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Cryptic serpulid-microbialite bioconstructions in the Kakoskali submarine cave (Cyprus, Eastern Mediterranean)

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Abstract

The biostalactites from the Kakoskali cave in Cyprus represent a new example of the complex biotic relationships between skeletal organisms and microbial communities in building bioconstructions of cryptic marine environments. Biostalactites are mainly constituted of polychaetes of the family Serpulidae and, to a lesser degree, foraminifers and bryozoans. Within the skeletal framework of these organisms, two types of microcrystalline calcite (micrite) have been recognized: autochthonous and detrital micrite. The autochthonous fraction is syndepositionally lithified and occurs as clotted peloidal and, subordinately, aphanitic (structureless) textures, suggesting the presence of heterotrophic microbial activities thriving on decaying metazoan organic matter. This fraction is limited to the protected portions of the bioconstructions, especially in the inner and lower parts. The presence of iron and manganesiferous oxidizing bacteria is suggested by the deposition of ferromanganesiferous crusts and Frutexites-like structures. These microbial-induced biomineralizations are the main evidence of carbonatogenetic and Fe–Mn, autotrophic and chemoheterotrophic, bacterial activities. The Kakoskali cave is frequently visited by divers who, during their immersions, resuspend the fine bottom sediment, which later covers the surface of the bioconstructions, disturbing the delicate equilibrium of the biotic association. This perturbation, which is also caused by strong waves and currents, during winter months, reflects on the bioconstruction morphologies, community composition, and colonization pattern. Bioconstructions exhibit an upper smooth surface, produced by few taxa (e.g., polychaetes, foraminifers), hosting a low number of living individuals, and a lower comparably rough surface, colonized by a more abundant community showing a higher species richness. The ratio surface roughness/smoothness is related to micrite sediment type: the upper part is mainly characterized by loose detrital micrite while the internal and lower parts by syndepositional cemented autochthonous micrite.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to express their gratitude to Matthias López Correa and another anonymous reviewer for their constructive comments and suggestions. This research was financially supported by grants MIUR (ex 60% 2016 A. Mastandrea, University of Calabria), grants to AR and RS by the University of Catania, AP Marine Environmental Consultancy Ltd. (Cyprus), Mr. Nick Galea (ENALIA Research Program, Cyprus), and Mr. Angelos Tsirides. The authors also thank Prof. Dr. Helmut Zibrowius for his advice since the beginning of the Kakoskali project. Catania Paleoecological Research Group: contribution n. 430.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Bucci, cubo 15b, 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy

    Adriano Guido, Franco Russo & Adelaide Mastandrea

  2. Enalia Physis Environmental Research Centre, Acropoleos 2, Aglantzia, 2101, Nicosia, Cyprus

    Carlos Jimenez, Katerina Achilleos, Louis Hadjioannou & Antonis Petrou

  3. Energy, Environment and Water Research Center (EEWRC), The Cyprus Institute, Konstantinou Kavafi 20, Aglantzia, 1645, Nicosia, Cyprus

    Carlos Jimenez

  4. Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Corso Italia, 57, 95129, Catania, Italy

    Antonietta Rosso & Rossana Sanfilippo

  5. CoNISMa-Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Piazzale Flaminio, 9, 00196, Rome, Italy

    Antonietta Rosso & Rossana Sanfilippo

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  1. Adriano Guido
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Guido, A., Jimenez, C., Achilleos, K. et al. Cryptic serpulid-microbialite bioconstructions in the Kakoskali submarine cave (Cyprus, Eastern Mediterranean). Facies 63, 21 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-017-0502-3

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