Determination of vertical surface displacements in Sichuan using GPS and GRACE measurements
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摘要:
陆地水储量的季节性变化是导致地表周期性负荷形变位移的主要因素，有效地剔除地表位移中的陆地水储量影响，是获取地壳构造垂向运动的必要过程.四川地处青藏高原东边缘，地形分区明显，境内以长江水系为主，水资源丰富，研究四川地区地表负荷形变位移，有助于分析陆地水储量的时空分布特性及地壳构造形变信息.本文利用研究区域内59个CORS站的GPS观测数据，计算了CORS站点的垂向位移，并将其与GRACE所得相应结果进行对比分析.结果显示，GPS和GRACE所得垂向位移时间序列的振幅大小整体相符，但存在明显的相位差.GPS站点振幅最大值为12.7 mm，对应HANY站，最小值为1.5 mm，对应SCMX站.GRACE所得的地表垂向位移振幅大小均为3~4 mm，且最大位移集中出现在7-9月份；而GPS站点出现最大位移的月份和地形相关，东部盆地、西北部高原和南部山地分别出现在7-8月份、10-11月份和10月份.GPS站点时间序列中的周年项与陆地水的季节性变化强相关，为了讨论陆地水储量对GPS站点位移的影响，本文利用改进的总体经验模态分解方法（MEEMD：Modified Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition），从GPS垂向位移时间序列中提取出周年项及约2年的年际变化项.发现利用MEEMD获取的周年项改正原始GPS时间序列时可使其WRMS（Weight Root Mean Square）减少量减小约26%，结果优于最小二乘拟合方法提取的GPS周年项改正效果，验证了MEEMD方法在GPS坐标时间序列处理中的可行性及有效性.
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关键词:
- 地表垂向位移 /
- 陆地水储量 /
- 连续运行参考站 /
- 时间序列分析 /
- 改进的总体平均经验模态分解
Abstract:Seasonal variations of terrestrial water storage (TWS) mainly result in periodical fluctuations of crustal deformation, eliminating the effects from TWS on surface displacement is accordingly conducive to highlight regional tectonic movements. Sichuan Province lies close to the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and has a rising terrain feature from its east to the west. Moreover, abundant river systems, such as Yangtze River system, provide Sichuan with adequate water resource. We combine GPS-derived and GRACE-derived vertical displacement time series to explore the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of TWS and the crustal tectonic movements in Sichuan. The result shows that the amplitudes of vertical displacements derived by those two ways are accorded very well, but there exist phase delays. The GPS-determined amplitudes show a maximum of 12.7 mm at station HANY and minimum of 1.5 mm at station SCMX, respectively. Due to a low spatial resolution, GRACE-derived amplitudes present comparable magnitude of 3~4 mm and the largest displacements are in between July and September. However, the time when the largest displacements of GPS happen correspond with topography, the eastern basin and hills, northwestern plateau and southern mountains possess its own largest displacement in July to August, October to November and October, separately. Seasonal TWS changes are relevant to GPS-derived vertical displacement variations. So, in order to illustrate the effect of TWS changes on GPS sites' movements, we use the Modified Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (MEEMD) to extract annual term and a 2-year periodic signal from GPS vertical displacement time series. Consequently, we find that when using MEEMD-derived annual terms to correct GPS time series, the WRMS (Weight Root Mean Square) reduction can decrease roughly 26%, which is superior to least square method, suggesting that the MEEMD method is feasible in dealing with GPS time series.
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图 3
GPS与GRACE垂向位移对比结果及GPS站点水平向与垂向运动趋势
Figure 3.
Comparison between GPS-derived and GRACE-derived vertical and horizontal displacements
图 4
成都(CHDU)站GPS垂向位移时间序列的MEEMD分解结果
Figure 4.
Decomposition results of GPS vertical displacement time series in CHDU by using MEEMD
图 5
四川省部分站点GPS和GRACE垂向位移时间序列MEEMD分解所得周年项结果
Figure 5.
Annual terms of GPS and GRACE vertical displacement time series extracted by MEEMD in representative sites
图 6
MEEMD方法与最小二乘拟合方法提取的GPS垂向位移周年项的WRMSreduction比较
Figure 6.
Comparison of WRMSreduction of the GPS′s vertical displacement annual terms derived by MEEMD method and conventional fitting method
图 7
成都(CHDU)GPS垂向时间序列残差多线段拟合结果
Figure 7.
Multi-linear fitting results from the residual of vertical displacement time series of CHDU
图 8
部分站点汶川地震前后速率变化图
Figure 8.
Partial sites′ rates before and after Wenchuan earthquake
表 1
四川省CORS站点信息
Table 1.
Relevant information of Sichuan CORS sites
站点 经度(°E) 纬度(°N) 时间段 振幅/(mm) 速率/(mm·a-1) GPS振幅/(mm) GPS速率/(mm·a-1) GPS/GRACE GPS/GRACE East/North East/North ANYU 105.3304 30.1038 2010.88—2015.81 5.3/3.79 0.66/-0.26 1.22/0.75 35.71/-8.36 BEIC 104.439 31.7895 2010.80—2015.63 1.63/3.25 -4.85/-0.21 0.84/1.99 39.4/-8.88 CAXI 105.9252 31.7396 2010.90—2015.81 5.47/3.15 -0.51/-0.23 0.96/0.89 34.19/-9.48 CHDU 104.0645 30.6394 2006.00—2015.74 5.45/3.73 -0.23/-0.22 3.06/0.78 35.25/-8.72 GANL 102.77 28.9591 2010.84—2015.80 5.82/4.63 0.47/-0.17 1.36/0.74 37.12/-10.13 GYAO 102.2666 27.7962 2007.83—2009.99 7.51/5.29 6.64/-0.14 0.83/0.69 36.24/-17.42 HANY 102.6324 29.3492 2010.88—2015.77 12.73/4.47 3.51/-0.17 0.66/3.06 36.97/-9.4 HONY 102.5482 32.7924 2010.70—2015.80 3.24/2.98 3.51/-0.17 1.32/1.32 44.37/-8.22 JIGE 105.5595 32.2054 2010.74—2015.81 5.15/3.01 0.40/-0.22 0.85/0.77 33.44/-8.97 JYAN 104.5448 30.3885 2006.00—2015.74 4.18/3.78 0.36/-0.23 0.71/0.35 34.37/-9.1 KAIY 102.112 27.8821 2007.83—2010.9 9.63/5.28 -14.32/-0.13 0.69/0.50 45.8/-17.11 LESH 103.7553 29.5648 2006.25—2015.74 4.28/4.21 -0.21/-0.21 1.13/0.62 35.34/-8.8 LUZH 105.4136 28.8724 2006.25—2015.74 3.37/4.23 -0.04/-0.27 0.76/0.92 35.62/-9.43 MAEK 102.2287 31.8991 2010.70—2015.84 5.15/3.37 1.88/-0.16 1.14/0.75 42.45/-10.68 MEIG 103.134 28.335 2008.27—2015.72 4.95/4.86 -0.75/-0.18 1.13/0.91 37.13/-9.69 MNIU 101.7445 30.5999 2006.67—2012.83 6.30/3.99 -1.15/-0.13 1.05/0.27 38.56/-9.41 MOXI 102.1151 29.6497 2010.88—2015.77 6.21/4.40 3.27/-0.14 0.96/1.59 39.51/-10.87 MYAN 104.7264 31.4399 2006.25—2015.74 3.74/3.36 -0.55/-0.22 1.14/0.64 35.03/-8.8 NEIJ 105.1186 29.62 2006.25—2015.74 4.23/4.00 0.35/-0.26 0.84/0.29 34.7/-8.67 PIWU 104.5471 32.4142 2010.88—2013.88 4.06/3.01 -2.68/-0.20 1.53/1.33 39.37/-7.31 PIXI 103.757 30.9102 2006.00—2015.74 3.29/3.66 -0.66/-0.21 0.71/0.84 35.27/-9.94 QICH 105.2275 32.5939 2010.88—2015.77 5.55/2.89 -0.61/-0.20 0.60/0.54 37.02/-5.15 QIME 101.185 31.0229 2006.74—2012.83 5.10/3.83 -1.33/-0.12 0.94/0.67 40.31/-10.66 QLAI 103.306 30.3544 2006.00—2015.74 4.06/3.94 -2.88/-0.19 1.47/0.62 35.04/-9.25 RENS 104.1029 30.2004 2006.00—2015.74 4.56/3.91 -0.32/-0.22 1.05/0.71 35.09/-8.9 ROXI 104.4338 29.4579 2007.37—2015.74 3.95/4.16 -0.91/-0.24 1.16/0.40 34.53/-8.23 SCBZ 106.7446 31.8408 2012.09—2015.87 5.11/3.05 0.81/-0.24 1.20/0.43 34.21/-9.37 SCDF 101.1227 30.9779 2012.00—2015.87 4.26/3.86 0.72/-0.12 0.76/1.13 43.14/-12.23 SCGU 105.8997 32.4248 2014.96—2015.87 7.30/2.91 1.97/-0.21 2.26/0.65 35.93/-11.46 SCGY 105.8523 32.4389 2012.00—2014.96 4.55/2.91 -1.15/-0.21 1.28/0.10 34.0/-8.04 SCGZ 100.0188 31.6103 2012.00—2015.87 3.88/3.62 -0.51/-0.09 0.80/0.59 47.64/-9.59 SCJL 101.5004 29.0081 2012.00—2015.87 5.47/4.82 0.19/-0.11 1.35/1.12 39.63/-17.83 SCJU 104.5157 28.1792 2012.00—2015.87 4.45/4.65 -1.06/-0.24 1.18/1.32 34.23/-8.03 SCLH 100.672 31.3878 2012.00—2015.87 5.08/3.69 0.2/-0.11 0.71/0.57 45.76/-10.9576 SCLT 100.2181 29.9916 2012.36—2015.87 5.47/4.45 1.00/-0.06 1.11/1.23 44.11/-15.0 SCMB 103.5336 28.8404 2012.00—2015.87 6.24/4.56 -0.68/-0.2 1.30/0.53 35.28/-9.35 SCML 101.2753 27.9294 2012.00—2015.87 9.41/5.44 -6.07/-0.1 1.85/0.82 49.44/-19.3 SCMN 102.1738 28.3328 2012.00—2015.87 5.73/5.04 -1.14/-0.14 1.36/0.34 38.84/-16.20 SCMX 103.8496 31.6712 2012.00—2015.87 1.55/3.34 7.98/-0.2 1.63/0.68 44.46/-6.91 SCNC 105.8822 30.9793 2012.00—2015.87 5.58/3.42 0.77/-0.25 1.17/0.83 34.76/-9.73 SCNN 102.7164 27.057 2012.00—2015.87 7.5/5.54 -0.59/-0.16 0.96/0.68 37.30/-16.83 SCPZ 101.7439 26.5032 2012.00—2015.87 6.26/6.08 -0.95/-0.13 0.63/0.89 35.71/-17.64 SCSM 102.3537 29.2294 2012.00—2015.87 7.0/4.57 1.18/-0.15 1.67/0.63 38.25/-12.05 SCSN 105.5621 30.5076 2012.00—2015.87 5.36/3.62 0.38/-0.26 1.59/0.30 33.97/-8.94 SCSP 103.5824 32.6484 2012.00—2015.87 2.59/2.89 0.23/-0.19 1.35/1.20 41.23/-9.85 SCTQ 102.765 30.0736 2012.00—2015.87 3.76/4.12 -0.32/-0.17 1.35/1.73 35.63/-9.4 SCXC 99.8032 28.9374 2012.00—2015.87 6.15/5.12 0.9/-0.03 1.02/0.55 41.35/-16.88 SCXD 102.437 28.3004 2012.00—2015.87 5.97/5.01 -1.32/-0.15 0.80/0.96 38.58/-14.11 SCXJ 102.3721 31.0004 2012.00—2015.87 4.37/3.75 -0.04/-0.16 1.25/0.70 40.67/-5.2 SCYX 102.5115 28.6509 2012.00—2015.87 4.79/4.82 -0.56/-0.15 1.16/1.28 37.84/-13.70 SCYY 101.5126 27.4319 2012.00—2015.87 5.95/5.66 -0.87/-0.11 0.97/1.74 38.55/-17.51 TAGO 101.5258 30.3261 2006.66—2012.82 5.42/4.14 -1.32/-0.12 0.74/0.52 42.54/-16.66 WARI 101.1254 30.8812 2006.66—2012.82 7.63/3.91 -0.12/-0.11 1.02/0.51 44.05/-14.82 WCXI 103.4626 30.985 2010.88—2015.76 2.51/3.66 1.48/-0.2 2.42/0.64 42.55/-13.23 WENC 103.6001 31.4741 2010.88—2015.75 4.18/3.44 -2.72/-0.2 1.66/0.50 51.53/-24.92 XICH 102.3479 27.8094 2007.83—2015.72 5.66/5.27 -1.4/-0.14 1.82/0.26 36.06/-16.98 YAAN 103.0106 29.981 2006.22—2015.74 4.58/4.13 -0.18/-0.6 1.72/0.72 36.55/-9.24 YANT 105.3859 31.2208 2010.92—2015.80 5.69/3.38 0.5/-0.24 1.05/0.78 34.54/-7.85 YBIN 104.5962 28.7983 2006.24—2015.74 4.12/4.39 -0.9/-0.24 1.31/0.80 34.16/-9.19 ZHJI 104.5458 31.0063 2006.00—2015.74 3.74/3.54 -0.53/-0.23 0.83/0.51 35.05/-8.71 ZTON 105.1691 31.6505 2010.71—2015.81 5.09/3.24 1.97/-0.23 0.33/1.52 28.51/-10.77 
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表 2
受汶川地震影响的站点运动信息
Table 2.
Information of sites affected by the Wenchuan earthquake
站点 Up向震前速率
/(mm·a-1)Up向震后速率
/(mm·a-1)Up/East/North向位移量
/(mm)CHDU -0.623 0.239 -21.26/-160.70/116.73 JYAN -0.306 -0.272 -7.07/-71.36/41.00 LESH 0.931 -1.339 -11.90/-12.82/4.51 LUZH -0.667 -0.451 -4.56/-9.95/2.32 MNIU -0.899 -1.247 -3.30/39.69/4.72 MYAN -1.642 0.329 -18.24/-305.59/66.55 NEIJ 0.47 0.54 -1.78/-21.56/11.35 PIXI -2.733 -0.616 -86.80/-566.09/426.92 QIME -1.316 -2.042 -0.638/40.43/-0.73 QLAI -2.287 -2.78 -34.62/-11.96/-2.14 RENS -0.96 -0.261 -12.90/-51.39/38.98 ROXI -3.461 -1.569 -8.61/-17.0/10.06 TAGO -0.634 -1.61 -5.30/20.42/2.33 WARI -0.044 -0.406 -1.06/34.88/0.90 YAAN 2.562 0.445 -24.32/-6.34/7.90 YBIN 1.017 -1.2 -6.48/-7.56/2.76 ZHJI -0.98 -0.87 -12.84/73.78/73.78
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