The evolution of Salinization Risk in the Foum El Oued Aquifer (Morocco)

Abstract

Laayoune-Sakia El Hamra, a pivotal point in southern Morocco, grapples with escalating water demand amid demographic pressures and scarce water points, posing a significant challenge to resource management. Groundwater, with salinity levels from 2g/l to 9 g/l, serves as the sole supply source in the absence of perennial watercourses. The Foum El Oued aquifer, part of coastal aquifers, faces rapid population growth and high agricultural activity, impacting its piezometric level and the freshwater/saltwater interface. Using a sig approach and the analysis of salinity levels in targeted wells in situ and in the field, we were able to study the spatial and temporal evolution of salinity in the Foum El Oued coastal aquifer. The salinity of groundwater was monitored in three control piezometers. The collected data revealed a gradual and consistent increase in NaCl concentration from 2004 to 2022. The water table's electrical conductivity exhibited an increasing trend, ranging from a minimum of 2340 µs/cm in 2004 to a maximum of 4710 µs/cm in 2020. Faced with these problems, it appears that this vital resource represents a major challenge in terms of its mobilization (whether on the surface or underground) and its rational use.