Vol. 63 No. 1 (2024)
Articles

Evaluation of fungicides for management of Botryosphaeriaceae associated with dieback in Australian walnut orchards

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  • Stella ANTONY,
  • Christopher C. STEEL,
  • Benjamin STODART,
  • Regina BILLONES-BAAIJENS,
  • Sandra SAVOCCHIA
Stella ANTONY
Faculty of Science and Health, School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678
Christopher C. STEEL
Faculty of Science and Health, School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678
Benjamin STODART
Faculty of Science and Health, School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678
Regina BILLONES-BAAIJENS
Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678
Sandra SAVOCCHIA
Faculty of Science and Health, School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-14957
Categories

Published 2024-05-13

Keywords

  • Dieback,
  • Diplodia seriata,
  • Juglans regia,
  • Neofusicoccum parvum

How to Cite

[1]
S. ANTONY, C. C. STEEL, B. STODART, R. BILLONES-BAAIJENS, and S. SAVOCCHIA, “Evaluation of fungicides for management of Botryosphaeriaceae associated with dieback in Australian walnut orchards”, Phytopathol. Mediterr., vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 119–134, May 2024.

Copyright (c) 2024 Stella ANTONY, Christopher C. STEEL, Benjamin STODART, Regina BILLONES-BAAIJENS, Sandra SAVOCCHIA

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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Abstract

Dieback of fruiting spurs, stems and branches of walnut trees (Juglans regia L.), caused by Botryosphaeriaceae, is widespread in walnut orchards in Australia. Five species of Botryosphaeriaceae (Diplodia seriata, Dothiorella omnivora, Neofusicoccum macroclavatum, N. parvum, and Spencermartinsia viticola) were recovered from the Australian walnut orchards in a previous study, with D. seriata and N. parvum being the most prevalent. The present study evaluated inhibitory effects of ten fungicides on mycelium growth of those five species and on conidium germination of D. seriata and N. parvum. It investigated the preventative and curative efficacy of selected fungicides on disease incidence in glasshouse and field trials. In vitro experiments showed that nine of the fungicides reduced mycelium growth, and all ten inhibited conidium germination, but to varying extents. Tebuconazole, prochloraz manganese chloride, fluazinam, fludioxonil and pyraclostrobin were the most effective for inhibiting mycelium growth (EC50 < 0.14 µg a.i. mL-1), whereas pyraclostrobin, fluxapyroxad, fluopyram, penthiopyrad and tebuconazole were the most effective for inhibiting conidium germination (EC50 < 2.2 µg a.i. mL-1). In planta experiments with five fungicides confirmed that preventative treatments had greater efficacy than curative treatments. A field trial with four commercial fungicide formulations demonstrated that tebuconazole and tebuconazole + fluopyram provided protection of walnut trees for the longest period. The field trial also confirmed the efficacy of pyraclostrobin and the inhibitory effect of fluazinam. This study is the first in Australia to evaluate fungicides in different classes and with different modes of action for efficacy against Botryosphaeriaceae recovered from walnut orchards in Australia, and provides a wider selection of active ingredients for a fungicide rotation programme than that which is currently available to the Australian walnut industry.

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