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Obez Olgularda Fiziksel Aktivite Seviyesinin Yürütücü Fonksiyonlar Üzerindeki Etkisi

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 201 - 205, 02.06.2024

Zehra Betül Karakoç İlkşan Demirbüken Hasan Onur Keleş Özden Erkan Oğul Eren Timurtaş Özden Ezgi Üner Yaşar Sertbaş Mine Gülden Polat

https://doi.org/10.61399/ikcusbfd.1386543

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, farklı fiziksel aktivite düzeylerine sahip obez olguların yürütücü fonksiyonlarını (inhibitör kontrol, kognitif fleksibilite ve çalışma belleği) karşılaştırmaktı.

Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya 31 obez olgu dahil edildi. Olgular Uluslararası Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi-Kısa Formu’na (IPAQ-SF) göre yüksek aktif obez grup (YAOG, n=14) ve minimal aktif obez grup (MAOG, n=17) olmak üzere 2 gruba ayrıldı. Olguların demografik özellikleri alındıktan sonra biyoelektrik empedans analizi ile vücut yağ oranları değerlendirildi. İnhibitör kontrol, kognitif fleksibilite ve çalışma belleği alt başlıklarında sırasıyla Stroop Testi Çapa Formu, İz Sürme Testi A-B ve 2-Geri Testi ile değerlendirildi.

Bulgular: Olguların vücut kitle indeksi, yaş, bel çevresi, kalça çevresi ve bel/kalça oranı değerleri gruplar arasında benzerlik gösterirken, vücut yağ oranı YAOG'da daha düşüktü (p=0.016), kas oranı ise YAOG'da daha yüksekti (p=0.009). Grupların demografik değerleri arasında fark yoktu. Çalışmamızdaki grupların inhibitor kontrol, kognitif fleksibilite ve çalışma belleği değerleri benzerdi (p>0.05).

Sonuç: Çalışmamızın sonuçlarına göre, farklı fiziksel aktivite düzeylerine sahip obez bireylerde yürütücü fonksiyonlar benzer olmakla birlikte, bu alandaki yayınların kısıtlılığı nedeniyle daha ileri çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Keywords

Obezite yürütücü fonksiyon fiziksel aktivite.

References

  • World Health Organization. WHO European Regional Obesity Report [homepage on the Internet]. c2022. [updated 2023 May 2; cited 2023 Sep 9]. Available from https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/ item/9789289057738
  • Revels S, Kumar SA, Ben-Assuli O. Predicting obesity rate and obesity-related healthcare costs using data analytics. Health Policy Technol. 2017 Feb 17;6(2):198-207.
  • Finkelstein EA, Strombotne KL. The economics of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 May;91(5):1520S-1524S.
  • Durrer Schutz D, Busetto L, Dicker D, Farpour-Lambert N, Pryke R, Toplak H, et al. European practical and patient-centred guidelines for adult obesity management in primary care. Obesity facts. 2019 Jan 23;12(1):40-66.
  • Clare L, Wu YT, Teale JC, MacLeod C, Matthews F, Brayne C, et al. Potentially modifiable lifestyle factors, cognitive reserve, and cognitive function in later life: a cross-sectional study. PLoS Med. 2017 Mar 21;14(3):e1002259.
  • Prickett C, Brennan L, Stolwyk R. Examining the relationship between obesity and cognitive function: a systematic literature review. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2015 Mar-Apr ;9(2):93-113.
  • Dye L, Boyle NB, Champ C, Lawton C. The relationship between obesity and cognitive health and decline. Proc Nutr Soc. 2017 Sep 11;76(4): 443-454.
  • Sellbom KS, Gunstad J. Cognitive function and decline in obesity. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012 Jun 8;30(s2):S89-S95.
  • Cristofori I, Cohen-Zimerman S, Grafman J. Executive functions. Handb Clin Neurol. 2019;163:197-219.
  • Diamond A. Executive functions. Annu Rev Psychol. 2013 Jan 64:135-168.
  • De Klerk MT, Smeets PAM, la Fleur SE. Inhibitory control as a potential treatment target for obesity. Nutr Neurosci. 2022 Mar 28;26(5):429-444.
  • Dajani DR, Uddin LQ. Demystifying cognitive flexibility: implications for clinical and developmental neuroscience. Trends Neurosci. 2015 Sep 1;38(9):571-578.
  • Santos Monteiro P, Ribeiro OR, Ribeiro F. The role of cognitive flexibility in weight loss after severe obesity surgery—a retrospective study. Clin Obes. 2021 Nov 25;12(1):e12494.
  • Miller EK, Lundqvist M, Bastos AM. Working memory 2.0. Neuron. 2018 Oct 24;100(2):463-475.
  • Green M, Rogers P. Impairments in working memory associated with spontaneous dieting behaviour. Psychol Med. 1998 Sep 1;28(5):1063- 1070.
  • Galioto Wiedemann R, Calvo D, Meister J, Spitznagel MB. Self‐reported physical activity is associated with cognitive function in lean, but not obese individuals. Clin Obes. 2014 Jul 28;4(6):309-315.
  • Silveira EA, Mendonça CR, Delpino FM, Souza GVE, de Souza Rosa LP, de Oliveira C, et al. Sedentary behavior, physical inactivity, abdominal obesity and obesity in adults and older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2022 Aug;50:63-73.
  • Kurtoğlu E. Metabolik sendromlu olgularda fiziksel aktivite seviyesinin belirlenmesi [master’s thesis]. [İzmir]: Dokuz Eylül Universitesi; 2008. 31 p.
  • Saglam M, Arikan H, Savci S, Inal-Ince D, Bosnak-Guclu M, Karabulut E, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: reliability and validity of the Turkish version. Percept Mot Skills. 2010 Aug 1;111(1):278-284.
  • Kyle UG, Bosaeus I, De Lorenzo AD, Deurenberg P, Elia M, Gómez JM, et al. Bioelectrical impedance analysis—part II: utilization in clinical practice. Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;23(6):1430-1453.
  • Yang Y, Shields GS, Guo C, Liu Y. Executive function performance in obesity and overweight individuals: a meta-analysis and review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017 Dec 7;84: 225-244.
  • Emek Savaş DD, Yerlikaya D, Yener GG, Öktem Tanör Ö. Validity, reliability and normative data of the stroop test çapa version. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2019 Aug 8;31(1):9-24.
  • Kim J, Gabriel U, Gygax P. Testing the effectiveness of the internet-based instrument psytoolkit: a comparison between web-based (psytoolkit) and lab-based (e-prime 3.0) measurements of response choice and response time in a complex psycholinguistic task. PloS One. 2019 Sep 4;14(9):e0221802.
  • Türkeş N, Can H, Kurt M, Dikeç BE. İz sürme testi’nin 20-49 yaş aralığında Türkiye için norm belirleme çalışması. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2015;26(3):189-196.
  • Fagundo AB, Jiménez-Murcia S, Giner-Bartolomé C, Agüera Z, Sauchelli S, Pardo M, et al. Modulation of irisin and physical activity on executive functions in obesity and morbid obesity. Sci Rep. 2016 Aug 1;6(1):30820.
  • Dupuy O, Gauthier CJ, Fraser SA, Desjardins-Crèpeau L, Desjardins M, Mekary S, et al. Higher levels of cardiovascular fitness are associated with better executive function and prefrontal oxygenation in younger and older women. Front Hum Neurosci. 2015 Feb 18;9:66.
  • Silva-Batista C, Urso RP, Silva AEL, Bertuzzi R. Associations between fitness tests and the international physical activity questionnaire—short form in healthy men. J Strength Cond Res. 2013 Dec;27(12):3481-3487.
  • Minder CM, Shaya GE, Michos ED, Keenan TE, Blumenthal RS, Nasir K, et al. Relation between self-reported physical activity level, fitness, and cardiometabolic risk. Am J Cardiol. 2014 Feb 15;113(4):637-643.
  • Pauli-Pott U, Albayrak Ö, Hebebrand J, Pott W. Association between inhibitory control capacity and body weight in overweight and obese children and adolescents: dependence on age and inhibitory control component. Child Neuropsychol. 2010 Jun 15;16(6):592-603.
  • Houben K, Nederkoorn C, Jansen A. Eating on impulse: the relation between overweight and food‐specific inhibitory control. Obes Open Access. 2013 Nov 25;22(5):E6-E8.
  • Nascimento MDM, Kliegel M, Silva PST, Rios PMB, Nascimento LDS, Silva CN, et al. The association of obesity and overweight with executive functions in community-dwelling older women. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Jan 30;20(3):2440.
  • Napoli N, Shah K, Waters DL, Sinacore DR, Qualls C, Villareal DT. Effect of weight loss, exercise, or both on cognition and quality of life in obese older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 Apr 30;100(1):189-198.
  • Sánchez-Cubillo I., Periáñez JA, Adrover-Roig D, Rodríguez-Sánchez JM, Ríos-Lago M, Tirapu JEEA, et al. Construct validity of the trail making test: role of task-switching, working memory, inhibition/interference control, and visuomotor abilities. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2009 May 1;15(3):438-450.
  • Huang T, Chen Z, Shen L, Fan X, Wang K. Associations of cognitive function with BMI, body fat mass and visceral fat in young adulthood. Medicina. 2019 May 28;55(6):221.
  • Boidin M, Handfield N, Ribeiro PA, Desjardins-Crépeau L, Gagnon C, Lapierre G, et al. Obese but fit: the benefits of fitness on cognition in obese older adults. Can J Cardio. 2020 Jan 16;36(11):1747-1753.
  • Peltz G, Aguirre MT, Sanderson M, Fadden MK. The role of fat mass index in determining obesity. Am J Hum Biol. 2010 Sep- Oct;22(5):639-647.
  • Siasos G, Chrysohoou C, Tousoulis D, Oikonomou E, Panagiotakos D, Zaromitidou M, et al. The impact of physical activity on endothelial function in middle-aged and elderly subjects: the Ikaria study. Hellenic J Cardiol. 2013 Mar-Apr;54(2):94-101.
  • Gonzales MM, Tarumi T, Tanaka H, Sugawara J, Swann-Sternberg T, Goudarzi K, et al. Functional imaging of working memory and peripheral endothelial function in middle-aged adults. Brain Cogn. 2010 May 20;73(2):146-151. S
  • Tait JL, Collyer TA, Gall SL, Magnussen CG, Venn AJ, Dwyer T, et al. Longitudinal associations of childhood fitness and obesity profiles with midlife cognitive function: an Australian cohort study. J Sci Med Sport. 2022 Jun 15;25(8):667-672.
  • Peven JC. Physical activity and executive function in midlife [doctoral dissertation]. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh; 2021. 101 p.

The Effect of Physical Activity Level on Executive Functions in Obese Cases

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 201 - 205, 02.06.2024

Zehra Betül Karakoç İlkşan Demirbüken Hasan Onur Keleş Özden Erkan Oğul Eren Timurtaş Özden Ezgi Üner Yaşar Sertbaş Mine Gülden Polat

https://doi.org/10.61399/ikcusbfd.1386543

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the executive functions (inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility and working memory) of obese subjects with different levels of physical activity.

Material and Method: The study included 31 obese subjects. The patients were divided into two groups: high physical activity (HAOG, n=14) and minimal physical activity (MAOG, n=17), according to International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF). After the demographic data of the subjects were recorded, the body fat ratio was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and working memory were evaluated with Stroop Test Çapa Form, Trail Making Test A-B, and 2-back test, respectively.

Results: Body mass index, age, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist/hip ratio were similar between the groups, whereas the percentage of fat mass was lower in HAOG (p=0.016) and the percentage of muscle mass was higher in HAOG (p=0.009). Inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility and working memory scores were similar in the groups in our study (p>0.05).

Conclusion: According to the results of our study, although executive functions were similar in obese subjects with different physical activity levels, further studies are needed due to the limitations of publications in this field.

Keywords

Obesity executive function physical activity.

Ethical Statement

Ethical Aspects of the Research Ethics committee approval was obtained for the study (Istanbul Medipol University Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee, Approval No and Date: E-10840098-772.02-6791, 30.12.2021), and then the necessary permission was obtained from the Provincial Health Directorate to conduct the study in the hospital. The subjects who participated in our study were also informed about our study and read and signed the "Informed Consent Form".

References

  • World Health Organization. WHO European Regional Obesity Report [homepage on the Internet]. c2022. [updated 2023 May 2; cited 2023 Sep 9]. Available from https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/ item/9789289057738
  • Revels S, Kumar SA, Ben-Assuli O. Predicting obesity rate and obesity-related healthcare costs using data analytics. Health Policy Technol. 2017 Feb 17;6(2):198-207.
  • Finkelstein EA, Strombotne KL. The economics of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 May;91(5):1520S-1524S.
  • Durrer Schutz D, Busetto L, Dicker D, Farpour-Lambert N, Pryke R, Toplak H, et al. European practical and patient-centred guidelines for adult obesity management in primary care. Obesity facts. 2019 Jan 23;12(1):40-66.
  • Clare L, Wu YT, Teale JC, MacLeod C, Matthews F, Brayne C, et al. Potentially modifiable lifestyle factors, cognitive reserve, and cognitive function in later life: a cross-sectional study. PLoS Med. 2017 Mar 21;14(3):e1002259.
  • Prickett C, Brennan L, Stolwyk R. Examining the relationship between obesity and cognitive function: a systematic literature review. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2015 Mar-Apr ;9(2):93-113.
  • Dye L, Boyle NB, Champ C, Lawton C. The relationship between obesity and cognitive health and decline. Proc Nutr Soc. 2017 Sep 11;76(4): 443-454.
  • Sellbom KS, Gunstad J. Cognitive function and decline in obesity. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012 Jun 8;30(s2):S89-S95.
  • Cristofori I, Cohen-Zimerman S, Grafman J. Executive functions. Handb Clin Neurol. 2019;163:197-219.
  • Diamond A. Executive functions. Annu Rev Psychol. 2013 Jan 64:135-168.
  • De Klerk MT, Smeets PAM, la Fleur SE. Inhibitory control as a potential treatment target for obesity. Nutr Neurosci. 2022 Mar 28;26(5):429-444.
  • Dajani DR, Uddin LQ. Demystifying cognitive flexibility: implications for clinical and developmental neuroscience. Trends Neurosci. 2015 Sep 1;38(9):571-578.
  • Santos Monteiro P, Ribeiro OR, Ribeiro F. The role of cognitive flexibility in weight loss after severe obesity surgery—a retrospective study. Clin Obes. 2021 Nov 25;12(1):e12494.
  • Miller EK, Lundqvist M, Bastos AM. Working memory 2.0. Neuron. 2018 Oct 24;100(2):463-475.
  • Green M, Rogers P. Impairments in working memory associated with spontaneous dieting behaviour. Psychol Med. 1998 Sep 1;28(5):1063- 1070.
  • Galioto Wiedemann R, Calvo D, Meister J, Spitznagel MB. Self‐reported physical activity is associated with cognitive function in lean, but not obese individuals. Clin Obes. 2014 Jul 28;4(6):309-315.
  • Silveira EA, Mendonça CR, Delpino FM, Souza GVE, de Souza Rosa LP, de Oliveira C, et al. Sedentary behavior, physical inactivity, abdominal obesity and obesity in adults and older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2022 Aug;50:63-73.
  • Kurtoğlu E. Metabolik sendromlu olgularda fiziksel aktivite seviyesinin belirlenmesi [master’s thesis]. [İzmir]: Dokuz Eylül Universitesi; 2008. 31 p.
  • Saglam M, Arikan H, Savci S, Inal-Ince D, Bosnak-Guclu M, Karabulut E, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: reliability and validity of the Turkish version. Percept Mot Skills. 2010 Aug 1;111(1):278-284.
  • Kyle UG, Bosaeus I, De Lorenzo AD, Deurenberg P, Elia M, Gómez JM, et al. Bioelectrical impedance analysis—part II: utilization in clinical practice. Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;23(6):1430-1453.
  • Yang Y, Shields GS, Guo C, Liu Y. Executive function performance in obesity and overweight individuals: a meta-analysis and review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017 Dec 7;84: 225-244.
  • Emek Savaş DD, Yerlikaya D, Yener GG, Öktem Tanör Ö. Validity, reliability and normative data of the stroop test çapa version. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2019 Aug 8;31(1):9-24.
  • Kim J, Gabriel U, Gygax P. Testing the effectiveness of the internet-based instrument psytoolkit: a comparison between web-based (psytoolkit) and lab-based (e-prime 3.0) measurements of response choice and response time in a complex psycholinguistic task. PloS One. 2019 Sep 4;14(9):e0221802.
  • Türkeş N, Can H, Kurt M, Dikeç BE. İz sürme testi’nin 20-49 yaş aralığında Türkiye için norm belirleme çalışması. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2015;26(3):189-196.
  • Fagundo AB, Jiménez-Murcia S, Giner-Bartolomé C, Agüera Z, Sauchelli S, Pardo M, et al. Modulation of irisin and physical activity on executive functions in obesity and morbid obesity. Sci Rep. 2016 Aug 1;6(1):30820.
  • Dupuy O, Gauthier CJ, Fraser SA, Desjardins-Crèpeau L, Desjardins M, Mekary S, et al. Higher levels of cardiovascular fitness are associated with better executive function and prefrontal oxygenation in younger and older women. Front Hum Neurosci. 2015 Feb 18;9:66.
  • Silva-Batista C, Urso RP, Silva AEL, Bertuzzi R. Associations between fitness tests and the international physical activity questionnaire—short form in healthy men. J Strength Cond Res. 2013 Dec;27(12):3481-3487.
  • Minder CM, Shaya GE, Michos ED, Keenan TE, Blumenthal RS, Nasir K, et al. Relation between self-reported physical activity level, fitness, and cardiometabolic risk. Am J Cardiol. 2014 Feb 15;113(4):637-643.
  • Pauli-Pott U, Albayrak Ö, Hebebrand J, Pott W. Association between inhibitory control capacity and body weight in overweight and obese children and adolescents: dependence on age and inhibitory control component. Child Neuropsychol. 2010 Jun 15;16(6):592-603.
  • Houben K, Nederkoorn C, Jansen A. Eating on impulse: the relation between overweight and food‐specific inhibitory control. Obes Open Access. 2013 Nov 25;22(5):E6-E8.
  • Nascimento MDM, Kliegel M, Silva PST, Rios PMB, Nascimento LDS, Silva CN, et al. The association of obesity and overweight with executive functions in community-dwelling older women. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Jan 30;20(3):2440.
  • Napoli N, Shah K, Waters DL, Sinacore DR, Qualls C, Villareal DT. Effect of weight loss, exercise, or both on cognition and quality of life in obese older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 Apr 30;100(1):189-198.
  • Sánchez-Cubillo I., Periáñez JA, Adrover-Roig D, Rodríguez-Sánchez JM, Ríos-Lago M, Tirapu JEEA, et al. Construct validity of the trail making test: role of task-switching, working memory, inhibition/interference control, and visuomotor abilities. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2009 May 1;15(3):438-450.
  • Huang T, Chen Z, Shen L, Fan X, Wang K. Associations of cognitive function with BMI, body fat mass and visceral fat in young adulthood. Medicina. 2019 May 28;55(6):221.
  • Boidin M, Handfield N, Ribeiro PA, Desjardins-Crépeau L, Gagnon C, Lapierre G, et al. Obese but fit: the benefits of fitness on cognition in obese older adults. Can J Cardio. 2020 Jan 16;36(11):1747-1753.
  • Peltz G, Aguirre MT, Sanderson M, Fadden MK. The role of fat mass index in determining obesity. Am J Hum Biol. 2010 Sep- Oct;22(5):639-647.
  • Siasos G, Chrysohoou C, Tousoulis D, Oikonomou E, Panagiotakos D, Zaromitidou M, et al. The impact of physical activity on endothelial function in middle-aged and elderly subjects: the Ikaria study. Hellenic J Cardiol. 2013 Mar-Apr;54(2):94-101.
  • Gonzales MM, Tarumi T, Tanaka H, Sugawara J, Swann-Sternberg T, Goudarzi K, et al. Functional imaging of working memory and peripheral endothelial function in middle-aged adults. Brain Cogn. 2010 May 20;73(2):146-151. S
  • Tait JL, Collyer TA, Gall SL, Magnussen CG, Venn AJ, Dwyer T, et al. Longitudinal associations of childhood fitness and obesity profiles with midlife cognitive function: an Australian cohort study. J Sci Med Sport. 2022 Jun 15;25(8):667-672.
  • Peven JC. Physical activity and executive function in midlife [doctoral dissertation]. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh; 2021. 101 p.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Physiotherapy
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Zehra Betül Karakoç 0000-0001-5122-4475

İlkşan Demirbüken 0000-0003-0566-5784

Hasan Onur Keleş This is me 0000-0001-8493-2582

Özden Erkan Oğul 0000-0002-7226-510X

Eren Timurtaş 0000-0001-9033-4327

Özden Ezgi Üner 0000-0001-5158-5502

Yaşar Sertbaş 0000-0001-6386-4525

Mine Gülden Polat 0000-0002-9705-9740

Publication Date June 2, 2024
Submission Date November 7, 2023
Acceptance Date December 7, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Karakoç, Z. B., Demirbüken, İ., Keleş, H. O., Erkan Oğul, Ö., et al. (2024). The Effect of Physical Activity Level on Executive Functions in Obese Cases. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(2), 201-205. https://doi.org/10.61399/ikcusbfd.1386543
AMA Karakoç ZB, Demirbüken İ, Keleş HO, Erkan Oğul Ö, Timurtaş E, Üner ÖE, Sertbaş Y, Polat MG. The Effect of Physical Activity Level on Executive Functions in Obese Cases. İKÇÜSBFD. June 2024;9(2):201-205. doi:10.61399/ikcusbfd.1386543
Chicago Karakoç, Zehra Betül, İlkşan Demirbüken, Hasan Onur Keleş, Özden Erkan Oğul, Eren Timurtaş, Özden Ezgi Üner, Yaşar Sertbaş, and Mine Gülden Polat. “The Effect of Physical Activity Level on Executive Functions in Obese Cases”. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 9, no. 2 (June 2024): 201-5. https://doi.org/10.61399/ikcusbfd.1386543.
EndNote Karakoç ZB, Demirbüken İ, Keleş HO, Erkan Oğul Ö, Timurtaş E, Üner ÖE, Sertbaş Y, Polat MG (June 1, 2024) The Effect of Physical Activity Level on Executive Functions in Obese Cases. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 9 2 201–205.
IEEE Z. B. Karakoç, “The Effect of Physical Activity Level on Executive Functions in Obese Cases”, İKÇÜSBFD, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 201–205, 2024, doi: 10.61399/ikcusbfd.1386543.
ISNAD Karakoç, Zehra Betül et al. “The Effect of Physical Activity Level on Executive Functions in Obese Cases”. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 9/2 (June 2024), 201-205. https://doi.org/10.61399/ikcusbfd.1386543.
JAMA Karakoç ZB, Demirbüken İ, Keleş HO, Erkan Oğul Ö, Timurtaş E, Üner ÖE, Sertbaş Y, Polat MG. The Effect of Physical Activity Level on Executive Functions in Obese Cases. İKÇÜSBFD. 2024;9:201–205.
MLA Karakoç, Zehra Betül et al. “The Effect of Physical Activity Level on Executive Functions in Obese Cases”. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 9, no. 2, 2024, pp. 201-5, doi:10.61399/ikcusbfd.1386543.
Vancouver Karakoç ZB, Demirbüken İ, Keleş HO, Erkan Oğul Ö, Timurtaş E, Üner ÖE, Sertbaş Y, Polat MG. The Effect of Physical Activity Level on Executive Functions in Obese Cases. İKÇÜSBFD. 2024;9(2):201-5.
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