Tectono-thermal evolution features of the reef body developing area in the Liyue Basin, southern South China Sea
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摘要:
礼乐滩是礼乐盆地的重要组成部分，自晚渐新世礼乐地块裂离北部陆缘后开始发育礁灰岩.为认识这些长期浸没海水中的礼乐礁体及其下伏地层的热状态与热演化特征，在详细分析礼乐滩钻井测温数据和镜质体反射率数据的基础上，对一条穿过礁体的骨干剖面进行了构造热演化数值模拟.结果显示，礁体区钻井2000~4500 m深度范围内温度介于30~90℃之间，井底与海底之间的平均地温梯度仅10℃·km-1左右，地温梯度随深度逐渐增加，3000~4000 m深度段地温梯度介于32~37℃·km-1；礁体下伏地层有机质曾经经历了比现今所处温度更高的古温度.进一步分析表明，高孔高渗的礁体上部因与周围低温海水发生热交换，导致地层温度降低、地温梯度和热流降低甚至为负值；与海水热交换作用随深度增加而减弱并最终停止，地层温度逐渐升高，地温梯度和热流值趋于正常；现今钻井3000~4000 m深度段地温梯度约为35℃·km-1，基底热流可能介于65~75 mW·m-2，平均约为70 mW·m-2；礁体发育区有机质热成熟度主要是在礁体与周围低温海水发生实际热交换前获得的，礁体与海水热交换作用导致地层温度逐渐降低，有机质热成熟度增长缓慢，现今生烃门限深度明显大于邻近的北1凹陷中部区域的门限深度.
Abstract:Reed Bank is an important tectonic unit of the Liyue Basin, and has been developing reefs since drifting from the northern continent margin in the Late Oligocene. To understand the thermal state and thermal evolution features of these long term submerged reefs and underlying strata, we first made a detailed analyses on borehole temperature and vitrinite reflectance data, then modeled numerically the tectono-thermal evolution history of a typical profile just passing through a reef body of the Reed Bank. The results show that the borehole temperature in the depth interval of 2000~4500 m in the reef ranges from 30 ℃ to 90 ℃, and the thermal gradient between the seafloor and the measured depth is only about 10 ℃·km-1. The geothermal gradient increases gradually with depth, and the thermal gradient is about 32~37 ℃·km-1 between 3000 and 4000 m. The maximum paleo-temperature that organic matter below the reef body has experienced should be much higher than their present environmental temperature. Further analyses suggests that due to heat exchange with the surrounding low temperature seawater, the upper part of the reefs with high porosity and high permeability is cooled, and seafloor thermal gradient and heat flow are greatly reduced, even to be negative. As the heat exchange with surrounding seawater became weak, and finally disappear with increasing depth, formation temperature gradually increases, and geothermal gradient and heat flow tend to be normal. The borehole geothermal gradient in the depth range of 3000~4000 m is about 35 ℃·km-1, and the estimated heat flow across sedimentary basement is in the range of 65 and 75 mW·m-2, with an average of 70 mW·m-2. The organic matter maturity was mainly obtained just before the reefs began to exchange heat effectively with the surrounding low temperature seawater, and then with heat exchange between reef and seawater, thermal maturity of the organic matter has been increased slowly with decreasing formation temperature. As a result, the threshold depth of oil generation in the reef body developing area is much larger than that in the central region of the Bei 1 sag.
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Key words:
- Reed bank /
- Thermal status /
- Thermal history /
- Heat flow /
- Vitrinite reflectance
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图 1
(a) 礼乐盆地构造区划；(b)礼乐滩海域水深分布与钻井位置图.图(a)中暗红色方框为图(b)范围，海盆中部红色虚线为夭折洋中脊；图(a)、(b)中黑色直线为JK测线
Figure 1.
(a) Tectonic framework of the Liyue Basin, and (b) Bathymetry in and around Reed Bank showing the locations of oil and gas drills. In (a), the dark red box shows the cover region of (b), and the dark red dashed curve in the oceanic basin donates the failed mid-ocean ridge. In (a) and (b), the black Line shows the location of the analyzed Profile JK
图 2
(a) 礼乐滩钻井实测温度随钻井深度变化; (b)礼乐滩钻井Ro随深度变化图.(a)中实线为海底温度随水深的变化(施小斌等，2015)，虚线为对应不同地温梯度的温度随深度变化；(b)中的大实心圆为计算得到的Ro%
Figure 2.
(a) Observed temperature data versus depth, and (b) Ro% versus depth in the drills of the Reed Bank. In (a), the solid curve shows the seafloor temperature versus seafloor depth in the South China Sea (after Shi et al., 2015), and the dashed lines show temperature increasing with depth at different thermal gradients. In (b), the larger solid circles are calculated Ro%
图 3
(a) JK剖面的时间剖面; (b) JK剖面的深度剖面; (c) JK剖面的地壳厚度与拉张因子变化.图a、b地层界面年龄见文中说明，JK剖面位置见图 1a
Figure 3.
(a) Stratigraphic two way travel time structure along Profile JK; (b) Stratigraphic depth structure along Profile JK; (c) Crustal thickness and stretching factors variation along Profile JK. In (a) and (b), the stratigraphic boundary ages are given in the text. The location of Profile JK is shown in Fig. 1a
图 4
耦合岩石圈变形、沉积过程和热过程的计算模型示意图.(a)张裂前初始模型结构，显示分层结构和运动学边界条件; (b)演化过程中某一时刻的模型结构，显示地温场计算的边界条件.模型由4层组成，其中层1为软流圈部分，初始厚度为1 km，层2为岩石圈地幔部分，层3为下地壳，层4为上地壳和沉积层，层2、层3和层4构成岩石圈部分，初始岩石圈厚度a为125 km，地壳层3和层4等厚.(a)中u、v分别为水平和垂向速度，x, z, t为水平坐标、垂向坐标和时间；(b)中T为温度
Figure 4.
Sketch diagram of the numerical model coupling lithospheric deformation, sedimentation and thermal diffusion. (a) Initial model structure showing layered structure and boundary conditions of velocity field; (b) The model structure with boundary conditions of thermal field at some time during basin evolution. The model is composed of 4 layers, and Layer 1 consists of asthenosphere material, whose initial thickness is 1 km. Layer 2 is lithospheric mantle. Layers 3 and 4 represent lower crust and upper crust (including basin fill), respectively. The initial lithospheric thickness a including Layers 2, 3 and 4 is 125 km. Layer 3 and Layer 4 are equal in thickness. In (a), variables u and v denote horizontal and vertical velocities, respectively. Variables x, z and t denote horizontal, vertical coordinate, and time, respectively. In (b), variable T denotes temperature
图 5
(a) 钻井实测温度与计算结果对比; (b)钻井实测Ro%与计算结果对比.(a)中细实线表示海底温度随水深的变化(施小斌等，2015)，其他粗线为计算得到的剖面代表点的地层温度随深度(海底以下)的变化，五角星为钻井A1-x的井底温度.(b)中三角点为实测Ro%，曲线为计算得到的剖面代表点的Ro%随深度(海底以下)的变化.(a)和(b)中的绿色虚线分别表示没有考虑礁体和海水热交换时的PB点温度和Ro%随深度的变化.剖面代表点PB、PC和PD位置见图 6
Figure 5.
(a) Comparison graph between observed and calculated temperature; (b) Comparison graph between observed and calculated Ro%. In (a), the thin solid curve shows seafloor temperature variation with water depth (Shi et al., 2015), while other curves show calculated formation temperature variation with depth below seafloor at different representative locations of Profile JK. The star point is the bottom temperature of Drill Al-x. In (b), the triangles are observed Ro, while the curves show the Ro% variation with depth below seafloor at different locations along Profile JK. The green dashed curves in (a) and (b) show the calculated temperature and Ro% versus depth at PB point, respectively, when ignoring the thermal exchange between reef and surrounding sea water. The locations of Points PB、PC and PD are shown in Fig. 6
图 6
(a) 剖面JK的现今地温梯度; (b)剖面JK的现今热流；(c)剖面JK的现今地温场.(a)和(b)中，蓝色线、绿色线和红色线分别代表经过海底、基底和沉积柱体的现今地温梯度和热流沿剖面的变化.(c)中红色三角为剖面代表点PA、PB、PC和PD的位置，地层界线与图 3相同
Figure 6.
(a) present thermal gradient along Profile JK, (b) present heat flow and (c) present temperature field along Profile JK. In (a) and (b), the blue, green and red curves show the thermal gradient and heat flow across seafloor, sedimentary basement, and the whole sedimentary column, respectively. In (c), the red triangles show the locations of representative points PA, PB, PC and PD along Profile JK. The stratigraphic boundaries in (c) are the same as Fig. 3
图 8
(a) 剖面参考点的埋藏史；(b)剖面参考点的热史；(c)剖面参考点的Ro%史.其中，剖面参考点PA、PB、PC和PD为剖面代表点PA、PB、PC和PD现今埋深为3000mbsf处的点，代表点PA、PB、PC和PD位置见图 6
Figure 8.
(a) Burial histories, (b) thermal histories, and (c) Ro% histories at different reference points. In which, the reference points of PA, PB, PC and PD are now buried at the depth of 3000 mbsf at representative points of PA, PB, PC and PD, respectively. See Fig. 6 for the representative point locations of PA, PB, PC and PD
表 1
模型参数与取值
Table 1.
Model parameters and values
参数 值 初始岩石圈厚度 125 km 软流圈密度 3185 kg·m-3 下地壳密度0℃ 2850 kg·m-3 砂岩骨架密度0℃ 2650 kg·m-3 泥岩骨架密度0℃ 2720 kg·m-3 砂岩初始沉积孔隙度 0.49 泥岩初始沉积孔隙度 0.63 灰岩初始沉积孔隙度 0.6 砂岩骨架热导率 4.4 Wm/℃ 灰岩骨架热导率 3.0 Wm/℃ 泥岩骨架生热率 2.1 μW·m-3 上地壳生热率 1.8 μW·m-3 砂岩骨架比热容 1080 J/(kg·℃) 灰岩骨架比热容 1030 J/(kg·℃) 水比热容 4184 J/(kg·℃) 初始地壳厚度 32 km 0 ℃岩石圈地幔密度 3330 kg·m-3 上地壳密度0 ℃ 2700 kg·m-3 灰岩骨架密度0 ℃ 2700 kg·m-3 海水密度0 ℃ 1030 kg·m-3 砂岩压实因子 0.27 ×10-3/m 泥岩压实因子 0.51×10-3/m 灰岩岩石因子 0.53×10-3/m 泥岩骨架热导率 2.2 Wm/℃ 砂岩骨架生热率 1.6 μW·m-3 灰岩骨架生热率 0.6 μW·m-3 下地壳生热率 0.5 μW·m-3 泥岩骨架比热容 1050 J/(kg·℃) 软流圈、岩石圈比热容 1050 J/(kg·℃) 岩石圈热膨胀系数 3.28×10-5 ℃-1 
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