Magnetic characteristics of sediments from the central basin of the South China Sea since the late Pleistocene: Implications for sediments provenance and evolution of the East Asian monsoon
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摘要:
南海沉积物记录了丰富的高原隆升剥蚀、古海洋、东亚季风和区域构造演化信息，是研究东亚季风和古环境演化的理想材料.但是，由于南海沉积环境复杂，物质来源多样，使得沉积物定年和环境气候探讨的难度加大.为此，本文选取南海中央海盆的SCS-01钻孔作为研究对象，建立其准确的年代框架，综合利用磁学和地球化学分析方法，探讨沉积物物源及其对东亚季风演化的指示.首先，通过对沉积物样品的岩石磁学特征分析，表明沉积物的主要载磁矿物为低矫顽力的假单畴磁铁矿，载磁矿物颗粒大小均一、含量变化小，基本符合建立地磁场相对古强度（Relative Paleointensity，RPI）曲线的"均一性"标准.在此基础上利用磁化率和非磁滞剩磁对天然剩磁进行归一化处理得到RPI，将钻孔的RPI曲线与全球或区域的标准RPI曲线（Sint-200，NAPIS-75和SCS-PIS）进行比较，得到了6个年龄控制点，并结合AMS-14C测年结果，建立了南海中央海盆75 ka以来的时间框架.SCS-01钻孔的RPI记录和其他全球性观测结果的一致性表明，南海的沉积物记录了全球尺度的地磁场古强度行为模式.综合稀土元素和沉积物记录的磁学信息对沉积物的来源进行探讨，结果表明SCS-01钻孔的沉积物主要来源于台湾地区，少量来自吕宋岛区域，这为进一步全面了解南海各区域的沉积物物源分布提供了数据支撑.另外，SCS-01钻孔的环境磁学记录可以较好地反映75 ka以来东亚季风在冰期-间冰期的变化，为该钻孔地区千年尺度上的气候变化提供可靠指标.
Abstract:The sediments of the South China Sea (SCS) record abundant information on plateau uplift denudation, paleo-oceanic, East Asian monsoon and regional tectonic evolution, and are ideal material for the study of the East Asian monsoon and paleoenvironmental evolution. However, the complex sedimentary environment and provenance in the SCS make it more difficult to date the sediment and investigate the environmental evolution. Therefore, in this paper, we select the core SCS-01 sediment from the central basin of the SCS to establish the accurate chronological framework, and then use a combination of magnetic and geochemical methods to explore the sediments provenance and their indications for the evolution of the East Asian monsoon. The magnetic characteristics of the sediment reveals that the dominant magnetic mineral is Pseudosingle Domain (PSD) magnetite with low coercivity, uniform particle size and low variation in content, which basically meets the "homogeneity" criterion for establishing the Relative Paleointensity (RPI) curve of the geomagnetic field. Then, RPI is obtained by normalizing the Natural Remanence Magnetization (NRM) using magnetic susceptibility (χ) and Anhysteretic Remanent Magnetism (ARM). We compared the RPI curve with the global or regional standard RPI curves (Sint-200, NAPIS-75 and SCS-PIS) to obtain 6 age control points, and combined with AMS-14C dating results to reconstruct a reliable chronological framework since 75 ka for the central basin of the SCS. The consistency of RPI records between SCS-01 and other global observations indicates that the global scale geomagnetic paleointensity model is also recorded in sediments of SCS. Finally, the magnetic information and the rare earth elements results indicate that the sediments of core SCS-01 are mainly from the Taiwan region, with a small amount from the Luzon Island, which is significant for the further comprehensive understanding of the sediment provenance distribution in various regions of the SCS. In addition, the environmental magnetic records of core SCS-01 can reflect the changes of the East Asian monsoon during the glacial-interglacial period since 75 ka, providing a reliable indicator of climate change on the millennial scale in this area.
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图 1
南海SCS-01岩心的钻探位置(红色五角星)和表层洋流以及黑潮信息(修改自Huang et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2003, 2016)
Figure 1.
Drilling location of SCS-01 core (red star), surface current and Kuroshio information in the South China Sea(modified from Huang et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2003, 2016)
图 2
SCS-01岩心照片及选定样品的岩石磁学结果
Figure 2.
The photo of SCS-01 core and the rock magnetic results of representative samples
图 4
(a) Day图(Dunlop, 2002)；(b) κARM和κ的相关图(King et al., 1983)
Figure 4.
(a) Day diagram (Dunlop, 2002); (b) Correlation diagram of κARM and κ (King et al., 1983)
图 6
代表性样品的逐步AF退磁的正交矢量图(左)和剩磁衰减曲线(右)
Figure 6.
Orthogonal vector plots (left) and remanence decay curves (right) of stepwise AF demagnetization for representative samples
图 7
(a) 磁倾角随深度的变化曲线，其中黑色虚线表示磁倾角为0°，灰色虚线代表GAD模型预期的磁倾角(33.42°)；(b) 磁偏角随深度的变化曲线；(c) 最大角偏差随深度的变化曲线，其中黑色虚线表示MAD为6°
Figure 7.
(a) The variation of magnetic inclination with depth, where the black dashed line indicates the magnetic inclination is 0°, the grey dashed line represents the expected magnetic inclination (33.42°) by the GAD model; (b) The variation of magneticdeclination with depth; (c) The variation of MAD with depth, where the black dashed line indicates MAD is 6°
图 8
SCS-01与SCS-PIS (Yang et al., 2009)、Sint-200 (Guyodo and Valet, 1996)、NAPIS-75 (Laj et al., 2000)标准PRI记录的相关性
Figure 8.
The correlation between SCS-01 and standard PRI records of SCS-PIS (Yang et al., 2009), Sint-200 (Guyodo and Valet, 1996) and NAPIS-75 (Laj et al., 2000)
图 9
(a) 沉积物的UCC标准化REE模式；(b) LREEs和HREEs之间的关系；(c) δEu和δCe之间的关系
Figure 9.
(a) UCC standardized REE model of sediments; (b) The relationship between LREEs and HREEs; (c) The relationship between δEu and δCe
图 10
(a) S-ratio随年龄的变化曲线.岩心ODP1145和ODP1147位于南海北部(Kissel et al., 2020)；岩心MD05-2898Cq和MD05-2900Cq/01位于南海中部(Kissel et al., 2020)；岩心MD12-3432位于南海北部(Chen et al., 2017a). (b) χARM与S-ratio的关系.红河、珠江、湄公河和台湾的数据来源于(Kissel et al., 2016, 2017)
Figure 10.
(a) The variation of S-ratio with age. Core ODP1145 and ODP1147 are located in the north of the South China Sea (Kissel et al., 2020); Core MD05-2898Cq and MD05-2900Cq/01 are located in the middle of the South China Sea (Kissel et al., 2020); Core MD12-3432 is located in the north of the South China Sea (Chen et al., 2017a). (b) The relationship between χARMand S-ratio. The data of Red River, Pearl River, Mekong River and Taiwan are from Kissel et al.(2016, 2017)
图 11
磁学参数和其他数据随年龄的变化曲线
Figure 11.
Variation curve of magnetic parameters and other data with age
表 1
沉积物样品的AMS-14C定年结果
Table 1.
AMS-14C dating results of sediments samples
实验室编号 样品编号 样品性质 深度(cm) 14C校正年代(cal yr BP，±1σ) GZ9749 NH-1 有孔虫 15 6230±52 GZ9750 NH-2 有孔虫 30 9073±67 GZ9751 NH-3 有孔虫 30 9251±64 GZ9752 NH-4 有孔虫 60 13278±42 GZ9753 NH-5 有孔虫 120 18679±94 GZ9754 NH-6 有孔虫 120 19171±132 GZ9755 NH-7 有孔虫 145 21305±187 GZ9756 NH-8 有孔虫 145 22696±106 GZ9757 NH-9 有孔虫 195 25465±168 GZ9758 NH-10 有孔虫 255 33800±368 GZ9759 NH-11 有孔虫 310 38402±745 GZ9760 NH-12 有孔虫 370 42786±653 注：yr BP表示距公元1950年的年代.
Note: yr BP represents the date before AD 1950.
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