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摘要:
洋中脊速度结构是揭示大洋岩石圈演化过程的重要约束.为探讨不同扩张速率下洋中脊的洋壳速度结构特征，挑选了全球152处快速（全扩张速率> 90 mm·a-1）、慢速（全扩张速率20~50 mm·a-1）和超慢速（全扩张速率 < 20 mm·a-1）扩张洋中脊和非洋中脊的洋壳1-D地震波速度结构剖面，通过筛选统计、求取平均值等方法对分类的洋壳1-D速度结构进行对比研究，获得了不同扩张速率下洋中脊洋壳速度结构差异以及洋中脊与非洋中脊洋壳速度结构差异的新认识：（1）快速、慢速和超慢速扩张洋中脊的平均正常洋壳厚度分别为6.4 km、7.2 km和5.3 km，其中洋壳层2的厚度基本相似，洋壳厚度差异主要源自洋壳层3；其洋壳厚度变化范围分别为4.9~8.1 km、4.6~8.7 km和4.2~10.2 km，随着洋中脊扩张速率减小，洋壳厚度的变化范围逐渐增大；（2）快速扩张洋中脊的洋壳速度大于慢速和超慢速，可能与快速扩张脊洋壳生成过程中深部高密度岩浆上涌比较充足有关；（3）非洋中脊（>10 Ma）的洋壳比洋中脊（< 10 Ma）的洋壳厚~0.3 km，表明洋壳厚度与洋壳年龄有一定的正相关性.
Abstract:Understanding the velocity structure of mid-ocean spreading ridge is a key factor to investigate the evolution of oceanic lithosphere. In order to explore the characteristics of velocity structure of crust with different spreading rates, we select global 152 1-D seismic wave velocity structure profiles of both on and off-axis oceanic crust with spreading rates at fast (full spreading rate >90 mm·a-1), slow (full spreading rate 20~50 mm·a-1) and ultra-slow (full spreading rate < 20 mm·a-1). The study is based on statistical analysis of average values of global on and off-axis oceanic crust with different spreading rates. It shows that:(1)The average oceanic crust thickness of fast, slow and ultra-slow spreading ridges is 6.4 km, 7.2 km and 5.3 km, respectively, where the oceanic layer 2 shows similar thickness value, while the layer 3 has large variations. In addition, the oceanic crust thickness variation ranges are 4.9~8.1 km, 4.6~8.7 km and 4.2~10.2 km from fast to ultra-slow ridges. The slower the spreading rates, the larger variations of the oceanic crust thickness are observed.(2)At a given depth, oceanic crust with fast spreading has faster velocity compared to the middle and slow one, this is probably related to the formation mechanism of oceanic crust at different spreading rates.(3)The thickness of oceanic crust at age older than 10 Ma is 0.3 km thicker compared to the one younger than 10 Ma. This is smaller but comparable to previous studies, which indicates that there is probably correlation between the seafloor age and oceanic crust thickness.
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图 4
超慢速扩张洋中脊的1-D速度结构
Figure 4.
The 1-D velocity structure of the ultra-slow spreading ridges
图 5
快速、慢速和超慢速扩张脊平均1-D速度结构对比
Figure 5.
Comparison of the average 1-D velocity structures of fast, slow and ultra-slow spreading ridges
图 6
洋中脊和非洋中脊1-D速度结构对比
Figure 6.
Comparison of 1-D velocity structure between mid-ocean ridges and off-axis ridges
表 1
洋中脊地震测线信息统计表
Table 1.
Statistics of seismic survey lines of the mid-ocean ridges
编号 测线名称 洋壳年龄/Ma 洋壳厚度/km 经度/(°) 纬度/(°) 数据来源 快速扩张洋中脊 F1 ESP-1 0.2 7.86 -104.10 9.65 Vera et al. (1990) F2 Line 6W 0.5 6.56 - - Bratt and Solomon (1984) F3 Line 4 0.5 6.57 -103.80 13.00 Bratt and Purdy (1984) F4 Line 4S 0.5 6.60 -103.70 12.50 Lewis and Garmany (1982) F5 Line 5S 1.0 6.40 -104.40 12.20 Lewis and Garmany (1982) F6 Line 1S 1.0 6.15 -103.50 12.10 Lewis and Garmany (1982) F7 C22 1.0 5.56 -112.00 15.00 McClain and Atallah (1986) F8 gala-2 1.1 5.89 -94.30 2.70 Canales et al. (2002) F9 gala-3 1.2 7.47 -92.00 2.40 Canales et al. (2002) F10 c-26 1.5 5.48 -111.9 -17.13 Canales et al. (1998) F11 C21 2.0 6.58 -113.00 16.00 McClain and Atallah (1986) F12 66 2.0 5.60 -103.00 13.50 Lewis and Snydsman (1979) F13 gala-1c 2.4 5.61 -97.00 2.20 Canales et al. (2002) F14 mc 3.0 6.75 -127.80 48.20 Carbotte et al. (2008) F15 c-3 3.0 5.85 -111.65 -15.64 Canales et al. (1998) F16 B 3.0 8.10 -105.15 8.30 Orcutt et al. (1976) F17 gala-1e 4.0 5.60 -96.50 2.20 Canales et al. (2002) F18 OBS 1 4.0 7.38 - - Waldron et al (1990) F19 C 5.0 6.25 -105.05 7.50 Orcutt et al. (1976) F20 504B 6.0 4.92 -83.15 1.20 Collins et al (1989) 慢速扩张洋中脊 S1 OBH 1 0.0 7.20 -45.00 22.85 Purdy and Detrick (1986) S2 h-70on 0.5 8.70 -15.50 69.90 Kodaira et al. (1997) S3 n-1 0.8 6.66 -32.60 57.70 Navin et al. (1998) S4 n-2 0.8 7.49 -32.60 57.70 Navin et al. (1998) S5 n-3 0.8 6.97 -32.60 57.70 Navin et al. (1998) S6 n-4 0.8 7.41 -32.60 57.70 Navin et al. (1998) S7 Line E 1.0 7.37 -27.50 45.50 Fowler (1978) S8 Lines A&B 2.0 7.72 -33.25 36.75 Fowler (1976) S9 MAR 45N 3.0 6.83 -28.50 45.50 Fowler and Keen (1979) S10 Line F 5.0 6.25 -27.50 45.50 Fowler (1978) S11 10617 5.0 7.35 -30.95 40.00 Whitmarsh and Calvert (1986) S12 h-70off 5.9 8.79 -14.50 69.75 Kodaira et al. (1997) S13 OBH 1 7.0 6.06 -44.20 22.70 Detrick and Purdy (1980) S14 j-3 9.0 6.54 -24.50 62.00 Jacoby et al. (2007) S15 j-4 9.0 6.51 -24.50 62.00 Jacoby et al. (2007) 超慢速扩张洋中脊 U1 OBS 8 0 5.15 49.55 -37.75 Niu et al. (2015) U2 OBS22 0 4.85 49.92 -37.7 Niu et al. (2015) U3 OBS11 0 5.5 49.92 -37.77 Niu et al. (2015) U4 OBS26 0 10.2 51.8 -37.68 Niu et al. (2015) U5 Profile 10 0 3.8 2.5 72.5 Klingelhöfer et al. (2000) U6 OBS4 0 4.2 11 76 Kandilarov et al. (2010) U7 OBS8 0 4.3 11 76 Kandilarov et al. (2010) U8 A 0 1.90 (layer2) 9 85.2 Jokat and Schmidt-Aursch (2007) U9 B 0 3.20 (layer2) 10 87 Jokat and Schmidt-Aursch (2007) U10 Profile 9 1.5 4.2 2.5 72.5 Klingelhöfer et al. (2000) U11 CAM120 3 3.8 66 -27.5 Minshull et al. (2006) U12 CAM120 3 6.1 66 -27.75 Minshull et al. (2006) U13 CAM101 9.1 5.2 57.25 -33 Muller et al. (2000) U14 CAM101 11.2 4.20 57.25 -32.75 Muller et al. (2000) 
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表 2
非洋中脊地震测线信息统计表
Table 2.
Statistics of seismic survey lines of the off-axis ridges
编号 测线名称 洋壳年龄/Ma 洋壳厚度/km 经度/(°) 纬度/(°) 数据来源 非洋中脊 O1 8 13.0 6.81 -99.20 14.00 Lewis and Snydsman (1979) O2 C20 14.0 6.20 -118.00 -15.00 McClain and Atallah (1986) O3 FF2 15.0 5.83 - - Cary and Chapman (1988) O4 FF4 15.0 6.67 - - Spudich (1979) O5 l-3 16.3 5.47 2.55 37.45 Leprêtre et al. (2013) O6 m-1 16.4 4.35 5.65 38.00 Mihoubi et al. (2014) O7 h-NJ17 17.4 7.25 137.00 42.00 Hirata et al. (1992) O8 h-NJ23 17.4 6.45 138.00 42.50 Hirata et al. (1992) O9 w-E4 21.1 8.04 53.85 16.13 Watremez et al. (2011) O10 w-E5 21.5 8.83 53.99 16.19 Watremez et al. (2011) O11 w-E2 22.2 4.14 53.58 16.14 Watremez et al. (2011) O12 C19 29.0 6.55 -128.00 -12.00 McClain and Atallah (1986) O13 ws 47.2 14.70 -20.50 59.50 White and Smith (2009) O14 f-200 48.6 6.29 -62.15 68.90 Funck et al. (2012) O15 f-170 48.7 9.43 -62.75 69.05 Funck et al. (2012) O16 f-250 49.0 8.46 -61.00 68.60 Funck et al. (2012) O17 f-120 51.4 6.50 -63.95 69.35 Funck et al. (2012) O18 k-N 59.0 8.47 164.20 -21.84 Klingelhoefer et al. (2007) O19 k-S 59.0 8.23 165.70 -24.60 Klingelhoefer et al. (2007) O20 9809 59.0 7.70 -18.50 44.30 Whitmarsh et al. (1982) O21 c-OBS35 59.1 5.24 57.03 -2.00 Collier et al. (2009) O22 c-OBS35 60.3 5.09 56.64 -2.62 Collier et al. (2009) O23 c-OBS35 61.3 5.38 56.26 -3.22 Collier et al. (2009) O24 c1 62.2 6.94 -52.00 60.00 Chian and Louden (1994) O25 LL-T 68.2 6.89 80.00 -5.50 Leger and Louden (1990) O26 LL-R 71.5 8.59 79.50 -4.25 Leger and Louden (1990) O27 m-gop 72.9 10.12 64.75 19.50 Minshull et al. (2008) O28 g-F440 82.3 5.13 -41.42 48.60 Gerlings et al. (2011) O29 e-L6 94.3 4.38 -0.21 4.29 Edwards et al. (1997) O30 e-7-80 94.3 4.22 -0.21 4.29 Edwards et al. (1997) O31 e-7-90 94.3 4.92 -0.21 4.29 Edwards et al. (1997) O32 e-7-100 94.3 5.07 -0.21 4.29 Edwards et al. (1997) O33 e-7-110 94.3 3.66 -0.21 4.29 Edwards et al. (1997) O34 e-7-120 94.3 3.69 -0.21 4.29 Edwards et al. (1997) O35 e-7-140 94.3 4.06 -0.21 4.29 Edwards et al. (1997) O36 e-L5 95.6 5.59 -0.32 4.41 Edwards et al. (1997) O37 - 100.0 7.05 -21.15 33.75 White (1979) O38 g-F380 100.7 4.34 -42.78 48.31 Gerlings et al. (2011) O39 g-1 103.9 3.28 -51.00 6.50 Greenroyd et al. (2007) O40 g-2 103.9 3.93 -51.00 6.50 Greenroyd et al. (2007) O41 g-3 103.9 3.61 -51.00 6.50 Greenroyd et al. (2007) O42 g-4 103.9 5.12 -51.00 6.50 Greenroyd et al. (2007) O43 g-5 103.9 4.87 -51.00 6.50 Greenroyd et al. (2007) O44 bm-1 108.0 5.53 -13.75 48.80 Bullock and Minshull (2005) O45 bm-2 108.0 5.93 -13.75 48.80 Bullock and Minshull (2005) O46 bm-3 108.0 5.62 -13.75 48.80 Bullock and Minshull (2005) O47 bm-4 108.0 6.03 -13.75 48.80 Bullock and Minshull (2005) O48 bm-5 108.0 5.55 -13.75 48.80 Bullock and Minshull (2005) O49 bm-6 108.0 5.85 -13.75 48.80 Bullock and Minshull (2005) O50 bm-7 108.0 6.19 -13.75 48.80 Bullock and Minshull (2005) O51 bm-8 108.0 5.35 -13.75 48.80 Bullock and Minshull (2005) O52 g-S1 108.0 5.94 -43.09 46.04 Gerlings et al. (2011) O53 Line 1 110.0 7.05 - - Ginzburg et al. (1985) O54 l-540 115.6 4.29 -45.35 43.92 Lau et al. (2006) O55 l-520 117.0 4.95 -45.50 44.01 Lau et al. (2006) O56 c-wa-1 118.2 4.49 10.00 -7.50 Contrucci et al. (2004) O57 c-wa-2 118.2 5.04 10.00 -7.50 Contrucci et al. (2004) O58 c-wa-3 118.2 5.07 10.00 -7.50 Contrucci et al. (2004) O59 c-wa-4 118.2 5.78 10.00 -7.50 Contrucci et al. (2004) O60 c-wa-5 118.2 6.16 10.00 -7.50 Contrucci et al. (2004) O61 c-wa-6 118.2 6.61 10.00 -7.50 Contrucci et al. (2004) O62 c-wa-7 118.2 7.09 10.00 -7.50 Contrucci et al. (2004) O63 c-wa-8 118.2 7.12 10.00 -7.50 Contrucci et al. (2004) O64 c-wa-9 118.2 7.18 10.00 -7.50 Contrucci et al. (2004) O65 l-500 118.4 5.91 -45.65 44.09 Lau et al. (2006) O66 g-S3 120.1 6.14 -45.85 44.25 Gerlings et al. (2011) O67 d-OBS1 120.9 6.82 -13.45 40.49 Dean et al. (2000) O68 d-OBS2 120.9 6.54 -13.45 40.49 Dean et al. (2000) O69 Line 4W 124.0 5.74 - - Whitmarsh et al. (1990) O70 w-8 124.1 6.96 -13.25 42.00 Whitmarsh et al. (1996) O71 ESP 5 125.0 7.92 - - Cary and Chapman (1988) O72 Line 3 127.0 6.81 - - Whitmarsh et al. (1990) O73 a-OBS6 128.5 3.78 -11.24 38.13 Afilhado et al. (2008) O74 a-OBS5 129.8 6.54 -10.86 38.10 Afilhado et al. (2008) O75 ESP 7In 142.0 7.80 -68.14 31.31 Minshull et al. (1991) O76 ESP 7Out 142.0 8.40 -68.12 31.33 Minshull et al. (1991) O77 ESP 8In 142.0 7.53 -68.30 31.28 Minshull et al. (1991) O78 ESP 8Out 142.0 8.03 -68.32 31.30 Minshull et al. (1991) O79 ESP 1In 143.0 7.35 -68.18 31.46 Minshull et al. (1991) O80 ESP 1Out 143.0 6.90 -68.16 31.44 Minshull et al. (1991) O81 ESP 2In 143.0 7.30 -68.20 31.20 Minshull et al. (1991) O82 ESP 2Out 143.0 7.30 -68.18 31.18 Minshull et al. (1991) O83 ESP 3In 143.0 7.70 -68.28 31.17 Minshull et al. (1991) O84 ESP 3Out 143.0 7.95 -68.26 31.15 Minshull et al. (1991) O85 ESP 13 143.0 7.10 -68.25 31.25 Minshull et al. (1991) O86 ESP 4In 143.0 7.38 -68.24 31.24 Minshull et al. (1991) O87 ESP 4Out 143.0 7.05 -68.22 31.26 Minshull et al. (1991) O88 1-500 143.8 5.25 40.65 -20.25 Leinweber et al. (2013) O89 ESP 15 144.0 8.04 -70.00 27.60 Morris et al. (1992) O90 - 144.0 7.45 -68.15 31.30 Purdy (1983) O91 ESP 16 146.0 6.96 -68.90 27.50 Morris et al. (1992) O92 1-400 147.9 6.37 40.30 -19.45 Leinweber et al. (2013) O93 ESP 17 150.0 8.04 -71.10 27.75 Morris et al. (1992) O94 2-360 152.0 6.53 39.10 -19.40 Leinweber et al. (2013) O95 ESP 18 152.0 7.19 -71.50 28.30 Morris et al. (1993) O96 1-300 152.3 7.04 39.85 -18.60 Leinweber et al. (2013) O97 2-285 154.8 8.39 38.80 -18.75 Leinweber et al. (2013) O98 1-200 156.7 7.29 39.45 -17.75 Leinweber et al. (2013) O99 2-210 157.2 8.41 38.50 -18.20 Leinweber et al. (2013) O100 ESP 2 160.0 8.44 -68.80 26.85 Morris et al. (1993) O101 c-475 165.1 5.51 -87.30 25.95 Christeson et al. (2014) O102 c-387.5 167.9 5.81 -86.70 26.50 Christeson et al. (2014) O103 ESP 4 170.0 8.57 -70.30 27.15 Morris et al. (1993)
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