Analysis of potential effects of aerosol on lightning activity in Beijing metropolitan region
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摘要:
基于2015—2017年北京闪电定位网（BLNET）总闪资料与35个自动空气质量监测站PM2.5数据，分析了北京地区（39.5°N—41.0°N，115.0°E—117.5°E）夏季（6—8月）闪电活动与PM2.5的时空分布特征，同时针对117次雷暴天气，探讨了气溶胶浓度变化对闪电活动的可能影响.结果表明：PM2.5浓度及总闪密度均呈现自西北向东南升高的空间分布特征.闪电峰值在污染背景下出现的时间（19：00LT）晚于清洁背景下（15：00LT）约4 h，且总闪百分比（~20%）可达清洁背景下（~9%）的两倍.对雷暴前1~4 h的PM2.5浓度与时间窗（12：00—22：00LT）内总闪数目的中位数进行相关分析，发现PM2.5浓度低于130 μg·m-3时，PM2.5与总闪数存在明显正相关，此时气溶胶可能通过影响云微物理过程进而影响雷暴的对流发展，增强闪电活动；PM2.5大于150 μg·m-3时，总闪数随PM2.5浓度的增加呈减少趋势，可能的原因是高气溶胶浓度下地面太阳辐射显著下降，对流活动受到抑制，导致闪电活动减少.当PM2.5浓度在130~150 μg·m-3时，两者关系不明显.
Abstract:Based on the lightning data from Beijing Lightning Network (BLNET) and PM2.5 data from 35 automatic air-monitoring stations, spatiotemporal distributions of total lightning activities and aerosols have been analyzed in Beijing (39.5°N—41.0°N, 115.0°E—117.5°E). The response of lightning activities to aerosols is further investigated for a total of 117 thunderstorm days. The results indicated both spatial distributions of lightning density and pollutant demonstrated a gradual increase from northwest to southeast of Beijing metropolitan region. The peak lightning activity under relatively polluted condition occurred at 19:00 LT (Local Time), 4 hours later than that (15:00LT) under relatively clean condition, higher aerosol concentration enhanced the percentage of total flashes by a factor of ~2. Correlation analysis of PM2.5 prior to the occurrence of thunderstorms to lightning density showed a significant positive correlation when PM2.5 lower than 130 μg·m-3. This is likely because aerosols enhanced lightning activities by affecting the convective activities through microphysical processes. On the contrary, as PM2.5 exceeded 150 μg·m-3, total flashes showed a negative relationship to PM2.5. This might be attributed to lower solar radiation reaching the surface as a result of increasing aerosol loading. When PM2.5 ranged from 130 and 150 μg·m-3, the correlation between aerosols and lightning was very weak, which might be caused by the balance of microphysical and radiative effects of aerosols.
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Key words:
- Aerosol /
- Lightning activity /
- Radiative effect /
- Microphysical effect
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图 1
夏季(a)总闪密度(单位：fl·km-2·summer-1)，分辨率为5 km×5 km；(b)PM2.5各站点平均浓度(单位：μg·m-3)的空间分布
Figure 1.
Spatial distribution of (a) total lightning density (units: fl·km-2·summer-1), spatial resolution is 5 km × 5 km; (b) Average PM2.5 mass concentrations (units: μg·m-3) at different sites during summer season
图 2
夏季相对清洁(实线)与污染(虚线)条件下总闪百分比的日变化
Figure 2.
Diurnal variations of percentage of total flashes number during summer season under relatively clean (solid line) and polluted (dotted line) conditions
图 3
雷暴前不同时刻(1~4 h)PM2.5浓度(单位：μg·m-3)与时间窗口(12:00—22:00LT)内总闪数目(/ 10 h)散点图
Figure 3.
Number of total flashes between 12:00—22:00LT (#/ 10h) as a function of concentrations of PM2.5 at different time (1~4 h) before thunderstorms generated
图 4
雷暴前不同时刻(1~4 h)PM2.5浓度(单位：μg·m-3)与时间窗口(12:00—22:00LT)内总闪数目(/ 10 h)的中位数散点图，实线代表二者之间的拟合曲线
Figure 4.
Median of total flashes number between 12:00—22:00LT (#/10 h) as a function of concentrations of PM2.5 at different time (1~4 h) before thunderstorms generated, the curves represent the trend between them
图 5
雷暴前不同时刻(1~4 h)PM2.5浓度(单位：μg·m-3)与时间窗口(12:00—22:00LT)内总闪数目(/ 10 h)中位数的相关关系，实线代表二者之间的拟合直线
Figure 5.
Relationship between median of total flashes number between 12:00—22:00LT (#/ 10h) and concentrations of PM2.5 at different time (1~4 h) before thunderstorms generated, the lines represent the linear fitting between them
表 1
雷暴前不同时刻(1~4 h)PM2.5浓度(＜130 μg·m-3)与时间窗口(12:00—22:00LT)内总闪数目(/10 h)中位数的相关性系数
Table 1.
Correlation coefficients between median of total flashes number between 12:00—22:00LT (#/10 h) and concentrations of PM2.5 (< 130 μg·m-3) at different time (1~4 h) before thunderstorms generated
时间窗口(12:00—22:00LT)内总闪数目(/10 h) R-Square RMSE f(x)= P1·x+ P2 P1 P2 PM2.5浓度(强回波移入北京城区1 h前) 0.64 2363 71.62 -1796 PM2.5浓度(2 h前) 0.44 2769 58.33 -1170 PM2.5浓度(3 h前) 0.50 2553 59.72 -1409 PM2.5浓度(4 h前) 0.35 2775 47.63 -665 
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