Review of Graphene-Based Materials for Tribological Engineering Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- -
- Excellent strength and mechanical stability;
- -
- Low coefficient of friction;
- -
- High thermal and electrical conductivity, allowing it to quickly dissipate heat generated by friction, helping to prevent overheating of mechanical components;
- -
- Chemical stability over a wide range of environmental and chemical conditions, making it suitable for applications in harsh or reactive environments;
- -
- Compatibility with different fluids, through functionalization, to improve its dispersibility and adhesion to different lubricating liquids;
- -
- Self-lubricating properties, due to its crystalline structure, reduce the need for additional additives in some applications;
- -
- Multifunctionality, since it can be chemically modified to incorporate different functional groups, allows the customization of its properties for specific applications.
2. Graphene-Based Materials
3. Functionalization of Graphene-Based Materials for Tribological Applications
4. Graphene Functionalization for Use in Lubricants
5. Tribological Mechanisms of Graphene-Based Materials
5.1. Protective Film Formation
5.2. Filling and Mending Effect
5.3. Polishing Effect
5.4. Nano Roller Bearings
5.5. Hydrodynamic Effects
- -
- The baseline presented relatively stable CoF till 220 s, the boundary film gradually failed, and the friction coefficient began to rise. CoF reached about 0.2 at 320 s;
- -
- 0.5% FLG presented a larger CoF fluctuation from 40 s to 160 s. During this process, the disordered FLG in the grease gradually becomes ordered due to the tangential forces, and a protective tribofilm gradually forms. Continuous minor reduction on friction until the end of the friction experiment;
- -
- 1.0 wt% did not fluctuate much from 40 s to the end of the test and only fluctuated significantly between 900 s and 1000 s. CoF was higher than with 0.5%;
- -
- 2.0 wt% began to fluctuate greatly at 40 s, and until 330 s, CoF gradually increased to about 0.21. From 330 s to the end of the test, CoF showed irregular fluctuation. This is due to the FLG content being too large and it is easy to agglomerate; however, under the action of the tangential force, the FLG tended to change to an orderly state.
5.6. Thermal Conductivity
6. Other Tribological Aspects
6.1. As Dry Lubricant
6.2. Coatings
7. Graphene as Combustion Improver
8. Summary and Future Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Graphene Derivatives and Chemical Aspects
Appendix A.1. Chemical Aspects
Appendix A.2. Graphene Hydroxylation
Appendix B. In-Situ Graphene Formation, “Superlubricity”
References
- ISO/TS 21356-1:2021; Nanotechnologies—Structural Characterization of Graphene—Part 1: Graphene from Powders and Dispersions. ISO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2021.
- Graphene Classification Framework the Graphene Council. Available online: https://www.thegraphenecouncil.org/page/GCF (accessed on 19 August 2023).
- Bianco, A.; Cheng, H.; Enoki, T.; Gogotsi, Y.; Hurt, R.; Koratkar, N.; Kyotani, T.; Monthioux, M.; Park, C.; Tascon, J.; et al. All in the graphene family—A recommended nomenclature for two-dimensional carbon materials. Carbon 2013, 65, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grajek, H.; Jonik, J.; Witkiewicz, Z.; Wawer, T.; Purchała, M. Applications of Graphene and Its Derivatives in Chemical Analysis. Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 2020, 50, 445–471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Castellanos-Leal, E.L.; Osuna-Zatarain, A.; Garcia-Garcia, A. Frictional Properties of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials as an Additive in Liquid Lubricants: Current Challenges and Potential Research Topics. Lubricants 2023, 11, 137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nyholm, N.; Espallargas, N. Functionalized carbon nanostructures as lubricant additives—A review. Carbon 2023, 201, 1200–1228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, L.; Zhou, M.; Jin, L.; Li, L.; Mo, Y.; Su, G.; Li, X.; Zhu, H.; Tian, Y. Recent advances in friction and lubrication of graphene and other 2D materials: Mechanisms and applications. Friction 2019, 7, 199–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Y.; Yu, S.; Shi, Q.; Ge, X.; Wang, W. Graphene-Family Lubricant Additives: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives. Lubricants 2022, 10, 215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, Q.; Liu, S.; Hou, K.; Li, Z.; Wang, J. Graphene-Based Nanomaterials as Lubricant Additives: A Review. Lubricants 2022, 10, 273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Minea, A.A.; Zupcu, L. A Short Overview on Graphene-Based Nanofluids. Int. J. Thermophys. 2022, 43, 161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Y.; Renner, P.; Liang, H. Dispersion of Nanoparticles in Lubricating Oil: A Critical Review. Lubricants 2019, 7, 7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dhanola, A.; Kishor Kumar Gajrani, K. Novel insights into graphene-based sustainable liquid lubricant additives: A comprehensive review. J. Mol. Liq. 2023, 386, 122523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ge, X.; Chai, Z.; Shi, Q.; Liu, Y.; Wang, W. Graphene superlubricity: A review. Friction 2023, 11, 1953–1973. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rasheed, A.K. Graphene based nanofluids and nanolubricants—Review of recent developments. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2016, 63, 346–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marlinda, A.R.; Thien, G.S.H.; Shahid, M.; Ling, T.Y.; Hashem, A.; Chan, K.-Y.; Johan, M.R. Graphene as a Lubricant Additive for Reducing Friction and Wear in Its Liquid-Based Form. Lubricants 2023, 11, 29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marcucci Pico, D.F.; Parise, J.A.R.; Bandarra Filho, E.P. Nanolubricants in refrigeration systems: A state-of-the-art review and latest developments. J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. 2023, 45, 88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rasheed, A.K. Heat Transfer, Tribology and Performance of Graphene Nanolubricants in an ICE. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Ali, M.; Hou, X.; Abdelkareem, M.; Gulzar, M.; Elsheikh, A. Novel approach of the graphene nanolubricant for energy saving via antifriction/wear in automobile engines. Tribol. Int. 2018, 124, 209–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rasheed, A.K.; Khalid, M.; Javeed, A.; Rashmi, W.; Gupta, T.C.S.M.; Chan, A. Heat transfer and tribological performance of graphene nanolubricant in an internal combustion engine. Trib. Int. 2016, 103, 504–515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xing, M.; Wang, R.; Yu, J. Application of fullerene C60 nanooil for performance enhancement of domestic refrigerator compressors. Int. J. Refrig. 2014, 40, 398–403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kamaraj, N.; Babu, A.M. Experimental analysis of vapour compression refrigeration system using the refrigerant with nano particles. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering Innovation Solutions, Madrid, Spain, 24–26 February 2016; pp. 16–25. [Google Scholar]
- Lou, J.F.; Zhang, H.; Wang, R. Experimental investigation of graphite nanolubricant used in a domestic refrigerator. Adv. Mech. Eng. 2015, 7, 1687814015571011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, S.; Cui, X.; Zhou, Y.; Chen, C. Study on the effect of graphene nanosheets refrigerant oil on domestic refrigerator performance. Int. J. Refrig. 2020, 110, 187–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Babarinde, T.; Akinlabi, S.A.; Madyira, D.M.; Ekundayo, F.M. Enhancing the energy efficiency of vapour compression refrigerator system using R600a with graphene nanolubricant. Energy Rep. 2020, 6, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choi, T.J.; Kim, D.J.; Jang, S.P.; Park, S.; Ko, S. Effect of polyol ester oil-based multiwalled carbon-nanotube nanolubricant on the coefficient of performance of refrigeration systems. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2021, 192, 116941. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barkan, T. Graphene: The hype versus commercial reality. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2019, 14, 904–910. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- The Graphene Investment Guide. Available online: https://www.graphene-info.com/services/market-reports/graphene-investment-guide (accessed on 27 June 2023).
- Canter, N. Tribology and Lubrication for E-Mobility: Findings from the Inaugural STLE Conference on Electric Vehicles, 2022. White Paper from STLE. Available online: https://www.stle.org/files/Technical_Library/White_Papers/Tribology_and_Lubrication_for_E-Mobility/files/White_Papers/Tribology_and_Lubrication_for_E-Mobility.aspx (accessed on 20 March 2023).
- Bustami, B.; Rahman, M.M.; Shazida, M.J.; Islam, M.; Rohan, M.H.; Hossain, S.; Nur, A.S.M.; Younes, H. Recent Progress in Electrically Conductive and Thermally Conductive Lubricants: A Critical Review. Lubricants 2023, 11, 331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ren, W.; Cheng, H. The Global growth of graphene. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2014, 9, 726–730. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Holmberg, K.; Erdemir, A. Influence of tribology on global energy consumption, costs and emissions. Friction 2017, 5, 263–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taylor, R. Tribology and energy efficiency: From molecules to lubricated contacts to complete machines. Faraday Discuss. 2012, 156, 361–382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carvalho, M.; Richard, K.; Goldmints, I.; Tomanik, E. Impact of Lubricant Viscosity and Additives on Engine Fuel Economy. SAE Tech. Pap. 2014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taylor, R.; Morgan, N.; Mainwaring, R.; Davenport, T. How much mixed/boundary friction is there in an engine—And where is it? Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part J J. Eng. Tribol. 2020, 234, 1563–1579. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhmud, B.; Tomanik, E.; Jimenez-Reyes, A.; Profito, F.; Tormos, B. Powertrain Friction Reduction by Synergistic Optimization of Cylinder Bore Surface and Lubricant—Part 2: Engine Tribology Simulations and Tests. SAE Tech. Pap. 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhmud, B.; Coen, A.; Zitouni, K. Fuel Economy Engine Oils: Scientific Rationale and Controversies. SAE Tech. Pap. 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rejowski, E.; Tomanik, E.; Maurizi, M. DLC coated liners for fuel savings. In Proceedings of the VDI-Fachtagung mit Fachausstellung Zylinderlaufbahn, Kolben, Pleuel, Baden-Baden, Germany, 3–4 June 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Tomanik, E. Modelling of the Asperity Contact Area on Actual 3D Surfaces. SAE Tech. Pap. 2005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wick, P.; Louw-Gaume, A.; Kucki, M.; Krug, H.; Kostarelos, K.; Fadeel, B.; Dawson, K.; Salvati, A.; Vásquez, E.; Ballerini, L. Classification Framework for Graphene-Based Materials. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 7714–7718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Georgakilas, V.; Perman, J.A.; Tucek, J.; Zboril, R. Broad family of carbon nanoallotropes: Classification, chemistry, and applications of fullerenes, carbon dots, nanotubes, graphene, nanodiamonds, and combined superstructures. Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 4744–4822. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khine, Y.Y.; Wen, X.; Jin, X.; Follera, T.; Joshi, R. Functional groups in graphene oxide. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2022, 24, 26337–26355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wolk, A.; Rosenthal, M.; Neuhaus, S.; Huber, K.; Brassat, K.; Lindner, J.K.N.; Grothe, R.; Grundmeier, G.; Bremser, W.; Wilhelm, R. A Novel Lubricant Based on Covalent Functionalized Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 5843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tomanik, E.; Berto, P.; Christinelli, W.; Papoulias, G.; Raby, X.; Peressinotto, V. Use of Functionalized Graphene-Based Materials on Grease. Lubricants 2023, 11, 452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Penkov, O. Tribology of Graphene Simulation Methods, Preparation Methods, and Their Applications, 1st ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2020; ISBN 9780128186411. [Google Scholar]
- Chouhan, A.; Mungse, H.P.; Khatri, O.P. Surface chemistry of graphene and graphene oxide: A versatile route for their dispersion and tribological applications. In Advances in Colloid and Interface Science; Elsevier, B.V: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2020; Volume 283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kinoshita, H.; Nishina, Y.; Alias, A.A.; Fujii, M. Tribological properties of monolayer graphene oxide sheets as water-based lubricant additives. Carbon 2014, 66, 720–723. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, C.; Liu, D.; Xiao, Y.; Dai, L. Functionalization of graphene materials by heteroatom-doping for energy conversion and storage. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int. 2018, 28, 121–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, M.; Zhou, M.; Li, X.; Luo, C.; You, S.; Chen, X.; Mo, Y.; Zhu, H. Research progress of surface-modified graphene-based materials for tribological applications. Mater. Res. Express 2021, 8, 042002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, Z.; Chakraborty, S.; Monikh, F.A.; Varsou, D.D.; Chetwynd, A.J.; Afantitis, A.; Lynch, I.; Zhang, P. Surface Functionalization of Graphene-Based Materials: Biological Behavior, Toxicology, and Safe-By-Design Aspects. Adv. Biol. 2021, 5, 2100637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rabchinskii, M.K.; Ryzhkov, S.A.; Kirilenko, D.A.; Ulin, N.V.; Baidakova, M.V.; Shnitov, V.V.; Pavlov, S.I.; Chumakov, R.G.; Stolyarova, D.Y.; Besedina, N.A.; et al. From graphene oxide towards aminated graphene: Facile synthesis, its structure and electronic properties. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 6902. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shi, Q.; Zhu, H.-J. Powder Metallurgy Technology Effects of Ag/RGO composites as lubricant additives on the tribological properties of lubricating oil. Powder Metall. Technol. 2020, 38, 257–261+274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Georgakilas, V.; Otyepka, M.; Bourlinos, A.B.; Chandra, V.; Kim, N.; Kemp, K.C.; Hobza, P.; Zboril, R.; Kim, K.S. Functionalization of graphene: Covalent and non-covalent approaches, derivatives and applications. Chem. Rev. 2012, 112, 6156–6214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dey, A.; Chroneos, A.; Braithwaite, N.S.J.; Gandhiraman, R.P.; Krishnamurthy, S. Plasma engineering of graphene. Appl. Phys. Rev. 2016, 3, 021301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hendrix, J.W.; Nosker, T.; Lynch-Branzoi, J.; Emge, T. Interfacial Study on the Functionalization of Continuously Exfoliated Graphite in a PA66 Using High Shear Elongational Flow. MRS Adv. 2020, 5, 1749–1756. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meng, Y.; Su, F.; Chen, Y. Supercritical Fluid Synthesis and Tribological Applications of Silver Nanoparticle-decorated Graphene in Engine Oil Nanofluid. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 31246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bao, T.; Wang, Z.; Zhao, Y.; Wang, Y.; Yi, X. Long-term stably dispersed functionalized graphene oxide as an oil additive. RSC Adv. 2019, 9, 39230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, H.; Chen, H.; Zheng, Z.; Qiao, D.; Feng, D.; Gong, Z.; Dong, G. Effect of functional groups on tribological properties of lubricants and mechanism investigation. Friction 2023, 11, 911–926. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spikes, H. Friction Modifier Additives. Tribol. Lett. 2015, 60, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ouyang, C.; Bai, P.; Wen, X.; Zhang, X.; Meng, Y.; Ma, L.; Tian, Y. Effects of conformational entropy on antiwear performances of organic friction modifiers. Tribol. Int. 2021, 156, 106848. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cyriac, F.; Tee, X.Y.; Poornachary, S.K.; Chow, P.S. Influence of structural factors on the tribological performance of organic friction modifiers. Friction 2021, 9, 380–400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, J.; Mao, J.; Li, Y.; He, Y.; Luo, J. Friction-induced nano-structural evolution of graphene as a lubrication additive. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2018, 434, 21–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, L.; Zhou, M.; Mo, Y.; Bai, P.; Wei, Q.; Jin, L.; You, S.; Wang, M.; Li, L.; Chen, X.; et al. Synergistic lubricating effect of graphene/ionic liquid composite material used as an additive. Friction 2021, 9, 1568–1579. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aguilar-Rosas, O.A.; Alvis-Sánchez, J.A.; Tormos, B.; Marín-Santibáñez, B.M.; Pérez-González, J.; Farfan-Cabrera, L.I. Enhancement of low-viscosity synthetic oil using graphene nanoparticles as additives for enduring electrified. Tribol. Int. 2023, 188, 108848. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alqahtani, B.; Hoziefa, W.; Abdel Moneam, H.M.; Hamoud, M.; Salunkhe, S.; Elshalakany, A.B.; Abdel-Mottaleb, M.; Davim, J.P. Tribological Performance and Rheological Properties of Engine Oil with Graphene Nano-Additives. Lubricants 2022, 10, 137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cai, Z.; Tian, M.; Zhang, G. Experimental Study on the Flow and Heat Transfer of Graphene-Based Lubricants in a Horizontal Tube. Processes 2020, 8, 1675. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheng, Z.L.; Li, W.; Wu, P.R.; Liu, Z. Study on structure-activity relationship between size and tribological properties of graphene oxide nanosheets in oil. J. Alloys Compd. 2017, 722, 778–784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Du, G.; Yang, H.; Sun, X.; Tang, Y. Tribological Behavior and Wear Protection Ability of Graphene Additives in Synthetic Hydrocarbon Base Stocks. Lubricants 2023, 11, 200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eswaraiah, V.; Sankaranarayanan, V.; Ramaprabhu, S. Graphene-Based Engine Oil Nanofluids for Tribological Applications. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2011, 3, 4221–4227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ettefaghi, E.; Rashidi, A.; Ahmadi, H.; Mohtasebi, S.; Pourkhalil, M. Thermal and rheological properties of oil-based nanofluids from different carbon nanostructures. Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 2013, 48, 178–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cao-Romero-Gallegos, J.A.; Farfan-Cabrera, L.I.; Pérez-González, J.; Marín-Santibáñez, B.M. Marín-Santibáñez, Tribological and rheological evaluation of a graphene nanosheets-based lubricant for metal-on-metal and wet clutch interfaces. Mater. Lett. 2022, 309, 131441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hirani, H.; Jangra, D.; Sidh, K.N. Experimental Investigation on the Wear Performance of Nano-Additives on Degraded Gear Lubricant. Lubricants 2023, 11, 51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hou, X.; Liu, X.; Dai, L.; Yang, Y.; Du, J.; Wang, Y.; Wan, H.; Rao, X. TI—Preparation and Tribological Properties of Potassium Borate/Graphene Nano-composite as Lubricant Additive. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 2023, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ismail, N.A.; Zulkifli, N.W.M.; Chowdhury, Z.Z.; Johan, M.R. Grafting of straight alkyl chain improved the hydrophobicity and tribological performance of graphene oxide in oil as lubricant. J. Mol. Liq. 2020, 319, 114276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaleli, H.; Demirta¸s, S.; Uysal, V.; Karnis, I.; Stylianakis, M.M.; Anastasiadis, S.H.; Kim, D.-E. Tribological Performance Investigation of a Commercial Engine Oil Incorporating Reduced Graphene Oxide as Additive. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kogovsek, J.; Kalin, M. Comparison of graphene as an oil additive with conventional automotive additives for the lubrication of steel and DLC-coated surfaces. Tribol. Int. 2023, 180, 108220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- La, D.D.; Truong, T.N.; Pham, T.Q.; Vo, H.T.; Tran, N.T.; Nguyen, T.A.; Nadda, A.K.; Nguyen, T.T.; Chang, S.W.; Chung, W.J.; et al. Scalable Fabrication of Modified Graphene Nanoplatelets as an Effective Additive for Engine Lubricant Oil. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Senatore, A.; D’Agostino, V.; Petrone, V.; Ciambelli, P.; Sarno, M. Graphene oxide nanosheets as effective friction modifier for oil lubricant: Materials, methods, and tribological results. ISRN Tribol. 2013, 2013, 425809. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sidh, K.N.; Jangra, D.; Hirani, H. An Experimental Investigation of the Tribological Performance and Dispersibility of 2D Nanoparticles as Oil Additives. Lubricants 2023, 11, 179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, L.; Gong, P.; Li, W.; Luo, T.; Cao, B. Mono-dispersed Ag/Graphene nanocomposite as lubricant additive to reduce friction and wear. Tribol. Int. 2020, 146, 106228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.; Zhang, Y.; Yin, Z.; Su, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Cao, J. Experimental research on tribological properties of liquid phase exfoliated graphene as an additive in SAE 10W-30 lubricating oil. Tribol. Int. 2019, 135, 29–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wen, P.; Lei, Y.; Li, W.; Fan, M. Two-dimension layered nanomaterial as lubricant additives: Covalent organic frameworks beyond oxide graphene and reduced oxide graphene. Tribol. Int. 2020, 143, 106051. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, W.; Zhou, M.; Zhu, H.; Tian, Y.; Wang, K.; Wei, J.; Ji, F.; Li, X.; Li, Z.; Zhang, P.; et al. Tribological properties of oleic acid-modified graphene as lubricant oil additives. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2011, 44, 205303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, X.; Xia, Y.; Wang, L.; Li, W. Multilayer Graphene as a Lubricating Additive in Bentone Grease. Tribol. Lett. 2014, 55, 455–464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fu, H.; Yan, G.; Li, M.; Wang, H.; Chen, Y.; Yan, C.; Lin, C.; Jiang, N.; Yu, J. Graphene as a nanofiller for enhancing the tribological properties and thermal conductivity of base grease. RSC Adv. 2019, 9, 42481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohamed, A.; Tirth, V.; Kamel, B. Tribological characterization and rheology of hybrid calcium grease with graphene nanosheets and multi-walled carbon nanotubes as additives. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2020, 9, 6178–6185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nassef, M.; Soliman, M.; Nassef, B.; Daha, M.; Nassef, G. Impact of Graphene Nano-Additives to Lithium Grease on the Dynamic and Tribological Behavior of Rolling Bearings. Lubricants 2022, 10, 29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ota, J.; Hait, S.; Sastry, M.; Ramakumar, S. Graphene dispersion in hydrocarbon medium and its application in lubricant technology. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 53326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ouyang, T.; Shen, Y.; Yang, R.; Liang, L.; Liang, H.; Lin, B.; Tian, Z.; Shen, P. 3D hierarchical porous graphene nanosheets as an efficient grease additive to reduce wear and friction under heavy-load conditions. Tribol. Int. 2020, 144, 106118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Patel, J. Friction and wear properties of base oil enhanced by different forms of reduced graphene. AIP Adv. 2019, 9, 045011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pape, F.; Poll, G. Investigations on Graphene Platelets as Dry Lubricant and as Grease Additive for Sliding Contacts and Rolling Bearing Application. Lubricants 2020, 8, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Senatore, A.; Hong, H.; D’Urso, V.; Younes, H. Tribological Behavior of Novel CNTs-Based Lubricant Grease in Steady-State and Fretting Sliding Conditions. Lubricants 2021, 9, 107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, J.; Anand, G.; Kumar, D.; Tandon, N. Graphene based composite grease for elastohydrodynamic lubricated point contact. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2016, 149, 012195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, J. Tribological Characteristics of Graphene as Lithium Grease Additive. China Pet. Process. Petrochem. Technol. Lubr. Res. 2017, 19, 46–54. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, J.; Guo, X.; He, Y.; Jiang, M.; Gu, K. Tribological characteristics of graphene as grease additive under different contact forms. Tribol. Int. 2018, 127, 457–469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Gao, X.; Lin, J.; Zhang, P. Rheological and Frictional Properties of Lithium Complex Grease with Graphene Additives. Lubricants 2022, 10, 57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Gao, X.; Zhang, P.; Fan, Y. Mechanism of Influence of Graphene on Rheological and Tribological Properties of Polyurea Greases Considering Temperature and Load Effects. Tribol. Lett. 2023, 71, 56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.; Li, J.; Wang, A.; Edwards, B.; Yin, H.; Li, Z.; Ding, Y. Improvement of the Tribological Properties of a Lithium-Based Grease by Addition of Graphene. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2018, 18, 7163–7169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gan, C.; Liang, T.; Li, W.; Fan, X.; Li, X.; Li, D.; Zhu, M. Hydroxyl-terminated ionic liquids functionalized graphene oxide with good dispersion and lubrication function. Tribol. Int. 2020, 148, 106350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sedlaček, M.; Podgornik, B.; Vižintin, J. Influence of surface preparation on roughness parameters, friction and wear. Wear 2009, 266, 482–487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ye, X.; Fan, S. The influences of functionalized carbon nanotubes as lubricating additives: Length and diameter. Diam. Relat. Mater. 2019, 100, 107548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salah, N.; Abdel-Wahab, M.; Alshahrie, A.; Alharbi, N.; Khan, Z. Carbon nanotubes of oil fly ash as lubricant additives for different base oils and their tribology performance. RSC Adv. 2017, 7, 40295–40302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giudice, F.; Shen, A. Shear rheology of graphene oxide dispersions. Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng. 2017, 16, 23–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hamze, S.; Cabaleiro, D.; Estellé, P. Graphene-based nanofluids: A comprehensive review about rheological behavior and dynamic viscosity. J. Mol. Liq. 2021, 325, 115207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Angayarkanni, S.A.; Philip, J. Review on thermal properties of nanofluids: Recent developments. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2015, 225, 146–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Contreras, E.; Oliveira, G.; Bandarra, E. Experimental analysis of the thermohydraulic performance of graphene and silver nanofluids in automotive cooling systems. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 2019, 132, 375–387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sarafraz, M.M.; Yang, B.; Pourmehran, O.; Arjomandi, M.; Ghomashchi, R. Fluid and heat transfer characteristics of aqueous graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) nanofluid in a microchannel. Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 2019, 107, 24–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Balandin, A.A. Thermal properties of graphene and nanostructured carbon materials. Nat. Mater. 2011, 10, 569–581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fu, Y.; Hansson, J.; Liu, Y.; Chen, S.; Zehri, A.; Samani, M.; Wang, N.; Ni, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Z. Graphene related materials for thermal management. 2D Mater. 2020, 7, 012001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, F.; Feng, Y.; Feng, W. Three-dimensional interconnected networks for thermally conductive polymer composites: Design, preparation, properties, and mechanisms. Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep. 2020, 142, 100580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghosh, S.; Bao, W.; Nika, D.L.; Subrina, S.; Pokatilov, E.P.; Lau, C.N.; Balandin, A.A. Dimensional crossover of thermal transport in few-layer graphene. Nat. Mater. 2010, 9, 555–558. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tambe, N.S.; Bhushan, B. Scale dependence of micro/nano-friction and adhesion of MEMS/NEMS materials, coatings and lubricants. Nanotechnology 2004, 15, 1561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brittain, R.; Liskiewicz, T.; Morina, A.; Neville, A.; Yang, L. Diamond-like carbon graphene nanoplatelet nanocomposites for lubricated environments. Carbon 2023, 205, 485–498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berman, D.; Erdemir, A.; Sumant, A. Few layer graphene to reduce wear and friction on sliding steel surfaces. Carbon 2013, 54, 454–459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berman, D.; Erdemir, A.; Sumant, A. Reduced wear and friction enabled by graphene layers on sliding steel surfaces in dry nitrogen. Carbon 2013, 59, 167–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Won, M.; Penkov, O.; Kim, D. Durability and degradation mechanism of graphene coatings deposited on Cu substrates under dry contact sliding. Carbon 2013, 54, 472–481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berman, D.; Deshmukh, S.A.; Sankaranarayanan, S.K.R.S.; Erdemir, A.; Sumant, A.V. Extraordinary Macroscale Wear Resistance of One Atom Thick Graphene Layer. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2014, 24, 6640–6646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, Z.; Shum, P.; Wasy, A.; Zhou, Z.; Li, L.K.-Y. Tribological performance of few layer graphene on textured M2 steel surfaces. Surf. Coat. Tech. 2016, 296, 164–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yildiz, B.; Balkanci, A.; Ovali, I.; Ünlü, C. Investigation of tribological behaviours of graphene-coated journal bearing. Tribol. Mater. Surf. Interfaces 2018, 12, 177–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mura, A.; Wang, H.; Adamo, F.; Kong, J. Graphene coatings to enhance tribological performance of steel. Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct. 2021, 28, 657–664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mura, A.; Canavese, G.; Goti, E.; Rivolo, P.; Wang, H.; Ji, X.; Kong, J. Effect of different types of graphene coatings on friction and wear performance of aluminum alloy. Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct. 2022, 29, 539–547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goti, E.; Mura, A.; Wang, H.; Ji, X.; Kong, J. Comparison of the Tribological Behaviour of Various Graphene Nano-Coatings as a Solid Lubricant for Copper. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 8540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bandeira, P.; Monteiro, J.; Baptista, A.M.; Magalhaes, F.D. Influence of oxidized graphene nanoplatelets and DMIM NTf2 ionic liquid on the tribological performance of an epoxy-PTFE coating. Tribol. Int. 2016, 97, 478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, H.Y.; Shi, N.Q.; Ji, J.; Wang, H.Y. Preparation of microcapsules containing double-component lubricant and self-lubricating performance of polymer composites. Mater. Res. Express 2018, 5, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Y.; Xia, C.; Zehri, A.; Ye, L.; Wang, N.; Zhmud, B.; Lu, H.; Liu, J. Surface Modification of Graphene for Use as a Structural Fortifier in Water-Borne Epoxy Coatings. Coatings 2019, 9, 754. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qi, Y.Z.; Liu, J.; Zhang, J.; Dong, Y.L.; Li, Q.Y. Wear Resistance Limited by Step Edge Failure: The Rise and Fall of Graphene as an Atomically Thin Lubricating Material. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 1099. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuila, T.; Bose, S.; Mishra, A.K.; Khanra, P.; Kim, N.H.; Lee, J.H. Chemical functionalization of graphene and its applications. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2012, 57, 1061. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berman, D.; Erdemir, A.; Sumant, A.V. Graphene: A new emerging lubricant. Mater. Today 2014, 17, 31–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Presser, A.; Hüfner, A. Trimethylsilyldiazomethane—A mild and efficient reagent for the methylation of carboxylic acids and alcohols in natural products. Monatshefte Für Chem. Chem. Mon. 2004, 1351, 1015–1022. [Google Scholar]
- Guo, Y.; Guo, W.; Chen, C. Modifying atomic-scale friction between two graphene sheets: A molecular-force-field study. Phys. Rev. B 2007, 76, 155429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maldonado, M.P.; Pinto, G.M.; Costa, L.C.; Fechine, G.J.M. Enhanced thermally conductive TPU/graphene filaments for 3D printing produced by melt compounding. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2022, 139, e52405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hamidon, T.S.; Yun, T.P.; Zakaria, F.A.; Hussin, M.H. Potential of zinc based-graphene oxide composite coatings on mild steel in acidic solution. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 2021, 98, 100243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Othman, F.E.C.; Yusof, N.; Ismail, A.F. Activated-Carbon Nanofibers/Graphene Nanocomposites and Their Adsorption Performance Towards Carbon Dioxide. Chem. Eng. Technol. 2020, 43, 2023–2030. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tormos, B.; Pla, B.; Bastidas, B.; Ramírez, L.; Pérez, T. Fuel economy optimization from the interaction between engine oil and driving conditions. Tribol. Int. 2019, 138, 263–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tian, T.; Köser, P. Novel Findings on Oil Transport Pathways Leading to the Lube Oil Ignition in Industrial Gas Engines Engine. In Proceedings of the Conference: 30th CIMAC World Congress, Busan, Republic of Korea, 12–16 June 2023; Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371811274_Novel_Findings_on_Oil_Transport_Pathways_Leading_to_the_Lube_Oil_Ignition_in_Industrial_Gas_Engines_Engine (accessed on 11 September 2023).
- Carroll, B. Analysis of graphite oxide and graphene as enhancers for NATO F-76 diesel fuel. Ph.D. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA, 2015. Available online: http://hdl.handle.net/10945/49797 (accessed on 20 March 2023).
- Chacko, N.; Jeyaseelan, T. Comparative evaluation of graphene oxide and graphene nanoplatelets as fuel additives on the combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with diesel and biodiesel blend. Fuel Process. Technol. 2020, 204, 106406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bello, Y.; Shinichi, A.; Ookawara, S.; Ahmed, M.; El-Khouly, M.; Elmehasseb, I.; El-Shafai, N.; Elwardany, A. Investigating the engine performance, emissions and soot characteristics of CI engine fueled with diesel fuel loaded with graphene oxide-titanium dioxide nanocomposites. Fuel 2020, 269, 117436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heydari-Maleney, K.; Taghizadeh-Alisaraei, A.; Ghobadian, B.; Abbaszadeh-Mayvan, A. Analyzing and evaluation of carbon nanotubes additives to diesohol-B2 fuels on performance and emission of diesel engines. Fuel 2017, 196, 110–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heidari-Maleni, A.; Gundoshmian, T.; Karimi, B.; Jahanbakhshi, A.; Ghobadian, B. A novel fuel based on biocompatible nanoparticles and ethanol-biodiesel blends to improve diesel engines performance and reduce exhaust emissions. Fuel 2020, 276, 118079. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heidari-Maleni, A.; Mesri-Gundoshmian, T.; Jahanbakhshi, A.; Karimi, B.; Ghobadian, B. Novel environmentally friendly fuel: The effect of adding graphene quantum dot (GQD) nanoparticles with ethanol-biodiesel blends on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine. NanoImpact 2021, 21, 100294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jayaraman, J.; Reddy, S. Effects of injection pressure on performance emission characteristics of CI engine using graphene oxide additive in bio-diesel blend. Mater. Today Proc. 2021, 44, 3716–3722. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gad, M.; Bahaa, M.; Kamel, B.; Badruddin, I. Improving the diesel engine performance, emissions and combustion characteristics using biodiesel with carbon nanomaterials. Fuel 2021, 288, 119665. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Soudagar, M.E.M.; Nik-Ghazali, N.-N.; Kalam, M.; Badruddin, I.A.; Banapurmath, N.; Khan, T.Y.; Bashir, M.N.; Akram, N.; Farade, R.; Afzal, A. The effects of graphene oxide nanoparticle additive stably dispersed in dairy scum oil biodiesel-diesel fuel blend on CI engine: Performance, emission and combustion characteristics. Fuel 2019, 257, 116015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, N.; Kaushal, R. Outcomes of advanced biodiesel with nanoparticle additives on performance of CI engines. Mater. Today Proc. 2021, 44, 4612–4620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ooi, J. Effects of graphite oxide and single-walled carbon nanotubes as diesel additives on the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a light-duty diesel engine. Energy 2018, 161, 70–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manigandan, S. Effect of hydrogen and multiwall carbon nanotubes blends on combustion performance and emission of diesel engine using Taguchi approach. Fuel 2020, 276, 118120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- EL-Seesy, A.; Hassan, H. Investigation of the effect of adding graphene oxide, graphene nanoplatelet, and multiwalled carbon nanotube additives with n-butanol-Jatropha methyl ester on a diesel engine performance. Renew. Energy 2019, 132, 558–574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jeevahan, J.; Nithin, R.; Pratheep, M.; Abraham, L.S.; Joseph, G.B. Effect of graphene oxide coated catalytic converter on detoxification of diesel engine exhaust emissions. Mater. Today Proc. 2021, 44, 3898–3902. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spear, J.; Ewers, B.; Batteas, J. 2D-nanomaterials for controlling friction and wear at interfaces. Nano Today 2015, 10, 301–314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sarno, M.; Scarpa, D.; Senatore, A.; Mustafa, W.A.A. rGO/GO nanosheets in tribology: From the state of the art to the future prospective. Lubricants 2020, 8, 31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, J.; Gao, T.; Li, Y.; He, Y.; Shi, Y. Two-dimensional (2D) graphene nanosheets as advanced lubricant additives: A critical review and prospect. Mater. Today Commun. 2021, 29, 102755. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meng, Y.; Su, F.; Li, Z. Boundary and Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Behaviors of Nano-CuO/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite as an Efficient Oil-Based Additive. Langmuir 2019, 35, 10322–10333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ismail, N.A.; Chowdhury, Z.Z.; Johan, M.R.; Zulkifli, N.W.M. MoS2-Functionalized Graphene Composites—Potential Replacement for Lubricant Friction Modifier and Anti-Wear Additives. Adv. Eng. Mater. 2021, 23, 202100030. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, J.; Ge, C.; Wang, C.; Li, S. Tribological behavior of graphene oxide-Fe3O4 nanocomposites for additives in water-based lubricants. Fuller. Nanotub. Carbon Nanostruct. 2022, 30, 863–872. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meng, Y.; Su, F.; Chen, Y. Synthesis of nano-Cu/graphene oxide composites by supercritical CO2-assisted deposition as a novel material for reducing friction and wear. Chem. Eng. J. 2015, 281, 11–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sammaiah, A.; Huang, W.; Wang, X. Synthesis of magnetic Fe3O4/graphene oxide nanocomposites and their tribological properties under magnetic field. Mater. Res. Express 2018, 5, 105006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, H.; Li, J.S.; Zeng, X. Correlation between molecular structure and interfacial properties of edge or basal plane modified graphene oxide. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2018, 1, 2763–2773. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, L.; Tu, N.; Wei, Q.; Liu, T.; Li, C.; Wang, W.; Li, J.; Lu, H. Inhibition of cold-welding and adhesive wear occurring on surface of the 6061 aluminum alloy by graphene oxide/polyethylene glycol composite water-based lubricant. Surf. Interface Anal. 2022, 54, 218–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, Y.; Wang, Z. Tribological properties of sodium dodecyl sulfate aqueous dispersion of graphite-derived carbon materials. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 9980–9985. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yan, L.; Zheng, Y.B.; Zhao, F.; Li, S.; Gao, X.; Xu, B.; Weiss, P.S.; Zhao, Y. Chemistry and physics of a single atomic layer: Strategies and challenges for functionalization of graphene and graphene-based materials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 97–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Coroş, M.; Pogăcean, F.; Măgeruşan, L.; Socaci, C.; Pruneanua, S. A Brief Overview on Synthesis and Applications of Graphene and Graphene-Based Nanomaterials. Front. Mater. Sci. 2019, 13, 23–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eigler, S.; Hirsch, A. Controlled Functionalization of Graphene by Oxo-addends. Phys. Sci. Rev. 2019, 2, 20160106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Erdemir, A.; Donnet, C. Tribology of diamond-like carbon films: Recent progress and future prospects. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2016, 39, R311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kano, M. Super low friction of DLC applied to engine cam follower lubricated with ester-containing oil. Tribol. Int. 2006, 39, 1682–1685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, H.; Liu, Y. Superlubricity achieved with two-dimensional nano-additives to liquid lubricants. Friction 2020, 8, 1007–1024. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhai, W.; Srikanth, N.; Kong, L.B.; Zhou, K. Carbon nanomaterials in tribology. Carbon 2017, 119, 150–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, S.; Ma, T.; Erdemir, A.; Li, Q. Tribology of two-dimensional materials: From mechanisms to modulating strategies. Mater. Today 2019, 26, 67–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, H.; Guo, Z.; Gao, H.; Chang, T. Stiffness-dependent interlayer friction of graphene. Carbon 2015, 94, 60–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tian, J.; Yin, X.; Li, J.; Qi, W.; Huang, P.; Chen, X.; Luo, J. Tribo-Induced Interfacial Material Transfer of an Atomic Force Microscopy Probe Assisting Superlubricity in a WS2/Graphene Heterojunction. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 4031–4040. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, Y.; Mandelli, D.; Hod, O.; Urbakh, M.; Ma, M.; Zhen, Q. Robust microscale superlubricity in graphite/hexagonal boron nitride layered heterojunctions. Nat. Mater. 2018, 17, 894–899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berman, D.; Deshmukh, S.A.; Sankaranarayanan, S.K.R.S.; Erdemir, A.; Sumant, A.V. Macroscale superlubricity enabled by graphene nanoscroll formation. Science 2015, 348, 1118–1122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, J.; Ge, X.; Luo, J. Random occurrence of macroscale superlubricity of graphite enabled by tribo-transfer of multilayer graphene nanoflakes. Carbon 2018, 138, 154–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, X.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, Y. Scaling up to macroscale superlubricity of sp2-dominated structural carbon films: Graphene and carbon onion. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2023, 636, 157784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Z.; Du, Y.; Huang, S.; Meng, F.; Chen, L.; Xie, W.; Chang, K.; Zhang, C.; Lu, Y.; Lin, C.-T.; et al. Macroscale Superlubricity Enabled by Graphene-Coated Surfaces. Adv. Sci. 2020, 7, 1903239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, S.; Xiao, S.; Lin, S.; Su, F.; Su, Y.; Chu, P.K. Macroscale superlubricity and durability of in situ grown hydrogenated graphene coatings. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 459, 141521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, R.; Yang, X.; Zhao, J.; Yue, C.; Wang, Y.; Li, J.; Meyer, E.; Zhang, J.; Shi, Y. Operando Formation of Van der Waals Heterostructures for Achieving Macroscale Superlubricity on Engineering Rough and Worn Surfaces. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2111365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, R.; Sun, C.; Yang, X.; Wang, Y.; Gao, K.; Zhang, J.; Li, J. Toward high load-bearing, ambient robust and macroscale structural superlubricity through contact stress dispersion. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 431, 133548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Graphene Type | Conc. | Surfactant | Oil | Energy Consumption | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fullerene C60 | 1 to 3 g/L | Span-40 and tween-60 | Mineral oil | 4.5% lower | [20] |
Amorphous carbon | 0.2 g/L | None | POE/Mineral oil | 15% lower | [21] |
Graphite | 0.05–0.5 wt% | none | naphthenic mineral oil | 4.5% lower | [22] |
Graphene nanosheets | 10–30 mg/L | none | SUNISO 3 GS | 20% lower | [23] |
Graphene | 0.2–0.6 g/L | none | Mineral oil | 20% lower | [24] |
MWCNT | 0.05–0.1 vol | Triton X-100 | POE (SW-22, Castrol) | 17% lower | [25] |
Terms * | Definitions * |
---|---|
Graphene Graphene layer Single-layer graphene Monolayer graphene | A single layer of carbon atoms with each atom bound to three neighbors in a honeycomb structure. Can be abbreviated as 1LG to distinguish from bilayer graphene (2LG) and few-layer graphene (FLG). It has edges and can have defects and grain boundaries where the bonding is disrupted. |
Bilayer graphene 2LG | Two-dimensional material consisting of two well-defined stacked graphene layers. |
Few-layer graphene FLG | Two-dimensional material consisting of three to ten well-defined stacked graphene layers. |
Graphene nanoplate Graphene nanoplatelet GNP | Nanoplate consisting of graphene layers. Typically have thicknesses of between 1 nm and 3 nm and lateral dimensions ranging from approximately 100 nm to 100 µm. |
Graphene oxide GO | Chemically modified graphene prepared by oxidation and exfoliation of graphite, causing extensive oxidative modification of the basal plane. Graphene oxide is a single-layer material with a high oxygen content, typically characterized by C/O atomic ratios of approximately 2, depending on the method of synthesis. The functional groups found include hydroxyl (OH), carboxyl (COOH), and epoxide (COC). ** |
Reduced graphene oxide rGO | Reduced oxygen content for graphene oxide. If graphene oxide was fully reduced, then graphene would be the product. However, in practice, some oxygen-containing functional groups remain and not all sp3 bonds will return back to the sp2 configuration. Different reducing agents will lead to different carbon-to-oxygen ratios and different chemical compositions in reduced graphene oxide. It can take the form of several morphological variations such as platelets and worm-like structures. |
Carbon NanoTubes (CNTs) | Carbon with a diameter of nanometers and a length of micrometers (where the length-to-diameter ratio exceeds 1000) |
Lubricant | Graphene Type | Graphene Concentration | Dispersion/Surfactant | Benefit | Prop. Mechanism | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PAO4 | 3 GnP: 300, 600 and 750 m2/g (<2 nm, 1–2 µm lateral size) | 0.5 wt% | none | Increased wear resistance and thermal conductivity, especially in electric conditions | [63] | |
SAE 5W-30 | Graphene nanosheets | 0.03, 0.20, 0.40 and 0.6 wt% | Oleic acid | Lower friction and wear. Significant fuel saving | Tribofilm (self-healing) | [18] |
SAE 5W-30 | Powder (1.3 nm thick) and graphene nanoplates | 0.03 to 0.15 wt% | N-dimethylformamide | 15% lower wear, 35% lower friction. 77% higher TC, 30% viscosity | tribofilm | [64] |
HDD CH-4 20W-50 | Commercial N002-PDR | 0.5 to 3.0% | Lipophilic polymer, WinSperse 6020 | 20% higher TC | thermal | [65] |
SN-500 base oil | GO nanosheets | 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.8 wt% | none | Reduced friction and wear on four-ball | Protective film | [66] |
SN-150 base oil | GO functionalized with DtBHBA | 0.2 to 0.8 mg/mL | none | 40% lower CoF, 17% lower wear under rolling conditions | tribofilm | [45] |
PAO 06 | GN and fluorinated graphene (FGN) | 0.005 to 0.020 wt% | T161 | Reduced friction | tribofilm | [67] |
Engine oil | Graphene and GO | 0.02 to 0.06 mg/mL | none | Reduced friction | Mending and tribofilm | [68] |
20W-50 | MWCNT, Graphene Nanosheets, C nanoballs, and Fullerene Nanoparticles (C60) | 0.1 and 0.2% | 10% higher TC with C nanoballs | thermal | [69] | |
Mineral oil | GNS (grade C-750, 900, 407 Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), <2 µm size) | 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 wt% | not informed | Reduced wear | [70] | |
GL-4EP90 (degraded) | Graphite, Graphene and [70] | Respectively 0.5, 0.5, 0.15 wt% | SiO2 for the GO, No dispersants | 16% lower wear | tribofilm | [71] |
500N base oil | Expanded graphite and Potassium Borate | 0.03, 0.05, 0.10 wt% | - | 30% lower CoF, 36% lower wear | TC and Tribofilm | [72] |
Group lll base oil | Functionalized graphene (AGO-C(n)) | 0.005, 0.01, 0.02 wt% | - | 22% lower CoF with 0.01 wt% | tribofilm | [73] |
5W-40 synthetic oil | RGO | 0.01 to 0.2 wt% | none | 5% lower CoF, 3% lower wear | tribofilm | [74] |
PAO and PAO + additives | GN (3–8 layers) | 1 and 5% | tribofilm | [75] | ||
HD-50 oil | Modified GNP | 0.005–0.1 wt% | Oleic acid and sodium dodecyl presulfate | Up to 35% lower wear | tribofilm | [76] |
20W50 SN/CF and SJ/CF | Graphene, thickness 8, 12, and 60 nm thick. | 0.01% | none | 70% higher Thermal conductivity, reduced wear | Thermal | [19] |
Maritime engine oil | GO MXene-Nitrogen-doped | 0.01% | none | 7% oil thermo conductivity increase and reduced viscosity. | Thermal and Hydrodynamic | [32] |
SN 150 oil | GO nanosheets | 0.1 wt% | polyisobutenyl succinic acid-polyamine ester | Friction and wear reduction on boundary, mixed, and EHL lubricant regimes | tribofilm | [77] |
oil | G, rGO, MoS2, hBN | 0.4 wt% each and 0.2, 0.4 | None, stability improved by mixing process | Up 80% lower wear, 42% lower CoF | Filling and mending | [78] |
pure paraffin liquid (PL) oil and with commercial additives | Graphene layered nanosheets | 0.1 wt% | mono-dispersed in silver (Ag) nanospheres | Reduction of Friction 40% and 36% on wear | Roller bearing and protective film | [79] |
SAE 10W-30 | Gr by liquid exfoliation | 0.05 to 0.20 wt% | 40% lower CoF and 36% lower wear | Protective tribo film | [80] | |
PAO 10 | GO, rGO, and graphene-like covalent-organic frameworks (GCF) nano-sheets | 0.002 to 0.08 wt% | [81] | |||
Lubricant film | Graphene sheets | 0.02–0.06 wt% | The friction coefficient and wear scar diameter were reduced by 17% and 14%, respectively | [82] |
Grease | Graphene Type | Graphene Concentration | Dispersion/Surfactant | Benefit | Prop. Mechanism | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bentone Grease | Multilayer Graphene | ? | ethanol | Higher dropping point. Lower wear and friction | tribofilm | [83] |
Grease | Graphene (C 94%, O 6%) | 1 to 4% | none | CoF and wear reduction. 55% increase in Thermal conductivity | [84] | |
Calcium grease | MWCNT and G nanosheets | 0.5, 1, 3 wt% | Up to 30% higher dropping point, 60% lower CoF, 74% lower wear | [85] | ||
Cheavy-duty lithium grease | rGO, graphite, and MWCNT | 0.5, 1, 2, 3.5, 5 wt% | Increase in Timken test LCC, lower wear, friction, and temperature on rolling bearing tests. Increase in vibration damping. | [86] | ||
Base oil | Mixture of single and multilayer | poly isobutylene succinic imide (PIBSI) based | Reduced wear and friction | Tribofilm and thermal | [87] | |
Lithium grease | 3D hierarchical porous Graphene | 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 wt% | none | 52% lower wear, 20% lower friction | tribofilm | [88] |
group II-III base oil | 3 variants of rGO | 0.01 wt% | Reduced wear and friction | [89] | ||
Grease (and also as dry lubrication) | Graphene platelets, 2, 6–8, 11–15 nm | 1 wt% | Reduced friction and wear | tribofilm | [90] | |
Ca and Li greases | CNT | 7.5 wt% | MoS2 was also added to the grease | Reduced friction and wear | tribofilm | [91] |
commercial lithium grease, mineral oil | rGO | 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 wt% | toluene | CoF lower 30% for rolling, 20% for sliding-induced-rolling | tribofilm | [92] |
Li Grease | GN and Graphite | 0.2 to 2.0% | tribofilm | [93] | ||
Li-based grease | GN | 0.2 to 2.0% | Friction and wear reduction | Tribofilm and enhancement of FeO2 and LiO2 tribofilms | [94] | |
Lithium complex Grease | FLG | 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 wt% | 52% lower wear and 20% lower CoF | Tribofilm and ordered state of the graphene sheets (Hydro?) | [95] | |
Polyurea Grease | FLG | 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 wt% | Reduced wear and friction. Improved rheology | Tribofilm | [96] | |
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate, mineral oil (KN4010) | GFL 0.5 to 1.5 nm thick | 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 wt% | none | Reduced wear and friction. 1.6x higher welding point | [97] | |
Li grease | NanoCarbon and GNPs | 0.2 wt% | Proprietary | Reduced friction and wear | [27] |
Graphene Type | Tested Base Materials | Test | Benefit | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
A few layers of graphene with the addition of graphene solution droplets | 440C steel pair | Pin-on-disk | Decreased wear by almost four orders of magnitude and friction coefficients by a factor of six. | [113] |
Solution-processed graphene coating | Steel vs. steel | Pin-on-disk on dry N2 ambient | Friction reduction from ~1.0 to 0.15 | [114] |
CVD graphene | GN-coated bronze vs. steel | Pin-on-disk | Wear resistance increased while the coated Graphene did not degrade to Amorphous carbon | [115] |
Single and few-layer graphene | 440C steel pair | Pin-on-disk at N2 and H2 ambiances | Increase in wear resistance | [116] |
Graphene monolayer flakes dropped on a textured surface | Coated M2 Steel vs. AISI 52100 steel | Ball-on-disc | Reduced wear and friction (influenced also by the surface texturing) | [117] |
CVD graphene | GN-coated copper vs. stainless steel | Flat-on-flat | Wear reduction, no benefit on CoF due to the high roughness | [118] |
direct growth graphene (DG) and transferred graphene coating (TGC) | GN-coated steel vs. steel | Pin-on-disk | DG sample has better wear strength, while TGC samples are better at reducing CoF | [119] |
CVD graphene and self-assembled graphene | GN-coated aluminum vs. steel | Pin-on-disk | Friction reduction during the little time that the graphene lasted | [120] |
direct-grown graphene on bulk Cu transferred graphene, and self-assembled graphene from graphene flakes | GN coated copper vs. 100Cr6 steel ball | Ball-on-disk | Dependent on graphene type, wear reduction for the self-assembled graphene coatings. None for the CVD graphene | [121] |
Nanoparticle | Conc. | Fuel | Benefit | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
G, Graphite Oxide | 0.1 to 3.0 wt% | NATO F-76 diesel | Slight increase in PCP, leaner combustion | [136] |
GNP, GO | 20, 40, 60 ppm | Diesel, B20 biodiesel | Reduction of 29% smoke, 26% NOx | [137] |
GO and GO-TiO2 | 50 mg/L | Commercial diesel | Higher PCP | [138] |
CNT | Dieseohol with B2 | Increase of 15% on Torque and power. SFC reduction of 12% | [139] | |
GQD | 30 ppm | ethanol-biodiesel blends | Increase in power of 28%. SFC reduction of 14% | [140] |
GO | 50 ppm | Sapota seed biodiesel | 39% lower NOx. Lower CO and HC emissions | [141] |
CNT, GNP | 25, 50 and 100 ppm | Biodiesel | Higher brake thermal efficiency, NOx decrease (but HC increase) | [142] |
GO | 20, 40, 60 ppm | dairy scum oil biodiesel | Higher brake thermal efficiency, emissions reduction | [143] |
CNT, G, GO, GNP, MWCNTs | 25 ppm | Jatropha biodiesel | dependent on biodiesel and nanoparticle content. See original work | [144] |
GO, SW | 25 ppm | Ultra-low sulfur Diesel | 15% higher BSFC | [145] |
MWCNT | 30, 50 and 80 ppm | Diesel and Diesel plus H2 | 13% higher thermal efficiency | [146] |
GO, GNP, MWCNT | 50 mg/L | Blend of jatropha methyl ester and n-butanol | Significant reduction in SFC and emissions | [147] |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Tomanik, E.; Christinelli, W.; Souza, R.M.; Oliveira, V.L.; Ferreira, F.; Zhmud, B. Review of Graphene-Based Materials for Tribological Engineering Applications. Eng 2023, 4, 2764-2811. https://doi.org/10.3390/eng4040157
Tomanik E, Christinelli W, Souza RM, Oliveira VL, Ferreira F, Zhmud B. Review of Graphene-Based Materials for Tribological Engineering Applications. Eng. 2023; 4(4):2764-2811. https://doi.org/10.3390/eng4040157
Chicago/Turabian StyleTomanik, Eduardo, Wania Christinelli, Roberto M. Souza, Vanessa L. Oliveira, Fabio Ferreira, and Boris Zhmud. 2023. "Review of Graphene-Based Materials for Tribological Engineering Applications" Eng 4, no. 4: 2764-2811. https://doi.org/10.3390/eng4040157