Abstract
In the fall season 2017, forty samples showing necrotic and wilted leaves, stem cankers, shoot cankers, leaf and fruit blight were collected from walnut trees in seven commercial orchards in Aydin province of Turkey. Ten isolates were identified based on morphology of monoconidial cultures obtained from pine needles. Morphological characteristics and DNA sequence comparisons of ITS and EF-1α gene sequences of the isolates revealed the presence of Botryosphaeria dothidea, Neofusicoccum parvum, and Neofusicoccum mediterraneum. Four isolates were identified as Neofusicoccum parvum with 100% similarity for ITS (accession nos. MW426289 to MW426292) and EF1α (MT212730 to MT212733); two isolates were Neofusicoccum mediterraneum with 100% similarity for ITS (accession nos. MW426287 and MW426288) and EF1α (MT212728 and MT21729), and one isolate was Botryosphaeria dothidea with 100% similarity for ITS (accession nos. MW426293) and EF1α (MT212734). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on 2-year-old walnut trees cv. Chandler, and ten monoconidial isolates were pathogenic. This is the first report of N. parvum and B. dothidea causing twig blight and branch and dieback disease of walnuts in the Aegean region of Turkey and N. mediterraneum on walnut trees in Turkey. This emerging disease could pose a potential threat to new tree plantations of walnut in Turkey.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Data availability statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
Akgül DS, Savaş NG, Teker T, Karahan B, Keykubat B (2013) Identification and pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae species causing wood canker on grapevines. J Turk Phytopathol 42(1–3):35–45
Carbone I, Kohn LM (1999) A method for designing primer sets for speciation studies in filamentous ascomycetes. Mycologia 91(3):553–556. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1999.12061051
Çeliker NM, Michailides TJ (2012) First report of Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing canker and shoot blight of fig in Turkey. New Dis Rep 25:12. https://doi.org/10.5197/j.2044-0588.2012.025.012
Cenis JL (1992) Rapid extraction df fungal DNA for PCR amplification. Nucl Acids Res 20:2380. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/20.9.2380
Chen SF, Morgan DP, Hasey JK, Anderson K, Michailides TJ (2014) Phylogeny, morphology, distribution, and pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthaceae from English walnut in California. Plant Dis 98:636–652. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-07-13-0706-RE
Derviş S, Türkölmez Ş, Çiftçi O, Serçe ÇU, Dikilitas M (2019) First report of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum causing black canker and root rot of walnut in Turkey. Plant Dis 103(8):2129. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-19-0306-PDN
Díaz GA, Latorre BA, Ferrada E, Gutiérrez M, Bravo F, Lolas M (2018) First report of Diplodia mutila causing branch dieback of English walnut cv. Chandler in the Maule Region, Chile. Plant Dis 102(7):1451. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-17-1860-PDN
Eichmeier A, Pecenka J, Spetik M, Necas T, Ondrasek I, Armengol J, León M, Berlanas C, Gramaje D (2020) Fungal trunk pathogens associated with Juglans regia in the Czech Republic. Plant Dis 104:761–771. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-19-1308-RE
Erdem C (2020) Determination of fungal pathogens causing twig, shoot blight and drying on almond trees in Datça town of Muğla province. Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Department of Plant Protection, M.Sc. Thesis, Aydın, p xxv+65 (in Turkish)
Kara M, Soylu EM, Soylu S, Uysal A, Kurt Ş (2020) First report of Neofusicoccum parvum causing branch dieback on Juglans regia in Turkey. J Plant Pathol 103:335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-020-00662-8
Kayim M, Endes A, Eskalen A (2015) First report of Neofusicoccum parvum and Diplodia sp. associated with wood canker and dieback on almond in Turkey. In: XVIII. International plant protection congress (IPCC), Berlin, p798
Kimura M (1980) A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol 16:111–120
Koç İ, Çelik A, Durak ED, Demir İ, Bayman S, Mirtagioğlu H, Demir S (2020) Bitlis İli Ceviz Yetiştiriciliği Yapılan Tarım Alanlarında Görülen Ceviz Antraknozu (Ophiognomonia leptostyla) Hastalığının Morfolojik ve Moleküler Karakterizasyonu. J Inst Sci Technol 10(1):28–38. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.594094
Korukmez N, Yildiz F, Yayla S, Gencer R, Akpinar O (2020) First report of fruit rot caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea on olive in Turkey. J Plant Pathol 102:537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-019-00429-w
Kurbetli İ, Demirci F (2014) Outbreak of stem canker and dieback of pear trees caused by Botryosphaeria obtusa (anamorph Diplodia seriata) in Turkey. New Dis Rep 30:6. https://doi.org/10.5197/j.2044-0588.2014.030.006
Li G, Liu F, Li J, Liu Q, Chen S (2015) Characterization of Botryosphaeria dothidea and Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae from English walnut in China. J Phytopathol 164:348–353. https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.12422
López-Moral A, Lovera M, Raya MDC, Cortés-Cosano N, Arquero O, Trapero A, Agustí-Brisach C (2020) Etiology of branch dieback and shoot blight of English walnut caused by Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthe Species in Southern Spain. Plant Dis 104(2):533–550. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-19-0545-RE
Moral J, Muñoz-Díez C, González N, Trapero A, Michailides TJ (2010) Characterization and pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae species collected from olive and other hosts in Spain and California. Phytopathology 100:1340–1351. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-12-09-0343
Phillips AJ, Alves A, Abdollahzadeh J, Slippers B, Wingfield MJ, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW (2013) The Botryosphaeriaceae: genera and species known from culture. Stud Mycol 76:51–167. https://doi.org/10.3114/sim0021
Slippers B, Boissin E, Phillips AJ, Groenewald JZ, Lombard L, Wingfield MJ, Postma A, Burgess T, Crous PW (2013) Phylogenetic lineages in the Botryosphaeriales: a systematic and evolutionary framework. Stud Mycol 76:31–49. https://doi.org/10.3114/sim0020
Sohrabi M, Mohammadi H, León M, Armengol J, Banihashemi Z (2020) Fungal pathogens associated with branch and trunk cankers of nut crops in Iran. Eur J Plant Pathol 157:327–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-020-01996-w
Tabaklı S (2019) Occurence of olive antracnose in Aydin province and sensitivity of olive cultivars. Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Department of Plant Protection, M.Sc. Thesis, Aydın, p 89 (in Turkish)
Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, Filipski A, Kumar S (2013) MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Mol Bio Evol 30:2725–2729. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197
Trouillas FP, Úrbez-Torres JR, Peduto F, Gubler WD (2010) First report of twig and branch dieback of English walnut (Juglans regia) caused by Neofusicoccum mediterraneum in California. Plant Dis 94(10):1267. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-10-0412
TUIK (2020) Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr. Accessed Oct 2021
Uzunok S, Kurbetli İ (2017) Orta Anadolu koşullarında Ceviz antraknozu etmeni Gnomonia leptostyla (Fr.) Ces et de Not.’nın mücadelesine yönelik biyolojik parametreler. Bitki Koruma Bülteni 57(3): 349–356. https://doi.org/10.16955/bitkorb.305885
White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ (eds) PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, New York, pp 315–322
Yildiz A, Benlioğlu S, Benlioğlu K, Korkom Y (2018) Determination of shoot and fruit blights walnuts production areas in Aydin. In: III. Forest entomology and pathology symposium, Artvin, p 59
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. M. Erhan YILDIZ for the English review. The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.
Funding
No funding was received for conducting this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
AY and SB designed the experiments; AY, SB, KB, and YK conducted the research AY, SB, and KB analyzed and discussed the results, and writing—review, editing, and all authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that apply to the content of this article.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yildiz, A., Benlioglu, S., Benlioglu, K. et al. Occurrence of twig blight and branch dieback of walnut caused by Botryosphaeriaceae species in Turkey. J Plant Dis Prot 129, 687–693 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-022-00591-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-022-00591-x