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Algae-Based Bioplastic for Packaging: A Decade of Development and Challenges (2010–2020)

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Abstract

The overwhelming production of plastic surpassed the rate at which they can decompose on the surface of the earth and caused environmental pollution globally, whereby packaging waste contributed almost one-third of plastic waste. Hence, as an alternative to plastic, algae emerged as one of the most sustainable alternative sources for bioplastic production due to their fast growth rate and the ability to withstand harsh environments and grow on non-arable land. These properties have outgrown most terrestrial plants as promising feedstocks for bioplastic production. This review provides a detailed survey of the literature published from 2010 to 2020 on the potential characteristics of different biopolymers derived from algae and their applications for packaging purposes. The sustainable development of algae as bioplastics for packaging contributes to minimising resource consumption, waste generation and regulating greenhouse gas emissions. The circular economy of algae-based bioplastic production is also discussed in this review.

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Abbreviations

BCE:

Black chokeberry extract

CO:

Carbon monoxide

DOC:

Degree of crystallinity

DOP:

Degree of polymerization

DSC:

Different scanning calorimetry

EDTA:

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

EVOH:

Ethylene vinyl alcohol

FT-IR:

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

G:

Guluronic acid

GLY:

Glycerol

LBG:

Locust bean gum

LCA:

Life cycle assessment

LIGS:

Low-industrial grade seaweeds

M:

Mannuronic acid

MC:

Methylcellulose

MFC:

Microfibrillated cellulose

MMT:

Montmorillonite

NaOH:

Sodium hydroxide

NFC:

Nanofibrillated cellulose

NR:

Latex natural rubber lattex

PA:

Polyamide

PBS:

Polybutylene succinate

PBAT:

Polybutylene adipate terephthalate

PCL:

Polycaprolactone

PE:

Polyethylene

PET:

Polyethylene terephthalate

PGA:

Poly (glycolic acid)

PHA:

Polyhydroxyalkanoates

PHB:

Polyhydrobutyrate

PLA:

Polylactic acid

PP:

Polypropylene

PS:

Polystyrene

PVC:

Polyvinyl chloride

SEM:

Scanning electron microscope

SPI:

Soy protein isolate

TGA:

Thermogravimetric analysis

WVP:

Water vapour permeability

YOPE:

Yellow onion peel extract

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Funding

Funding was provided by Sunway University (Grant No. Jeffrey Cheah Foundation Scholarship).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan University, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia

    Xing Yee Yap, Lai Ti Gew & Yoon-Yen Yow

  2. Graphene and Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan University, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia

    Mohammad Khalid

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XYY: Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation, Writing-original draft, Visualization. LTG: Conceptualization, Resources, Review and editing, Supervision. MK: Conceptualization, Resources, Review and editing, Supervision. Y-YY: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Resources, Review and editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition.

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Supplementary file1 (TIFF 820 KB)

Supplementary Figure 1 Types of algae-based polymers for bioplastic production

Supplementary file2 (TIFF 154 KB)

Supplementary Figure 2 Algae-based bioplastic film production process illustration for Part 3.2.2 and Part 3.2.3

Supplementary file3 (DOCX 249 KB)

Supplementary Table 1 Physiomechanical properties of the algae-based biopolymer on application of packaging

Supplementary file4 (DOCX 137 KB)

Supplementary Table 2 Other properties of the algae-based biopolymer on application of packaging.

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Yap, X.Y., Gew, L.T., Khalid, M. et al. Algae-Based Bioplastic for Packaging: A Decade of Development and Challenges (2010–2020). J Polym Environ 31, 833–851 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-022-02620-0

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