to what is typically known for the species (see Supplementary File S2). It is noteworthy that 149 species, coarsely corresponding to ¼ of all polychaete species reported for Cyprus, were reported on the basis of new data collected in the context of public or private monitoring programmes. This outcome highlights the importance of environmental surveys, such as the ones compulsory for the environmental monitoring of fish farm activities and the implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and the Water Framework Directive (WFD), not only to evaluate the environmental quality of water bodies but also to increase knowledge on marine organism diversity, even in relatively well-known areas.
After several decades of research focusing mostly on functional diversity of ecosystems, an unexpected outcome of the current biodiversity crisis consisted of a renewed interest in the so-called alpha-taxonomy, i.e., the identification and description of species occurring in a specific environment [66,67]. In this context, the traditional approach for compiling species checklists, envisaged as tables detailing the geographical distribution of species at a coarse level, usually lacking comments on potential taxonomic uncertainties [35,36], does not seem to be up to the task of providing a relevant tool to face environmental challenges and evaluate biodiversity changes. With this checklist, we aimed at providing georeferenced distributional data for the majority of species reported from Cyprus waters, in order to allow a detailed reconstruction of their distribution.
Based on the spatial distributional data, we identified areas that need to be further investigated in order to increase our knowledge. From our study, it has become clear that there is a need to carry out more surveys in the Paphos region. In addition, information on polychaeta distribution in the EEZ was available only from one bibliographic resource, the Eratosthenes Seamount [68], which identified five polychaeta species. As the MSFD is applied not only to coastal waters but also in the deep-sea, information on such great depths, although difficult to be sampled due to the high cost of such surveys, shall also be carried out. Another finding was that the majority of the data were recorded from soft-sediment substrates; additional surveys need to be carried out to target reefs.
Moreover, in the age of the Internet, we believe that uploading public distributional data is of paramount importance for the establishment of informed environmental policies. Of course, there is still a lot of room for improvement along the path to modern checklists. A relevant hurdle is represented by the fixed nature of published checklists. By definition, all annelid checklists compiled so far [35,36,37,38,39,40,41], this one included, are unmodifiable scientific literature, and, as such, need regular updates with the increase in studies expanding the knowledge about the distribution and diversity of marine annelids. A possible alternative might entail the compilation of online checklists, associated with publicly available databases, which might be readily modified with the increase in knowledge. A similar practice has been put in place by the redactors of the popular site “World Register of Marine Species” [69] and is already one of the aims of the update of other national or international checklists (e.g., [70,71]). The main issue with this kind of interactive project is represented by the fact that updates typically depend on the effort of unpaid volunteers, and this kind of scientific contribution, despite its relevance for the scientific community, is scarcely valued from a professional point of view.
An additional set of data, aside from precise geographical coordinates, is represented by the ecological data regarding the type of sediment, the association with anthropic disturbance, and/or artificial habitats, and with specific flora and habitat-forming fauna. While the association between vagile invertebrates and habitat formers is considered a relevant topic in ecological studies (e.g., [72,73]), ecological information is usually missing from checklists, or it is available only for a limited part of the data considered [42]. In this work, we included all the available environmental information in our checklist, and although the main scope of the current study was to develop the checklist, we carried out some basic descriptive statistics with regard to species presence and environmental parameters and identified some main findings, gaps, and needs. In general, from our findings, the majority of data targeted soft substrates and, therefore, there is a need to increase surveys on other types of habitats including rocky substrates and coralligenous substrates. With regard to flora associations, P. oceanica meadows as well as the Cystoseira spp. forests were found to provide habitats to a high number of polychaeta species. In addition, for the first time, information on the association between the Lessepsian seagrass Halophila stipulacea and polychaetes are presented for the Levantine Sea. With the increase in this kind of information at the basin scale, hopefully, these data, especially if available to the public, will allow us to expand our knowledge about the ecology of polychaete species and to understand their relationship with specific marine flora and other habitat-forming species.
A further element typically missing from checklists is represented by molecular data. Modern taxonomic studies largely rely on molecular data, and the link between “traditional” taxonomy, based on morphological characters, and integrative taxonomy is of paramount importance for the effective implementation of monitoring programmes based on eDNA and metabarcoding [74,75,76]. However, the available libraries for marine invertebrates are still very scanty, even in the comparatively well-known European waters. In this context, the Eastern Mediterranean Sea is particularly interesting. On one hand, it is considered an area of genetic diversification [77,78], hosting unique lineages [79,80], and sometimes even distinct species [81,82]. On the other hand, the eastern sub-basin is affected by a strong pressure from invasive species, mostly arriving from the Red Sea through the Suez Canal. The existence of a reliable barcoding library on these species would allow to track their occurrence using eDNA in early stages of the invasion process and help in establishing effective management policies [83,84]. However, molecular data on non-indigenous polychaetes in European waters are still partial and, in particular, the majority of Lessepsian species is still unknown from the molecular point of view [85,86]. At present, the polychaete fauna of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea is largely unexplored from the molecular point of view, and the fauna of Cyprus is not an exception; to our knowledge, partial data are available only for L. mediterranea and A. assimilis [87,88]. An increase in the molecular data available for polychaetes in the Mediterranean Sea and, in particular, in the Eastern sub-basin, is necessary to understand their diversity and evolution and to effectively face the currently ongoing biodiversity crisis.

4.2. Non-Indigenous Polychaetes in Cyprus Waters

Non-indigenous species represent one of the descriptors (D2) addressed by the MSFD. Cyprus, given its geographical position, being located near the Suez Canal, has received an exception under Article 14(a) of the MSFD on applying targeted measures to address this issue. However, the NIS are being monitored and recorded as part of various studies, including the implementation of the WFD.
In the compilation of this checklist, we identified 51 non-indigenous polychaete species overall, in contrast to the 15 reported by Çinar [50] and the 19 reported by Katsanevakis et al. [51]. This increase in the number of non-indigenous polychaetes is not just a consequence of the well-studied increase in bioinvasions in the Mediterranean Sea [89], but it is also due to the increased sampling effort in Cyprus waters. The combination of a critical re-analysis of the literature together with new data allowed us to greatly increase the number of species reported for Cyprus, making it closer to the 47 species known for Greece [37] and the 66 known for Türkiye [36], and confirming the trend indicating a higher number of non-indigenous polychaetes in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea with respect to the Western Mediterranean Sea [63]. When looking at human activities, the stations associated with artificial reefs, fish farms, ports, and touristic facilities (areas near hotels), a percentage ranging between 7 and 8.3% of the recorded species were NIS. Given that the majority of the new data focused on areas adjusted to fish farms, there is a need to increase surveys, especially in ports, fisheries shelters, and marinas, that, despite being considered as hot-spot areas for NIS, suffer from relevant gaps in knowledge [90].
Out of the 51 species reported, 32 are confirmed as aliens, while 4 are considered cryptogenic, and the remaining 15 are considered questionable. The number of questionable non-indigenous polychaetes is lower than that reported for other Mediterranean areas [63]. This calls for detailed taxonomic studies on some scarcely known groups, where the available evidence is inconclusive. In two cases, the non-indigenous status of a species is not under discussion, and the doubt is in regard to its actual occurrence in Cyprus waters. This is the case for the invasive Serpulidae Hydroides heterocera and Spirobranchus tetraceros, reported by Ben-Eliahu & Payiatas [47] for Famagusta Harbour based on a personal communication by Helmut Zibrowius, but not personally recorded by the authors nor ever recorded afterwards, despite the number of studies on Serpulidae. Twenty-one species are here introduced as new records; among them, Schistomeringos loveni represents a first record at the Mediterranean scale. Four species, already known for the Mediterranean Sea in the literature, are re-evaluated as non-indigenous. The small Serpulidae Rhodopsis pusilla, has an allegedly circumtropical distribution, but its Mediterranean records are limited to the Levant Sea [91], suggesting that it might represent a Lessepsian immigrant. The nereidid Leonnates aylaoberi has type locality in the Mediterranean Sea [92] but belongs to a genus mostly limited to the Indo-Pacific province and, as postulated for other species recently described from the Mediterranean Sea [93,94,95,96], it probably represents a non-indigenous species. Pending further investigations, we considered it as a cryptogenic species. A similar situation accounts for the sigalionid Fimbriosthenelais longipinnis, currently known from European waters only for Cyprus [56], whose presence is confirmed as part of our study. This species was originally described after material from the Ehrenberg expedition, likely originating from the Red Sea, and was never reported for the Atlantic Ocean [97]. However, the mistreatment of the material from the Ehrenberg expedition leads to some uncertainties on the actual origin of the majority of the species [98]; therefore, also in this case, we prefer to consider this species as cryptogenic. Lastly, the tropical sabellid Bispira melanostigma was reported by Ben-Eliahu [41] as Sabella bipunctata Baird, 1865 (currently considered synonymous); considering the difficult taxonomy of the genus Bispira, together with the recent description of some Mediterranean species [99,100], and the absence of a description of the examined specimens and deposited material, we decided to keep this record and consider it questionable.

5. Conclusions

The aim of this study was to develop an annotated checklist of the polychaeta species reported in the Republic of Cyprus. The framework allowed us to also include all the available information on their spatial distribution, environmental parameters, and human activities, which were compiled into a dataset that can be used as an important tool for metadata analyses. Some examples of such analyses include the development of species distribution models (SDMs) or artificial neural networks (ANNs), which can be used to investigate species distribution with regard to environmental parameters and allow for the prediction of possible species present in a given space (e.g., [101,102,103]). The information on sediment characteristics in terms of total organic matter and total organic carbon could also be used for the re-evaluation of polychaeta sensitivity to organic pollution and to update or validate polychaeta species scores that are assigned when applying the WFD indices such the BENTIX and BQI index.
This review has also allowed us to identify knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in the future, which were highlighted across this paper. New surveys need to be carried out targeting regions and areas where there is limited data availability (e.g., Paphos region, EEZ of Cyprus), investigating specific human activities (e.g., ports, marinas, and fisheries ports) and targeting specific habitats (e.g., reefs). Furthermore, it is important to note that the collaboration among scientists in order to develop such datasets is important and shall be promoted especially in order to avoid data being “forgotten or left in the hard-drives” when research projects are completed. The scientific knowledge that can be hidden in such data can contribute significantly to different fields of disciplines and allow policymakers to take up measures when and where they are needed. Finally, given that the current study focuses on the Polychaeta species, it is important to note that there is a need to also develop similar checklists for other taxonomic groups of the marine organisms of Cyprus.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/d15080941/s1, Supplementary File S1: Polychaeta species from Cyprus Dataset (xls file) including Table S1: A list of references with Polychaeta records from Cyprus; Table S2: A list of new surveys with Polychaeta records from Cyprus; Table S3: Dataset of Polychaeta species from Cyprus.; Supplementary File S2: Notes on the checklist of the polychaetes (Annelida) recorded in Cyprus waters (PDF file). Including Figure S1: Schistomeringos loveni from Cyprus. A- anterior part of the specimen; B- midbody parapodium; C- maxillary apparatus; D- teeth of the superior row; E- teeth of the inferior row; F- capillary serrated chaeta; G- cultriform chaeta from the 2nd chaetiger; H- furcate chaeta from the 5th chaetiger; I- compound heterogomph falcigers from a midbody parapodium. (Including references [104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281]).

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: M.R. and J.L.; data curation: M.R., J.L., P.D.D. and G.C.; formal analysis: M.R., J.L. and P.D.D.; investigation: all authors; methodology: M.R. and J.L.; resources: all authors; supervision: A.C. and C.C.C.; visualization: M.R. and J.L.; writing—original draft: M.R. and J.L.; writing—review and editing: all authors. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The current manuscript was prepared as part of the project 25245 “Investigation and evaluation of sensitive benthic marine ecosystems in the territorial waters and the Exclusive Economic Zone of the Republic of Cyprus”, which is co-financed by the Operational Program “Thalassa 2014–2020” (European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF) 2014–2020 and national resources). The following research projects contributed by submitting data: (i) the OS Aqua project was co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund and the Republic of Cyprus through the Research and Innovation Foundation with grant number INTEGRATED/0918/0046 and the data analysed as part of MaRITeC-X Teaming project H2020; (ii) the Water-Mining Project was funded through the EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under grant agreement 869474; (iii) the RECONNECT project was co-funded by the European Union through the Interreg Balkan Med 2014- 20202 and by the National Funds of the participating countries; (iv) the COST Action ES1003 Development and implementation of a pan-European Marine Biodiversity Observatory System (EMBOS) was supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology); (v) the “A holistic approach for the evaluation of ecological status of coastal areas: the case of Vasiliko Bay” (OIKAPAV Project) was co-funded by the Research Promotion Foundation of Cyprus and the European Regional Development Fund (grant agreement SMES/Product/0609/74); (vii) monitoring survey of artificial reefs MPA that were implemented as part of the Project 25709 “Creation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) with Artificial Reefs (ARs) in Larnaca and Chrysochou Bay and extension of AR projects in existing MPAs in Paralimni, Ayia Napa, Amathounta, Dasoudi and Yeroskipou” was co-financed by the Operational Program “Thalassa 2014–2020” (European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF) 2014–2020 and national resources); (viii) the “Increasing Industrial Resource Efficiency in European Mariculture (IDREEM)” project was funded by the European Union’s FP7 Programme (grant agreement 308571). The environmental monitoring of fish farms in Cyprus for the private companies Blue Island Plc, Kimagro fisheries Ltd. (Levantina), Seawave Fisheries Ltd. and Telia Vasiliko Ltd., Telia Aqua Marine Ltd. were funded by the fish farm companies. The 2016 MEDITS survey that was carried out as part of the Cypriot Data Collection Framework was co-financed by the Operational Program “Thalassa 2014–2020” (European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF) 2014–2020 and national resources). The implementation of WFD 2000/60/EC in the coastal waters of the Republic of Cyprus was funded with national resources. The EastMed Pipeline Project is a Project of Common Interest (PCI), co-financed by the European Commission. The project promoter is IGI Poseidon S.A., equally owned by the Greek Depa International Projects S.A. and the Italian Edison SpA. R. Martins (2021.00386.CEECIND) and CESAM (UIDP/50017/2020 + UIDB/50017/2020 + LA/P/0094/2020) are funded by national funds, through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT). The environmental baseline survey (EBS) for the LNG Project («Provision of the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan in respect to The Project Vasilikos LNG Receiving and Regasification Terminal LNG Project») was funded by CMC Ltd. (CPP—METRON CONSORTIUM Ltd.), implemented by ENVECO INTERNATIONAL Ltd., and partly subcontracted to I.A.CO Environmental and Water Consultants Ltd. and the Marine and Environmental Research (MER) Lab. The environmental baseline survey (EBS) for the construction of Paralimni Marina was funded by PMV Maritime Holding Ltd., implemented by I.A.CO Environmental and Water Consultants Ltd., and partly subcontracted to the Marine and Environmental Research (MER) Lab.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are openly available in OBIS (http://ipt.medobis.eu/resource?r=cyprus_checklist) (accessed on 16 August 2023).

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank as part of the OIKAPAV Project the following taxonomists that contributed to the polychaeta species validations: Giorgos Chatzigeorgiou (HCMR, Greece), Luis Fernando Carrera-Parra (Dept. Sistemática y Ecología Acuática, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Mexico), Katie Mortimer (National Museum Wales, UK), Güley Kurt (Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Sinop University, Türkiye), Adriana Giangrande (Laboratory of Zoology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Italy), and Andrey Sikorski of the Akvaplan-niva AS, NORWAY and the following taxonomists for providing taxonomic material and guidance: Melih Ertan Çinar (Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Hydrobiology, Ege University, Türkiye), Ruth Barnich (Marine Evertebraten II Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Germany), Vasily Radashevsky (Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russa), and Julio Parapar (Dep. Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía Fac. Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Spain). As part of the Water-Mining Project, we would like to thank Eleni Avramidi, Kleopatra Grammatiki, and Vasilis Reisakos for their participation in the sampling surveys, sorting of organisms, and provision of background data. Finally, we would like to thank all the staff at the Department of Fisheries and Marine Research, the Marine Environmental Research (MER) Lab, and AP Marine Environmental Consultancy Ltd. for their contribution to the sampling surveys, laboratory analysis, and data provision.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Abbreviations

AP MarineAP Marine Environmental Consultancy Ltd.
ARArtificial Reef
AUTHAristotle University of Thessaloniki
DFMRDepartment of Fisheries and Marine Research (DFMR)
MERMarine and Environmental (MER) Lab Ltd.
MPAMarine Protected Area
IEFIchthys EcoFarm Ltd.
BIBlue Island Plc
SWSeawave Fisheries Ltd.
TVTelia Vasiliko Ltd.
TLTelia Liopetri Ltd.
KM1Kimagro Fishfarming Ltd. (Fishfarm 1)
KM2Kimagro Fishfarming Ltd. (Fishfarm 2)

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Figure 1. (a) Areas of Cyprus where polychaete species have been reported according to the literature sources (red) and the current study (green). (b) Position of the Island of Cyprus in the eastern Mediterranean; the dashed area represents Cyprus’ EEZ.
Figure 1. (a) Areas of Cyprus where polychaete species have been reported according to the literature sources (red) and the current study (green). (b) Position of the Island of Cyprus in the eastern Mediterranean; the dashed area represents Cyprus’ EEZ.
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Figure 2. Venn diagram representing the number and percentage of polychaeta species reported in Cyprus from bibliographic references, unpublished surveys, and in both references and new surveys.
Figure 2. Venn diagram representing the number and percentage of polychaeta species reported in Cyprus from bibliographic references, unpublished surveys, and in both references and new surveys.
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Figure 3. Number of newly recorded species per year.
Figure 3. Number of newly recorded species per year.
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Figure 4. Repartition of non-indigenous polychaete species recorded for Cyprus into the three categories of alien, cryptogenic, and questionable species.
Figure 4. Repartition of non-indigenous polychaete species recorded for Cyprus into the three categories of alien, cryptogenic, and questionable species.
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Figure 5. Spatial distribution of polychaeta species records per region (NRs: new records; NIS: non-indigenous species).
Figure 5. Spatial distribution of polychaeta species records per region (NRs: new records; NIS: non-indigenous species).
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Table 1. Annotated checklist of the Polychaeta species recorded in the Republic of Cyprus (x: reported in a specific habitat type; NR: new record; NIS: non-indigenous species; *NIS: questionable NIS; SC: species complex)—Detailed data are provided in Supplementary File S1.
Table 1. Annotated checklist of the Polychaeta species recorded in the Republic of Cyprus (x: reported in a specific habitat type; NR: new record; NIS: non-indigenous species; *NIS: questionable NIS; SC: species complex)—Detailed data are provided in Supplementary File S1.
Family/SpeciesTaxonomic
Remarks		Depth Range
(m)		Habitat TypeSource
Hard (Including Rocks)Soft/HardSoftArtificial ConstructionSea CavesIn SpongesCombination of HabitatsIn Association with Flora
Acoetidae
Eupanthalis kinbergi McIntosh, 1876 69–338 xx Literature; This study
Panthalis oerstedii Kinberg, 1856NR359 x This study
Acrocirridae
Acrocirrus frontifilis (Grube, 1860) 0–150x x xLiterature
Macrochaeta clavicornis (Sars, 1835) 0–92xxx xLiterature; This study
Ampharetidae
Amage adspersa (Grube, 1863) 12–210 x xLiterature; This study
Amage gallasii Marion, 1875 62–210 x xLiterature
Ampharete acutifrons (Grube, 1860) 20–210 x xLiterature; This study
Ampharete octocirrata (Sars, 1835)NR31–58 x xThis study
Amphicteis gunneri (Sars, 1835) 20–59 x xLiterature
Amphicteis midas (Gosse, 1855)NR30–37 x This study
Auchenoplax worsfoldi Jirkov & Leontovich, 2013NR141 x This study
Amphinomidae
Chloeia venusta Quatrefages, 1866 100–145 x Literature
Euphrosine armadillo Sars, 1851 100–145 x Literature
Euphrosine foliosa Audouin & Milne-Edwards, 1833 0–70xxx xLiterature; This study
Eurythoe complanata (Pallas, 1766)SC; *NIS- Literature
Hermodice carunculata (Pallas, 1766) 0–69xxxx x xLiterature; This study
Linopherus canariensis Langerhans, 1881NIS0–337xxx xLiterature
Aphroditidae
Aphrodita aculeata Linnaeus, 1758 20 xLiterature
Aphrodita perarmata Roule, 1898NR19 x xThis study
Laetmonice filicornis Kinberg, 1866 155–187 x Literature
Laetmonice hystrix (Savigny in Lamarck, 1818) 10–150 xx xLiterature; This study
Pontogenia chrysocoma (Baird, 1865) 0–47xxx x xLiterature; This study
Arenicolidae x
Branchiomaldane vincentii Langerhans, 1881NR32 x xThis study
Capitellidae
Capitella capitata (Fabricius, 1780)SC0–600 xx x xLiterature; This study
Capitella minima Langerhans, 1880 3–14 x Literature; This study
Capitellethus dispar (Ehlers, 1907)NR; *NIS25–33 x xThis study
Dasybranchus caducus (Grube, 1846) 0–42x x xLiterature; This study
Dasybranchus gajolae Eisig, 1887 0–15x xLiterature
Heteromastus filiformis (Claparède, 1864)NR12–45 x This study
Leiocapitella dollfusi (Fauvel, 1936)NR25–27 x xThis study
Mastobranchus trinchesii Eisig, 1887NR12 x This study
Mediomastus capensis Day, 1961*NIS0–42 xx xLiterature; This study
Mediomastus fragilis Rasmussen, 1973NR37–42 x This study
Neopseudocapitella brasiliensis Rullier & Amoureux, 1979*NIS15–42 x xLiterature; This study
Notomastus aberans Day, 1957NIS0–150xxx xLiterature; This study
Notomastus formianus Eisig, 1887NR5–42 x xThis study
Notomastus latericeus Sars, 1851 0–300xxx xLiterature; This study
Notomastus lineatus Claparède, 1869 0–120x x xLiterature; This study
Notomastus mossambicus (Thomassin, 1970)NIS38–70x x xLiterature; This study
Notomastus profundus Eisig, 1887 37–600 x Literature; This study
Peresiella clymenoides Harmelin, 1968NR25–40 x This study
Pseudocapitella incerta Fauvel, 1913 20 xLiterature
Pseudoleiocapitella fauveli Harmelin, 1964 8–150 x xLiterature; This study
Chrysopetalidae
Arichlidon reyssi (Katzmann, Laubier & Ramos, 1974) 0–337xxx xLiterature; This study
Chrysopetalum debile (Grube, 1855) 0–131xxx x xLiterature; This study
Paleanotus chrysolepis Schmarda, 1861NR17–33 x xThis study
Cirratulidae
Aphelochaeta filiformis (Keferstein, 1862)NR4–59 x xThis study
Aphelochaeta marioni (Saint-Joseph, 1894)NR17–40 x xThis study
Caulleriella bioculata Keferstein, 1862 0–45xxx xLiterature; This study
Caulleriella mediterranea Lezzi, 2017 0–210xxx xLiterature; This study
Chaetozone caputesocis (Saint-Joseph, 1894)NR25–30 x This study
Chaetozone carpenteri McIntosh, 1911NR25–42 x xThis study
Chaetozone corona Berkeley & Berkeley, 1941NR; NIS8–42 x This study
Chaetozone gibber Woodham & Chambers, 1994NR16–42 x xThis study
Chaetozone setosa Malmgren, 1867SC20–44 x xLiterature; This study
Chaetozone zetlandica McIntosh, 1911NR38–47 x This study
Cirriformia tentaculata (Montagu, 1808) 0–50 xx xLiterature; This study
Dodecaceria concharum Örsted, 1843NR16–30 x This study
Fauvelicirratulus dollfusi (Fauvel, 1928)NR30 x This study
Kirkegaardia dorsobranchialis (Kirkegaard, 1959) 22–300 x Literature; This study
Kirkegaardia heterochaeta (Laubier, 1961) 9–300 x xLiterature; This study
Kirkegaardia marypetersenae (Lezzi, Çinar & Giangrande, 2016)NR25–30 x This study
Protocirrineris chrysoderma (Claparède, 1868)NR25 x This study
Protocirrineris purgamentorum Lezzi, Çinar & Giangrande, 2016NR37–42 x This study
Timarete filigera (Delle Chiaje, 1828) 37–70 x Literature; This study
Cossuridae
Cossura coasta Kitamori, 1960*NIS20 x Literature
Cossura soyeri Laubier, 1964 32–69 x xLiterature; This study
Dorvilleidae
Dorvillea rubrovittata (Grube, 1855) 0–300xxx x xLiterature; This study
Dorvillea similis (Crossland, 1924)NR; NIS27–49 x This study
Ophryotrocha adherens Paavo, Bailey-Brock & Åkesson, 2000 - Literature
Parougia caeca (Webster & Benedict, 1884)NR6–59 x xThis study
Pettiboneia urciensis Campoy & San Martín, 1980 0–33xxx xLiterature; This study
Protodorvillea artemidis Munari & Ebbe, 2019NR42–45 x This study
Protodorvillea kefersteini (McIntosh, 1869) 0–210xxx xLiterature; This study
Schistomeringos loveni (Kinberg, 1865)NR; NIS37–42 x This study
Schistomeringos neglecta (Fauvel, 1923) 5–145 xx xLiterature; This study
Schistomeringos rudolphi (Delle Chiaje, 1828) 0–59xxx xLiterature; This study
Eunicidae
Eunice floridana (Pourtalés, 1867)*NIS20–50 xLiterature
Eunice pennata (O. F. Müller, 1776) 5–114 x xLiterature; This study
Eunice vittata (Delle Chiaje, 1828)SC0–300xxx xLiterature; This study
Leodice torquata (Quatrefages, 1866) 32 x xLiterature
Lysidice collaris Grube, 1868NIS0–46xxx x xLiterature; This study
Lysidice margaritacea Claparède, 1868NR17–40 x xThis study
Lysidice ninetta Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833SC0–300xxx x xLiterature; This study
Lysidice unicornis (Grube, 1840) 0–300xxx x xLiterature
Marphysasanguinea (Montagu, 1813)SC5–100 x x xLiterature; This study
Palola siciliensis (Grube, 1840) 0–46xx x xLiterature
Palola valida (Gravier, 1900)NR; NIS32–47 x This study
Paucibranchia adenensis (Gravier, 1900)NR; *NIS25–141 x This study
Paucibranchia bellii (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833) 2–210 x xLiterature; This study
Paucibranchia fallax (Marion & Bobretzky, 1875) 0–300xxx xLiterature; This study
Fabriciidae
Fabricia stellaris (O. F. Müller. 1774)NR30–57 x This study
Novafabricia posidoniae Licciano & Giangrande, 2006NR6–48 x xThis study
Pseudofabricia aberrans Cantone, 1972 0–30xxx xLiterature; This study
Fauveliopsidae
Fauveliopsis adriatica Katzmann & Laubier, 1974NR37 x This study
Fauveliopsis fauchaldi Katzmann & Laubier, 1974 25–140 x xLiterature
Flabelligeridae
Bradabyssa villosa (Rathke, 1843)NR17–25 x xThis study
Diplocirrus glaucus (Malmgren, 1867) 11–70 x xLiterature; This study
Flabelligera affinis Sars, 1829 32–145xxx xLiterature; This study
Flabelligera diplochaitus (Otto, 1820) - Literature
Pherusa plumosa (O. F. Müller, 1776) 5–50 x xLiterature; This study
Piromis eruca (Claparède, 1869) 17–70 x xLiterature; This study
Stylarioides grubei Salazar-Vallejo, 2011NR; NIS45–59 x xThis study
Stylarioides moniliferus Delle Chiaje, 1831NR2–42 x xThis study
Therochaeta flabellata (Sars in Sars, 1872) 37–210 x xLiterature; This study
Glyceridae
Glycera alba (O. F. Müller, 1776) 10–69 x xLiterature; This study
Glycera celtica O’Connor, 1987NR22–27 x This study
Glycera fallax Quatrefages, 1850 17–324 xx xLiterature; This study
Glycera lapidum Quatrefages, 1866 20–300 x xLiterature; This study
Glycera oxycephala Ehlers, 1887NR24–47 x This study
Glycera rouxii Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833 5–50 x Literature; This study
Glycera tesselata Grube, 1863 0–210xxx x xLiterature; This study
Glycera tridactyla Schmarda, 1861 2–150 x xLiterature; This study
Glycera unicornis Lamarck, 1818 5–59 x xLiterature; This study
Goniadidae
Goniada emerita Audouin & Milne-Edwards, 1833 20–120 x xLiterature; This study
Goniada maculata Örsted, 1843 6–300 x xLiterature; This study
Goniada norvegica Örsted, 1845 20–60 x xLiterature; This study
Goniada vorax (Kinberg, 1866)NR8–38 x This study
Hesionidae
Gyptis propinqua Marion & Bobretzky, 1875 6–32 x xLiterature; This study
Hesione pantherina Risso, 1826 0–20 x xLiterature
Hesiospina aurantiaca (Sars, 1842) 12–210 x xLiterature; This study
Leocrates claparedii (Costa in Claparède, 1868)NR33 x This study
Oxydromus flexuosus (Delle Chiaje, 1827) 0–55 xx xLiterature; This study
Oxydromus pallidus Claparède, 1864 11–48 x xLiterature; This study
Podarkeopsis capensis (Day, 1963)NR; *NIS17–45 x xThis study
Psamathe fusca Johnston, 1836 0–210xxx x xLiterature; This study
Syllidia armata Quatrefages, 1866 0–131xxx xLiterature; This study
Lacydoniidae
Lacydonia miranda Marion, 1874 19–45 x xLiterature; This study
Lumbrineridae
Abyssoninoe bidentata D’Alessandro, Cosentino, Giacobbe, Andaloro & Romeo, 2014NR6–59 x xThis study
Abyssoninoe hibernica (McIntosh, 1903)NR6–58 x xThis study
Augeneria profundicola Kurt-Şahin, Çinar & Gönülal, 2016NR310–313 x This study
Gallardoneris nonatoi (Ramos, 1976) 3–59 xx xLiterature; This study
Lumbricalus adriatica (Fauvel, 1940)NR12–58 x xThis study
Lumbrinerides amoureuxi Miura, 1981 3–120 x xLiterature; This study
Lumbrineriopsis paradoxa (Saint-Joseph, 1888) 16–58 xx xLiterature; This study
Lumbrineris coccinea (Renier, 1804) 0–120xxx xLiterature; This study
Lumbrineris geldiayi Carrera-Parra, Çinar & Dağli, 2011NR25–49 x xThis study
Lumbrineris gracilis (Ehlers, 1868) 0–210xxx xLiterature; This study
Lumbrineris latreilli Audouin & Milne-Edwards, 1833 0–210xxx x xLiterature; This study
Lumbrineris luciliae Martins, Carrera-Parra, Quintino & Rodrigues, 2012NR19–39 x This study
Lumbrineris lusitanica Martins, Carrera-Parra, Quintino & Rodrigues, 2012NR5–59 x xThis study
Lumbrineris pinaster Martins, Carrera-Parra, Quintino & Rodrigues, 2012NR5–59 x xThis study
Scoletoma funchalensis (Kinberg, 1865) - Literature
Scoletoma laurentiana (Grube, 1863) 0–150xxx xLiterature; This study
Magelonidae
Magelona alleni Wilson, 1958 8–50 x Literature; This study
Magelona equilamellae Harmelin, 1964 14–20 x Literature; This study
Magelona filiformis Wilson, 1959NR5–55 x xThis study
Magelona minuta Eliason, 1962 10–120 x xLiterature; This study
Magelona mirabilis (Johnston, 1865)NR1 x This study
Magelona wilsoni Glémarec, 1966NR4–55 x This study
Maldanidae
Axiothella constricta (Claparède, 1868)NR12 x This study
Chirimia biceps biceps (Sars, 1861) 35–69 x xLiterature; This study
Euclymene collaris (Claparède, 1869) 17–40 x xLiterature; This study
Euclymene lombricoides (Quatrefages, 1866) 10–150 x xLiterature; This study
Euclymene oerstedii (Claparède, 1863) 13–50 x xLiterature
Euclymene palermitana (Grube, 1840)NR25 x This study
Leiochone leiopygos (Grube, 1860) 2–42 x xLiterature; This study
Leiochone tricirrata (Bellan & Reyss, 1967) 33–120 x xLiterature; This study
Macroclymene santanderensis (Rioja, 1917) 35–38 x xLiterature
Maldane glebifex Grube, 1860NR25–40 x xThis study
Maldane sarsi Malmgren, 1865 25–120 x xLiterature; This study
Metasychis gotoi (Izuka, 1902)*NIS92–120 x Literature
Micromaldane ornithochaeta Mesnil, 1897NR15–32 x xThis study
Nicomache lumbricalis (Fabricius, 1780) 0–69xxx xLiterature
Petaloproctus terricola Quatrefages, 1866 0–120 xx xLiterature; This study
Praxillella affinis (Sars in Sars, 1872)NR30–37 x xThis study
Praxillella gracilis (Sars, 1861) 8–69 x xLiterature; This study
Praxillella lophoseta (Orlandi, 1898) 37–70 x xLiterature; This study
Praxillella praetermissa (Malmgren, 1865) 25–150xxx xLiterature; This study
Rhodine gracilior Tauber, 1879NR37 x This study
Rhodine loveni Malmgren, 1866 10–70 xx xLiterature; This study
Melinnidae
Melinna monoceroides Fauvel, 1936NR22–55 x xThis study
Melinna palmata (Grube, 1860) 5–120xxx xLiterature; This study
Microphthalmidae
Microphthalmus similis Bobretzky, 1870 0–15 xx xLiterature; This study
Nephtyidae
Aglaophamus agilis (Langerhans, 1880) 47–120 x Literature; This study
Inermonephtys inermis (Ehlers, 1887) 20–92 x xLiterature
Micronephthys longicornis (Perejaslavtseva, 1891) 6–120xxx xLiterature; This study
Micronephthys sphaerocirrata Wesenberg-Lund, 1949NR1 x This study
Nephtys assimilis Örsted, 1843NR7–12 x xThis study
Nephtys caeca (Fabricius, 1780) 5–50x Literature
Nephtys ciliata (O. F. Müller, 1788) 100 Literature
Nephtys hombergii (Savigny in Lamarck, 1818) 2–150 x xLiterature; This study
Nephtys hystricis McIntosh, 1900 20 x Literature
Nephtys incisa Malmgren, 1865 13–120 x xLiterature; This study
Nephtys paradoxa Malm, 1874 140 x Literature
Nereididae
Alitta virens (Sars, 1835)NR; NIS28–58 x xThis study
Ceratonereis mirabilis Kinberg, 1865NIS20–210x x xLiterature; This study
Composetia costae (Grube, 1840) 0–145xxx x xLiterature; This study
Composetia hircinicola (Eisig, 1869) 27–210 xx x xLiterature
Eunereis longissima (Johnston, 1840)NR19–42 x xThis study
Hediste diversicolor (O. F. Müller, 1776)SC45–116 x Literature
Leonnates aylaoberi Çinar & Dağli, 2013NR; NIS25–42 x xThis study
Namanereis littoralis (Grube, 1872)NR25 x This study
Neanthes acuminata (Ehlers, 1868) 0–150xxx xLiterature; This study
Neanthes fucata (Savigny, 1822) 10 Literature
Neanthes kerguelensis (McIntosh, 1885) 31–337 x xLiterature; This study
Neanthes nubila (Savigny, 1822) 19–92xxx xLiterature; This study
Neanthes rubicunda (Ehlers, 1868)NR5–50 x xThis study
Nereis agulhana Day, 1963NR; *NIS8–47 x xThis study
Nereis pelagica Linnaeus, 1758SC0–150xxx x xLiterature
Nereis rava Ehlers, 1868 0–210xxx xLiterature; This study
Nereis zonata Malmgren, 1867SC0–100xxx xLiterature
Perinereis cultrifera (Grube, 1840)SC0–35xxx xLiterature; This study
Platynereis coccinea (Delle Chiaje, 1822) 0–15x xLiterature
Platynereis dumerilii (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833)SC0–92xxx x xLiterature; This study
Platynereis nadiae Abbiati & Castelli, 1992NR12 x This study
Pseudonereis anomala Gravier, 1900NIS0–15x xLiterature; This study
Rullierinereis anoculata Cantone, 1982 92x xLiterature
Websterinereis glauca (Claparède, 1870) 27–45 x xLiterature; This study
Oenonidae
Arabella geniculata (Claparède, 1868) 20–70 x xLiterature
Arabella iricolor (Montagu, 1804) 0–120xxx x xLiterature; This study
Drilonereis filum (Claparède, 1868) 0–120x x xLiterature; This study
Notocirrus scoticus McIntosh, 1879 12–42 x xLiterature; This study
Oenone fulgida (Lamarck, 1818)*NIS62–70 x xLiterature
Onuphidae
Aponuphis bilineata (Baird, 1870)SC6–300 x xLiterature; This study
Aponuphis brementi (Fauvel, 1916)SC7–120 x xLiterature; This study
Aponuphis ornata (Fauvel, 1928)NR5–22 x xThis study
Aponuphis rigida (Claparède, 1868)NR38 x This study
Diopatra neapolitana Delle Chiaje, 1841SC2–22 x xLiterature; This study
Hyalinoecia tubicola (O. F. Müller, 1776) 10–150 x Literature
Nothria conchylega (Sars, 1835) 210 x Literature
Onuphis eremita Audouin & Milne-Edwards, 1833SC2–150 x xLiterature; This study
Paradiopatra calliopae Arvanitidis & Koukouras, 1997 25–600 x xLiterature; This study
Paradiopatra quadricuspis (Sars in Sars, 1872) 0–15x xLiterature
Opheliidae
Armandia cirrhosa De Filippi, 1861 0–51 xx xLiterature; This study
Armandia polyophthalma Kükenthal, 1887NR3–47 x This study
Ophelina abranchiata Støp-Bowitz, 1948NR141 x This study
Ophelina cylindricaudata (Hansen, 1879) 0–210 xx xLiterature
Polyophthalmus pictus (Dujardin, 1839) 0–55xxx xLiterature; This study
Tachytrypane jeffreysi McIntosh in Jeffreys, 1876 25–210 x xLiterature; This study
Orbiniidae
Leodamas chevalieri candiensis (Harmelin, 1969) 27–45 x xLiterature; This study
Naineris laevigata (Grube, 1855) 0–210xxx xLiterature; This study
Naineris quadraticeps Day, 1965NR; NIS38 x This study
Naineris setosa Verrill, 1900NR; NIS27–50 x This study
Orbinia sertulata (Savigny, 1822) 2–10 x Literature; This study
Phylo foetida (Claparède, 1868) 4–46 x Literature; This study
Protoaricia oerstedii (Claparède, 1864)NR4–39 x xThis study
Scoloplos armiger (O. F. Müller, 1776) 0–210 xx xLiterature; This study
Scoloplos haasi (Monro, 1937)NR0.5–50 x xThis study
Scoloplos typicus (Eisig, 1914) 2–51 x xLiterature; This study
Oweniidae
Galathowenia oculata (Zachs, 1923)NR37–40 x This study
Owenia fusiformis Delle Chiaje, 1844 4–50 x xLiterature; This study
Paralacydoniidae
Paralacydonia paradoxa Fauvel, 1913 30–35 x xLiterature; This study
Paraonidae
Aricidea aberrans Laubier & Ramos, 1974 600 x Literature
Aricidea annae Laubier, 1967 92 x Literature
Aricidea assimilis Tebble, 1959SC0–141 xx xLiterature; This study
Aricidea bansei Laubier & Ramos, 1974NR5–58 x xThis study
Aricidea catherinae Laubier, 1967SC0–58 xx xLiterature; This study
Aricidea cerrutii Laubier, 1966 0–58x x xLiterature; This study
Aricidea claudiae Laubier, 1967 2–69x x xLiterature; This study
Aricidea fragilis Webster, 1879NR; NIS22–56 x This study
Aricidea jeaneteae Langeneck, Busoni, Aliani & Castelli, 2017 600 x Literature
Aricidea katzmanni Erdoğan-Dereli & Çinar, 2020NR17 x xThis study
Aricidea monicae Laubier, 1967 92–141 x Literature; This study
Aricidea pseudoarticulata Hobson, 1972 4–600 x xLiterature; This study
Aricidea simonae Laubier & Ramos, 1974 69–210 x Literature
Cirrophorus branchiatus Ehlers, 1908 0.5–300 x xLiterature; This study
Cirrophorus nikebianchii Langeneck, Barbieri, Maltagliati & Castelli, 2017 17–57 x xLiterature; This study
Cirrophorus turcicus Erdoğan-Dereli, Çinar & Dağli, 2017NR25–40 x This study
Levinsenia demiri Çinar, Dağli & Açik, 2011NR30–141 x This study
Levinsenia gracilis (Tauber, 1879) 7–600 xx xLiterature; This study
Levinsenia kosswigi Çinar, Dağli & Açik, 2011NR33 x This study
Levinsenia materi Çinar & Dağli, 2013NR25–42 x xThis study
Levinsenia vulgaris Erdoğan-Dereli & Çinar, 2021NR42 x This study
Paradoneis armata Glémarec, 1966 0–59 xx xLiterature; This study
Paradoneis heterochaeta Erdoğan-Dereli & Çinar, 2019NR25 x This study
Paradoneis ilvana Castelli, 1985NR6–31 x xThis study
Paradoneis lyra (Southern, 1914) 0–600 xx xLiterature; This study
Paraonella myriamae (Katzmann & Laubier, 1975) 210 x Literature
Paraonides neapolitana Cerruti, 1909 69–210 x Literature
Paraonis paucibranchiata Cerruti, 1909 300 x Literature
Pectinariidae
Amphictene auricoma (O. F. Müller, 1776) 10–60x x xLiterature; This study
Lagis koreni Malmgren, 1866NR12–50 x xThis study
Pectinaria belgica (Pallas, 1766) - Literature
Petta pusilla Malmgren, 1866NR38–40 x This study
Phyllodocidae
Eteone flava (Fabricius, 1780)NR38 x This study
Eteone longa (Fabricius, 1780) 5 Literature
Eulalia clavigera (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833) 0–48xxx xLiterature; This study
Eulalia expusilla Pleijel, 1987 - Literature
Eulalia mustela Pleijel, 1987 35–92x x xLiterature
Eulalia tripunctata McIntosh, 1874 0–37x x xLiterature; This study
Eumida punctifera (Grube, 1860)NR40 x This study
Eumida sanguinea (Örsted, 1843) 0–92x x xLiterature; This study
Hesionura coineaui (Laubier, 1962) 0–15xxx xLiterature
Hesionura elongata (Southern, 1914) 3–35 x xLiterature; This study
Hypereteone foliosa (Quatrefages, 1866)NR13–40 x This study
Mysta barbata Malmgren, 1865NR14–50 x This study
Mysta picta (Quatrefages, 1866) 0–210 xx xLiterature; This study
Mysta siphodonta (Delle Chiaje, 1830) 5 Literature
Mystides caeca (Langerhans, 1880) 30–32 x xLiterature; This study
Nereiphylla paretti Blainville, 1828 0–32 xx xLiterature
Nereiphylla rubiginosa (Saint-Joseph, 1888) 0–70xxx xLiterature
Notophyllum foliosum (Sars, 1835) 0–100x x x xLiterature
Paranaitis kosteriensis (Malmgren, 1867) 19–40 x xLiterature; This study
Phyllodoce maculata (Linnaeus, 1767) 38–45 x xLiterature
Phyllodoce mucosa Örsted, 1843 0–30x x xLiterature; This study
Protomystides bidentata (Langerhans, 1880)NR6–58 x xThis study
Pseudomystides limbata limbata (Saint-Joseph, 1888) 0–210 xx xLiterature; This study
Pseudomystides limbata nigrolineata (Rioja, 1925)NR19 x This study
Pterocirrus macroceros (Grube, 1860) 0–15xx xLiterature
Sige fusigera Malmgren, 1865 50–100 x Literature
Pilargidae
Ancistrosyllis groenlandica McIntosh, 1879 600 x Literature
Pilargis verrucosa Saint-Joseph, 1899 7–57 x xLiterature; This study
Sigambra parva (Day, 1963)NR; *NIS40 x This study
Poecilochaetidae
Poecilochaetus serpens Allen, 1904 210 x Literature
Polynoidae
Bylgides groenlandicus (Malmgren, 1867) 48–60 x Literature
Harmothoe antilopes McIntosh, 1876 27–140 x Literature; This study
Harmothoe imbricata (Linnaeus, 1767)NR37 x This study
Harmothoe impar (Johnston, 1839) 0–15xx xLiterature
Harmothoe spinifera (Ehlers, 1864) 0–145xxx xLiterature; This study
Lepidasthenia elegans (Grube, 1840) 32–100xx x xLiterature
Lepidonotus clava (Montagu, 1808) 0–100xx xxLiterature; This study
Malmgrenia lilianae (Pettibone, 1993) 35 x xLiterature
Malmgrenia ljungmani (Malmgren, 1867) 35 x xLiterature
Malmgrenia lunulata (Delle Chiaje, 1830) 31–85x x xLiterature; This study
Subadyte pellucida (Ehlers, 1864) 17–300 xx xLiterature; This study
Sabellidae
Acromegalomma adriaticum (Giangrande, Caruso, Mikac & Licciano, 2015)NR30 x This study
Acromegalomma lanigerum (Grube, 1846) 0–145xxx xLiterature; This study
Acromegalomma messapicum (Giangrande & Licciano, 2008)NR25 x This study
Acromegalomma pseudogesae (Mikac, Giangrande & Licciano, 2013)NR8–33 x This study
Amphicorina armandi (Claparède, 1864) 0–15x xLiterature
Amphiglena mediterranea (Leydig, 1851) 0–38xxx xLiterature
Bispira mariae Lo Bianco, 1893 35–131 x xLiterature
Bispira melanostigma (Schmarda, 1861)*NIS- Literature
Branchiomma boholense (Grube, 1878)NIS0–15xx xLiterature
Branchiomma bombyx (Dalyell, 1853) 0–145xxx x xLiterature; This study
Branchiomma luctuosum (Grube, 1870)NIS0–30 x xLiterature
Branchiomma lucullanum (Delle Chiaje, 1828) 0–38x x xLiterature
Branchiomma moebii Knight-Jones, 1994 0–15x xLiterature
Chone duneri Malmgren, 1867 20–145 xx xLiterature
Claviramus candela (Grube, 1863) 37–100 x x xLiterature
Dialychone acustica Claparède, 1868NR12–58 x xThis study
Dialychone arenicola (Langerhans, 1880)NR25–40 x xThis study
Dialychone collaris (Langerhans, 1880) 0–92xxx xLiterature; This study
Dialychone dunerificta (Tovar-Hernández, Licciano & Giangrande, 2007)NR12–45 x This study
Dialychone egyptica Selim, Rzhavsky & Britayev, 2012NR16 x This study
Euchone pararosea Giangrande & Licciano, 2006NR22–51 x xThis study
Euchone pseudolimnicola Giangrande & Licciano, 2006NR12–55 x xThis study
Euchone rosea (Langerhans, 1884) 19–300 x xLiterature; This study
Euchone rubrocincta Sars, 1835 35 x xLiterature
Euchone southerni Banse, 1970 27–145xxx xLiterature
Euratella salmacidis (Claparède, 1869) 0–42 xx xLiterature; This study
Hypsicomus stichophthalmos (Grube, 1863) - Literature
Jasmineira caudata Langerhans, 1880 24–804 x Literature; This study
Jasmineira elegans Saint-Joseph, 1894 3–38 x xLiterature; This study
Myxicola infundibulum (Montagu, 1808)SC38–70 x xLiterature; This study
Paradialychone filicaudata (Southern, 1914) 3–300xxx xLiterature; This study
Parasabella langerhansi (Knight-Jones, 1993) 28–227 x xLiterature
Parasabella saxicola (Grube, 1861) 37–227 xx xLiterature
Parasabella tenuicollaris (Grube, 1861) 37–92x x xLiterature
Perkinsiana rubra (Langerhans, 1880) 0–145 xx xLiterature
Pseudopotamilla reniformis (Bruguière, 1789) 0–131x x x xLiterature; This study
Sabella discifera Grube, 1874 62–70 x xLiterature
Sabella pavonina Savigny, 1822 21–227xxxx x xLiterature; This study
Sabella spallanzanii (Gmelin, 1791) 17–92x x xLiterature; This study
Saccocirridae
Saccocirrus papillocercus Bobretzky, 1872NR3 x This study
Scalibregmatidae
Asclerocheilus intermedius (Saint-Joseph, 1894) 22–48 x xLiterature; This study
Polyphysia crassa (Örsted, 1843)NR19–40 x xThis study
Scalibregma celticum Mackie, 1991 16–50 x xLiterature; This study
Scalibregma inflatum Rathke, 1843 12–50 x xLiterature; This study
Sclerocheilus minutus Grube, 1863 0–145xxx xLiterature; This study
Serpulidae
Apomatus similis Marion & Bobretzky, 1875 0–180xxx xxxLiterature
Ditrupa arietina (O. F. Müller, 1776) 32–180x x xLiterature; This study
Filograna implexa Berkeley, 1835NR-x This study
Filogranula stellata (Southward, 1963) 779–804 x Literature
Hyalopomatus variorugosus Ben-Eliahu & Fiege, 1996 779–804 x Literature
Hydroides dianthus (Verrill, 1873)SC; *NIS- x Literature
Hydroides dirampha (Mörch, 1863)SC- x Literature
Hydroides elegans (Haswell, 1883)SC; NIS0–180x Literature
Hydroides helmata (Iroso, 1921) 0–35x x xxLiterature
Hydroides heterocera (Grube, 1868)NIS-x Literature
Hydroides homoceros Pixell, 1913NIS- x Literature
Hydroides nigra Zibrowius, 1971 0–100xx xxxLiterature
Hydroides norvegica Gunnerus, 1768 20–227xxx xLiterature
Hydroides pseudouncinata Zibrowius, 1968 0–180x xxLiterature
Hydroides stoichadon Zibrowius, 1971 0–180x x x xLiterature; This study
Janita fimbriata (Delle Chiaje, 1822) 9–600 xxxx Literature
Janua heterostropha (Montagu, 1803) 0–15xx xLiterature
Josephella marenzelleri Caullery & Mesnil, 1896 0–180x x xxLiterature
Metavermilia multicristata (Philippi, 1844) 9–804xxx x Literature
Neodexiospira pseudocorrugata (Bush, 1905) 0–70xxx xLiterature
Nidificaria clavus (Harris, 1968) 27–45 x xLiterature
Pileolaria heteropoma (Zibrowius, 1968) 9 x Literature
Pileolaria militaris Claparède, 1870 0–15x x xLiterature
Placostegus crystallinus (Scacchi, 1836) 0–180 x xxLiterature
Placostegus tridentatus (Fabricius, 1779) 55–337 xxx Literature
Protula intestinum (Lamarck, 1818) 0–100x xx xxLiterature; This study
Protula tubularia (Montagu, 1803) 20–187 x Literature
Rhodopsis pusilla Bush, 1905NIS0–100x xLiterature
Semivermilia agglutinata (Marenzeller, 1893) 779–804 x Literature
Semivermilia crenata (O.G. Costa, 1861) 0–180x x xxLiterature
Semivermilia cribrata (O.G. Costa, 1861) 0–100x x Literature
Semivermilia pomatostegoides (Zibrowius, 1969) - Literature
Serpula cavernicola Fassari & Mollica, 1991 0–100x Literature
Serpula concharum Langerhans, 1880 0–328xxxx x xLiterature; This study
Serpula vermicularis Linnaeus, 1767 0–328xxxx xxxLiterature
Spiraserpula massiliensis (Zibrowius, 1968) 0–100x xxLiterature
Spirobranchus lamarcki (Quatrefages, 1866) 0–100x x xLiterature; This study
Spirobranchus polytrema (Philippi, 1844) 0–180xxx xxxLiterature
Spirobranchus tetraceros (Schmarda, 1861)NIS- Literature; This study
Spirobranchus triqueter (Linnaeus, 1758) 0–100x x x xLiterature
Vermiliopsis infundibulum (Philippi, 1844) 0–328xxxx xxxLiterature; This study
Vermiliopsis labiata (O. G. Costa, 1861) 0–145xxx xxLiterature
Vermiliopsis striaticeps (Grube, 1862) 0–180xxx xxxLiterature; This study
Vinearia koehleri (Caullery & Mesnil, 1897) 9–145 x x Literature
Sigalionidae
Claparedepelogenia inclusa (Claparède, 1868) 32–92x x xLiterature; This study
Euthalenessa oculata (Peters, 1854) 38–45 x xLiterature
Fimbriosthenelais longipinnis (Grube, 1870)NIS30–141 x Literature; This study
Fimbriosthenelais minor (Pruvot & Racovitza, 1895) 37–70 x xLiterature
Fimbriosthenelais zetlandica (McIntosh, 1879) 35 x xLiterature
Pelogenia arenosa (Delle Chiaje, 1830) 0–15 x xLiterature
Pholoe inornata Johnston, 1839 0–46xxx xxLiterature; This study
Pholoe minuta (Fabricius, 1780) 2–20 x x xLiterature
Pholoides dorsipapillatus (Marenzeller, 1893) 155–337 xx Literature
Pisione remota (Southern, 1914)NR40 x This study
Sigalion mathildae Audouin & Milne-Edwards, 1832 0–300 xx xLiterature; This study
Sthenelais boa (Johnston, 1833) 0–70x x xLiterature; This study
Sthenelais limicola (Ehlers, 1864)NR32 x xThis study
Sphaerodoridae
Sphaerodoridium claparedii (Greeff, 1866)NR46–47 x This study
Sphaerodoridium minutum (Webster & Benedict, 1887) 19–100 x x xLiterature; This study
Sphaerodorum abyssorum Hansen, 1878NR30 x This study
Sphaerodorum gracile (Rathke, 1843)NR44 x This study
Spionidae
Aonidella dayi López-Jamar, 1989 210 x Literature
Aonides oxycephala (Sars, 1862) 0–40 xx xLiterature; This study
Aonides paucibranchiata Southern, 1914NR19 x This study
Aurospio banyulensis (Laubier, 1966) 210 x Literature
Dipolydora armata (Langerhans, 1880) 5–10 x xLiterature
Dispio uncinata Hartman, 1951NR4–5 x This study
Laonice mediterranea Sikorski, Rousou & Nygren, 2021 12–337xxx xLiterature; This study
Laubieriellus salzi (Laubier, 1970) 27–92xxx xLiterature
Malacoceros fuliginosus (Claparède, 1868) 2–20 x xLiterature; This study
Paraprionospio pinnata (Ehlers, 1901) 140 x Literature
Polydora ciliata (Johnston, 1838)NR38–50 x This study
Prionospio caspersi Laubier, 1962NR16–30 x xThis study
Prionospio cirrifera Wirén, 1883 17–40 x xLiterature; This study
Prionospio depauperata Imajima, 1990NR; NIS14–37 x xThis study
Prionospio dubia Day, 1961NIS25–600 x xLiterature
Prionospio ehlersi Fauvel, 1928 22–140 x xLiterature
Prionospio maciolekae Dağli & Çinar, 2013NR12–33 x This study
Prionospio malmgreni Claparède, 1869 20 x xLiterature
Prionospio multibranchiata Berkeley, 1927*NIS92 x Literature
Prionospio paucipinnulata Blake & Kudenov, 1978NR; NIS22–50 x This study
Prionospio steenstrupi Malmgren, 1867 0–37 xx xLiterature; This study
Pseudopolydora pulchra (Carazzi, 1893)NR13–40 x This study
Scolelepis (Parascolelepis) tridentata (Southern, 1914) 24–69 x xLiterature; This study
Scolelepis (Scolelepis) bonnieri (Mesnil, 1896) 69 x Literature
Scolelepis (Scolelepis) cantabra (Rioja, 1918) 0–300xxx xLiterature
Spio decorata Bobretzky, 1870 0–35xxx xLiterature; This study
Spio filicornis (O. F. Müller, 1776)SC38–40 x Literature; This study
Spiophanes bombyx (Claparède, 1870) 49–300 x Literature; This study
Spiophanes kroyeri Grube, 1860 20 x xLiterature
Spiophanes mediterraneus Meißner, 2005NR141 x This study
Spiophanes reyssi Laubier, 1964 210 x Literature
Sternaspidae
Sternaspis scutata (Ranzani, 1817) 30–100 x Literature; This study
Syllidae
Amblyosyllis spectabilis (Johnston in Baird, 1861) 0–15 x xLiterature
Anoplosyllis edentula Claparède, 1868 - Literature
Branchiosyllis exilis (Gravier, 1900) 0–15x xLiterature
Brania arminii (Langerhans, 1881) 32 x xLiterature
Brevicirrosyllis weismanni (Langerhans, 1879) 12–300 xx xLiterature; This study
Dioplosyllis cirrosa Gidholm, 1962 35 x xLiterature
Epigamia macrophthalma (Marenzeller, 1875) 33–145xxx xLiterature
Erinaceusyllis cryptica (Ben-Eliahu, 1977) 89–90 x Literature
Eurysyllis tuberculata Ehlers, 1864 0–150xxx xLiterature; This study
Eusyllis assimilis Marenzeller, 1875 27–150xxx x xLiterature
Eusyllis blomstrandi Malmgren, 1867 66–150 x xLiterature
Eusyllis kupfferi Langerhans, 1879NIS0–15xx xLiterature
Eusyllis lamelligera Marion & Bobretzky, 1875 0–45xxx xLiterature
Exogone africana Hartmann-Schröder, 1974NR; NIS25–42 x This study
Exogone dispar (Webster, 1879) 0–40xxx xLiterature; This study
Exogone naidina Örsted, 1845 0–140xxx xLiterature; This study
Exogone rostrata Naville, 1933 0–150xxx xLiterature; This study
Exogone verugera (Claparède, 1868) 0–140xxx xLiterature; This study
Haplosyllis spongicola (Grube, 1855) 0–300xxx xLiterature; This study
Myrianida brachycephala (Marenzeller, 1875) 0–145xxx xLiterature
Myrianida convoluta (Cognetti, 1953) 89–145 xx Literature
Myrianida dentalia (Imajima, 1966) 100–145 x Literature
Myrianida edwarsi (Saint-Joseph, 1887) 0–70xxx xLiterature
Myrianida prolifera (O. F. Müller, 1788) 0–100x x xLiterature
Myrianida quindecimdentata (Langerhans, 1884) 0–15 x xLiterature
Odontosyllis ctenostoma Claparède, 1868 0–42xxx xLiterature; This study
Odontosyllis fulgurans (Audouin & Milne-Edwards, 1833) 0–38x x xLiterature
Odontosyllis gibba Claparède, 1863 30–150xxx xLiterature; This study
Opisthodonta morena Langerhans, 1879 28–38 x xLiterature
Opisthodonta serratisetosa (López, San Martín & Jiménez, 1997) 0–300x x xLiterature
Opisthosyllis brunnea Langerhans, 1889NR0.5x xThis study
Paraehlersia dionisi (Núñez & San Martín, 1991)NR10–11 x This study
Paraehlersia ferrugina (Langerhans, 1881) 0–210 xx xLiterature; This study
Parapionosyllis brevicirra Day, 1954 0–48 x xLiterature; This study
Parapionosyllis elegans (Pierantoni, 1903) 0–35 xx xLiterature
Parapionosyllis minuta (Pierantoni, 1903) 0–20 xx xLiterature
Parexogone cognettii (Castelli, Badalamenti & Lardicci, 1987)NR30 x This study
Parexogone gambiae (Lanera, Sordino & San Martín, 1994) 12–70 x xLiterature; This study
Parexogone hebes (Webster & Benedict, 1884)NR6–10 x xThis study
Parexogone meridionalis (Cognetti, 1955) 35 x xLiterature
Parexogone wolfi (San Martín, 1991) 70 x Literature
Perkinsyllis anophthalma (Capaccioni & San Martín, 1990) 0–15 x xLiterature
Plakosyllis brevipes Hartmann-Schröder, 1956 30–92 x xLiterature; This study
Proceraea aurantiaca Claparède, 1868 0–70 xx xLiterature
Proceraea picta Ehlers, 1864 0–35x x xLiterature; This study
Prosphaerosyllis campoyi (San Martín, Acero, Contonente & Gomez, 1982) 69 x Literature
Prosphaerosyllis longipapillata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1979)NIS92 x Literature
Prosphaerosyllis xarifae (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960) 0–92x x xLiterature; This study
Pseudosyllis brevipennis Grube, 1863 0–337xxx xLiterature
Salvatoria clavata (Claparède, 1863)SC0–92xxx xLiterature
Salvatoria dolichopoda (Marenzeller, 1874) 33–35x Literature
Salvatoria euritmica (Sardá, 1984) 0–92x x xLiterature
Salvatoria limbata (Claparède, 1868) 0–15xx xLiterature
Salvatoria vieitezi (San Martín, 1984) 0–45 xx xLiterature
Sphaerosyllis austriaca Banse, 1959 0–35xxx xLiterature
Sphaerosyllis boeroi Musco, Çinar & Giangrande, 2005 27–150 xx x xLiterature
Sphaerosyllis bulbosa Southern, 1914 35–59 x xLiterature; This study
Sphaerosyllis climenti Del-Pilar-Ruso & San Martín, 2012NR45 x This study
Sphaerosyllis glandulata Perkins, 1981NR27–40 x This study
Sphaerosyllis hystrix Claparède, 1863SC0–210xxx xLiterature
Sphaerosyllis parabulbosa San Martín & López, 2002NR47 x This study
Sphaerosyllis pirifera Claparède, 1868 0–150xxx xLiterature; This study
Sphaerosyllis taylori Perkins, 1981 22–35 x xLiterature; This study
Sphaerosyllis thomasi San Martín, 1984NR32 x xThis study
Syllides bansei Perkins, 1981NR19–40 x xThis study
Syllides fulvus (Marion & Bobretzky, 1875) 0–92xxx xLiterature
Syllis alternata Moore, 1908 0–90xxx xLiterature; This study
Syllis amica Quatrefages, 1866 0–25x x xLiterature; This study
Syllis armillaris (O. F. Müller, 1776) 0–150xxx x xLiterature
Syllis beneliahuae (Campoy, 1982) 30–36 x xLiterature; This study
Syllis bouvieri Gravier, 1900 0–131x x xLiterature
Syllis columbretensis (Campoy, 1982) 0–45xxx xLiterature
Syllis corallicola Verrill, 1900 0–50xxx xLiterature; This study
Syllis cruzi Núñez & San Martín, 1991 300 x Literature
Syllis ergeni Çinar, 2005NR; NIS40 x This study
Syllis ferrani Alós & San Martín, 1987 0–46x xLiterature; This study
Syllis garciai (Campoy, 1982) 0–150xxx x xLiterature; This study
Syllis gerundensis (Alós & Campoy, 1981) 27–45 x xLiterature
Syllis gracilis Grube, 1840SC0–20xxx xLiterature; This study
Syllis hyalina Grube, 1863 0–145xxx xLiterature; This study
Syllis hyllebergi (Licher, 1999)NIS- Literature
Syllis jorgei San Martín & López, 2000 0–145xxx xLiterature
Syllis kabilica Ben-Eliahu, 1977NR25–59 x xThis study
Syllis katzmanni Arvanitidis, 2017 600 x Literature
Syllis krohnii Ehlers, 1864 1–58 x x xLiterature; This study
Syllis licheri Ravara, San Martín & Moreira, 2004NR34–50 x xThis study
Syllis parapari San Martín & López, 2000 7–69 x xLiterature; This study
Syllis pontxioi San Martín & López, 2000 0–35x x xLiterature
Syllis prolifera Krohn, 1852 0–51xxx xLiterature; This study
Syllis pulvinata (Langerhans, 1881) 0–15x xLiterature
Syllis rosea (Langerhans, 1879) 0–15xx xLiterature
Syllis torquata Marion & Bobretzky, 1875 0–48 xx xLiterature; This study
Syllis truncata cryptica Ben-Eliahu, 1977 0–150xxx x xLiterature; This study
Syllis tyrrhena (Licher & Kuper, 1998)NR24–47 x This study
Syllis variegata Grube, 1860 0–48xxx xLiterature; This study
Syllis westheidei San Martín, 1984NR5–17 x This study
Synmerosyllis lamelligera (Saint-Joseph, 1887) 0–70xxx xLiterature; This study
Trypanosyllis aeolis Langerhans, 1879 0–50x xLiterature
Trypanosyllis zebra (Grube, 1860)SC0–70xxx xLiterature
Xenosyllis scabra (Ehlers, 1864) 40–328 xxx xLiterature; This study
Terebellidae
Amaeana trilobata (Sars, 1863) 35 x xLiterature
Amphitrite cirrata (O. F. Müller, 1776) 16–131 x Literature; This study
Amphitrite edwardsii (Quatrefages, 1866) 0–50x xLiterature
Amphitrite figulus (Dalyell, 1853) 10 Literature
Amphitrite gracilis (Grube, 1860) 5 Literature
Amphitrite rubra (Risso, 1826)SC32–35 x xLiterature
Amphitrite variabilis (Risso, 1826) 0–42xxx xLiterature; This study
Eupolymnia nebulosa (Montagu, 1819) 0–145xxx xLiterature; This study
Eupolymnia nesidensis (Delle Chiaje, 1828) 0–70xxx x xLiterature; This study
Lanice conchilega (Pallas, 1766) 0–49x x xLiterature; This study
Nicolea venustula (Montagu, 1819) 0–100 xx x xLiterature; This study
Nicolea zostericola Örsted, 1844 45–96 x Literature
Parathelepus collaris (Southern, 1914) 27–45 x xLiterature
Pista cretacea (Grube, 1860)NR5–40 x xThis study
Pista cristata (O. F. Müller, 1776) 0–70xxx xLiterature; This study
Pista labruneae Lavesque, Daffe, Londoño-Mesa & Hutchings, 2021 8–92x x xLiterature; This study
Pista maculata (Dalyell, 1853) 0–32x x xLiterature
Pistella rovignensis Mikac & Hutchings, 2017NR8–42 x xThis study
Polycirrus aurantiacus Grube, 1860 0–15x xLiterature
Polycirrus haematodes (Claparède, 1864) 0–15 x xLiterature
Polycirrus medusa Grube, 1850NR30–40 x xThis study
Polycirrus nogueirai Lavesque, Hutchings, Daffe & Londoño-Mesa, 2020NR40 x This study
Polycirrus twisti Potts, 1828NR; NIS26–38 x xThis study
Streblosoma pseudocomatus Lezzi & Giangrande, 2018NR; NIS33 x This study
Terebella ehrenbergi Grube, 1869NIS144–150 Literature
Terebella lapidaria Linnaeus, 1767 - Literature
Thelepus cincinnatus (Fabricius, 1780) 11–145 xx x xLiterature; This study
Thelepus setosus (Quatrefages, 1866)NR23–48 x xThis study
Trichobranchidae
Octobranchus lingulatus (Grube, 1863)NR40 x This study
Terebellides stroemii Sars, 1835SC10–59 x xLiterature; This study
Trichobranchus glacialis Malmgren, 1866 19–48 x xLiterature; This study
Table 2. Total number of species (TN), new records (NRs), and alien non-indigenous species (NIS) for each polychaete family recorded in Cyprus.
Table 2. Total number of species (TN), new records (NRs), and alien non-indigenous species (NIS) for each polychaete family recorded in Cyprus.
FamilyTNNRsNISFamilyTNNRsNIS
Acoetidae21 Nereididae2475
Acrocirridae2 Oenonidae5 1
Ampharetidae73 Onuphidae102
Amphinomidae6 2Opheliidae62
Aphroditidae51 Orbiniidae1042
Arenicolidae11 Oweniidae21
Capitellidae2075Paralacydoniidae1
Chrysopetalidae31 Paraonidae28101
Cirratulidae19121Pectinariidae42
Cossuridae2 1Phyllodocidae266
Dorvilleidae1042Pilargidae311
Eunicidae1434Poecilochaetidae1
Fabriciidae32 Polynoidae111
Fauveliopsidae21 Sabellidae3993
Flabelligeridae931Saccocirridae11
Glyceridae92 Scalibregmatidae51
Goniadidae41 Serpulidae4417
Hesionidae921Sigalionidae1321
Lacydoniidae1 Sphaerodoridae43
Lumbrineridae168 Spionidae3194
Magelonidae63 Sternaspidae1
Maldanidae2161Syllidae100155
Melinnidae21 Terebellidae2873
Microphthalmidae1 Trichobranchidae31
Nephtyidae112
Table 3. Number of polychaeta species, new records (NRs), and non-indigenous species (NIS) per habitat, associated with flora (seagrasses and/or macroalgae) and human activities.
Table 3. Number of polychaeta species, new records (NRs), and non-indigenous species (NIS) per habitat, associated with flora (seagrasses and/or macroalgae) and human activities.
CategoryNb of SpeciesNISNRs% Nb Overall
Species		% NIS
Overall		% NR
Overall		%NIS
per Category		%NR
per Category
Habitat CategoryArtificial construction13302.235.88023.07
Combination of habitats16002.740000
H8330 Submerged or partially submerged sea caves7001.200000
Hard/rock18611231.8521.561.345.911.08
Soft5003514785.6268.6298.667.0029.40
Soft/hard1797030.6513.7303.910
Sponge51108.732.0401.960
Flora associationCaulerpa cylindracea13743323.468.1622.152.9224.09
Caulerpa prolifera19275232.8814.2934.903.6527.08
Caulerpa racemosa16471828.0814.2912.084.2710.98
Coralline algae11111.882.040.679.099.09
Cymodocea nodosa8601514.73010.07017.44
Cystoseira crinita1497025.5114.2904.700
Cystoseira sp.684011.648.1605.880
Cystosiera barbata6101.032.04016.670
Dasycladus clavaeformis2000.340000
decaying Posidonia matte484128.228.168.058.3325.00
Dictyota sp.481118.222.047.382.0822.92
Green algae1100.172.040100.000
Halimeda tuna6101.032.04016.670
Halophila stipulacea8411514.382.0410.071.1917.86
Jania rubens1000.170.00000
Laurencia obtusa6101.032.04016.670
Laurencia papillosa6101.032.04016.670
Posidonia oceanica28011047.9522.4503.930
Padina pavonica39506.6810.20012.820
Palisada perforata18103.082.0405.560
Sargassum vulgare32105.482.0403.130
Udotea petiolata681011.642.0401.470
Human ActivityArtificial reefs12112.052.040.678.338.33
Desalination plant6831811.646.1212.084.4126.47
Discarge point of treated fresh-water from a sewage factory23063.9404.03026.09
Fishfarm (stations max 500m from cages)254197043.4938.7846.987.4827.56
Touristic facilities (near hotels)14102.402.04 7.14
Ports/marinas56589.429.85.377.2714.55
Single buoy mooring
(for transferring fuels to the power plant)		412107.024.086.714.8824.39
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MDPI and ACS Style

Rousou, M.; Langeneck, J.; Apserou, C.; Arvanitidis, C.; Charalambous, S.; Chrysanthou, K.; Constantinides, G.; Dimitriou, P.D.; García Gómez, S.C.; Hadjieftychiou, S.I.; et al. Polychaetes (Annelida) of Cyprus (Eastern Mediterranean Sea): An Updated and Annotated Checklist including New Distribution Records. Diversity 2023, 15, 941. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15080941

AMA Style

Rousou M, Langeneck J, Apserou C, Arvanitidis C, Charalambous S, Chrysanthou K, Constantinides G, Dimitriou PD, García Gómez SC, Hadjieftychiou SI, et al. Polychaetes (Annelida) of Cyprus (Eastern Mediterranean Sea): An Updated and Annotated Checklist including New Distribution Records. Diversity. 2023; 15(8):941. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15080941

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rousou, Maria, Joachim Langeneck, Chara Apserou, Christos Arvanitidis, Stephanos Charalambous, Kyproula Chrysanthou, George Constantinides, Panagiotis D. Dimitriou, Sergio Carlos García Gómez, Soteria Irene Hadjieftychiou, and et al. 2023. "Polychaetes (Annelida) of Cyprus (Eastern Mediterranean Sea): An Updated and Annotated Checklist including New Distribution Records" Diversity 15, no. 8: 941. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15080941

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