Araştırma Makalesi
Gölgeler Yükseliyor: Wagner Grubu Üyelerinin Statülerinin Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı Bağlamında ve Silahlı Çatışmalar Hukukunda Değerlendirilmesi
Öz
2014’te Kırım’ın işgaliyle Donbas bölgesinde devam eden düşük yoğunluklu çatışmalar, 24 Şubat 2022’te Rusya’nın Ukrayna’ya saldırısıyla tam teşekkülü bir savaşa diğer bir ifadeyle, uluslararası silahlı çatışmaya dönüşmüştür. Rusya-Ukrayna arasında beliren savaş, uluslararası barış ve güvenliği riske atmakla birlikte, insani krize neden olmuş ve dünyanın muhtelif yerlerinde özel askeri şirket olarak faaliyet gösteren Wagner Grubu’nun Ukrayna’da öne çıkan rolü, uluslararası hukuk açısından çeşitli tartışmaları da beraberinde getirmiştir. Wagner Grubu, diğer özel askeri şirketlerin aksine, Rus güvenlik şirketleri gibi yarı devlet nüfuz ajanı olarak hareket etmektedir. Rusya’nın jeo-politik hedeflerine ulaşmak için yardımcı bir aktör olan Wagner Grubu, Rusya ile yakın ilişki içerisindedir ve Rusya tarafından yönlendirilmektedir. Birçok ülkede özel askeri şirketler olmasına rağmen, Wagner Grubu’nun hem Rusya Federasyonu Anayasası’nda hem de Rus Ceza Kanunu’nda yasa dışı ilan edilmiş olması, bu özel askeri şirketi muadillerinden ayrıştırmaktadır. Bu durum özelleştirilen askeri endüstrinin önemli ve son derece karmaşık bir unsurunu oluşturan Wagner Grubu’nun uluslararası silahlı çatışmalar hukuku kapsamındaki statüsüne ilişkin tartışmalara yol açmıştır. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın temel amacı, Wagner Grubu üyelerinin Ukrayna güçleri tarafından ele geçirilmeleri halinde muharip statüsü ve muharip ayrıcalığı kazanıp kazanmayacağını tartışmaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Özel Askeri Şirketler Wagner Grubu Yasal Muharip Yasadışı Muharip Paralı Asker
Kaynakça
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- Dinstein, Y. (2016) The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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- Ertuğrul, Ü. E. (2017). Uluslararası Silahlı Çatışmalar Hukukunda Bireysel Statüler: Savaşanlar, Savaş Esirleri, Casuslar, Paralı Askerler, Gerillalar, Teröristler, Hukuksuz Savaşanlar ve Siviller. Ankara: Yetkin Yayınları.
- Euronews (2022). Russia's Wagner Paramilitary Group Opens First Official HQ in St. Petersburg. https://www.euronews.com/2022/11/04/russias-wagner-paramilitary-group-opens-first-official-hq-in-st-petersburg (Erişim Tarihi: 29.07.2023).
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- Letrone, W. and Cabus, T. (2023). The Wagner Group and the Question of the Legal Attribution of the Acts of Private Actors to a State. Cambridge Core Blog, https://www.cambridge.org/core/blog/2023/07/24/the-wagner-group-and-the-question-of-the-legal-attribution-of-the-acts-of-private-actors-to-a-state/ (Erişim Tarihi: 27.07.2023)
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- Marten, K. (2019). Russia’s Use Of Semi-State Security Forces: The Case Of The Wagner Group. Post-Soviet Affairs, 35(3), 181-204.
- Marten, K. (2020). The Wagner Group: Untangling the Purposes of a Russian Power Tool. Stanford Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, 1-8.
- Meisels, T. (2007). Combatants – Lawful and Unlawful. Law and Philosophy. (26), 31-65.
- Miroshniçenko, S. (2023). Wagner Group. Why They Are Not Mercenaries, And Russia İs Equally Responsible For Them Like For İts Regular Armed Forces. Media Initiative for Human Rights. https://mipl.org.ua/en/wagner-group-why-they-are-not-mercenaries-and-russia-is-equally-responsible-for-them-like-for-its-regular-armed-forces/ (Erişim Tarihi: 23.07.2023).
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Shadows Rising: The Russia-Ukraine War and The Status of The Wagner Group Members in The Law of Armed Conflict
Öz
With the occupation of Crimea in 2014, low-intensity conflicts in the Donbas region turned into a full-fledged war, in other words, armed conflicts of an international nature, since February 24, 2022 with the attack of Russia on Ukraine. The war between Russia and Ukraine caused a humanitarian crisis along with putting international peace and security at risk, and the prominent role of the Wagner Group, which operates as a private military company in various parts of the world, in Ukraine has ignited various discussions in terms of international law. Unlike private military companies, the Wagner Group acts as a quasi-state influence agency of the Russian state. As an auxiliary actor to achieve Russia's geo-political goals, the Wagner Group has close relations with and is guided by Russia. Although there are private military companies in many countries, the fact that the Wagner Group has been declared illegal both in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and in the Russian Criminal Code distinguishes this private military company from its counterparts. This situation has led to discussions regarding the status of the Wagner Group, which constitutes an important and extremely complex element of the privatized military industry, under international law of armed conflicts. In this context, the main purpose of the study is to discuss whether the Wagner Group members will gain combatant status and combatant privilege once captured by the Ukrainian forces.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Private Military Companies Wagner Group Legal Combatant Illegal Combatant Mercenary
Kaynakça
- Amoroso, D. (2020). Autonomous Weapons Systems and International Law: A Study on Human-Machine Interactions in Ethically and Legally Sensitive Domains. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
- Associated Press (2023). Brutality of Russia’s Wagner Gives İt Lead İn Ukraine War. https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-wagner-group-yevgeny-prigozhin-803da2e3ceda5dace7622cac611087fc (Erişim Tarihi: 02.08.2023).
- Bellinger, J. (2007). Unlawful Enemy Combatants. Opinio Juris. http://opiniojuris.org/2007/01/17/unlawful-enemy-combatants/ (Erişim Tarihi: 04.04.2021)
- Bender, J. (2015). “The United Arab Emirates has deployed a team of Colombian mercenaries to fight in Yemen”. The Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/uae-deployed-colombian-mercenaries-to-yemen-2015-12
- Bowen, A. S. (2023). Russia’s Wagner Private Military Company (PMC). Congressional Research Service (CRS). 1-3.
- Case Book ICRC (2023). Non-international armed conflict. https://casebook.icrc.org/a_to_z/glossary/non-international-armed-conflict (Erişim Tarihi: 30.07.2023).
- Cawthorne, L. C. (2020). Persons Covered by International Humanitarian Law: Main Categories. Ben Saul and Dapo Akande (Eds.). The Oxford Guide to International Humanitarian Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) (2020). Band of Brothers: The Wagner Group and the Russian State. https://www.csis.org/blogs/post-soviet-post/band-brothers-wagner-group-and-russian-state (Erişim Tarihi: 04.08.2023).
- CNN Türk (2023). Rusya'daki Wagner Krizinin 24 Saati!. https://www.cnnturk.com/dunya/rusyadaki-wagner-krizinin-24-saati?page=1 (Erişim Tarihi: 02.08.2023).
- Cookman, L. (2020). Syrians Make Up Turkey’s Proxy Army in Nagorno-Karabakh: After fighting Turkey’s battles in Libya, the Syrian National Army is Caught İn The Conflict Between Armenia And Azerbaijan—And Dozens Are Dying. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/10/05/nagorno-karabakh-syrians-turkey-armenia-azerbaijan/ (Erişim Tarihi: 01.08.2023)
- Crawford, E. (2015). Identifying the Enemy: Civilian Participation in Armed Conflict. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Crowe, J. and Scheuber, K. W. (2013). Principles of International Humanitarian Law. Cheltenham and Northampton: Edward Elgar.
- Dinstein, Y. (2016) The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Dörmann, K. (2003). The Legal Situation of “Unlawful/Unprivileged Combatants”, International Review of the Red Cross, 85(849), 45-74.
- Ertuğrul, Ü. E. (2017). Uluslararası Silahlı Çatışmalar Hukukunda Bireysel Statüler: Savaşanlar, Savaş Esirleri, Casuslar, Paralı Askerler, Gerillalar, Teröristler, Hukuksuz Savaşanlar ve Siviller. Ankara: Yetkin Yayınları.
- Euronews (2022). Russia's Wagner Paramilitary Group Opens First Official HQ in St. Petersburg. https://www.euronews.com/2022/11/04/russias-wagner-paramilitary-group-opens-first-official-hq-in-st-petersburg (Erişim Tarihi: 29.07.2023).
- Freeman, S. P. and Sköns, E. (2008). The Private Military Services Industry, SIPRI Insights on Peace and Security, 2008(1), 1-20.
- Geneva Academy (2017). International Armed Conflict. https://www.rulac.org/classification/international-armed-conflict (Erişim Tarihi: 01.08.2023).
- Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights (2022). Past conflicts: Non-international Armed Conflicts İn Ukraine. https://www.rulac.org/browse/conflicts/non-international-armed-conflicts-in-ukraine#collapse1accord (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023).
- Greenwood, C. (2002). International Law and the ‘War Against Terrorism’. International Affairs, 78(2), 301-317. Gross, E. (2016). The Third Player-Illegal Combatant. San Diego International Law Journal. 17(2), 199-238.
- Henderson, I. (2009). The Contemporary Law of Targeting: Military Objectives, Proportionality, and Precautions in Attack Under Additional Protocol I. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
- Human Rights Watch (2023). Russia, Ukraine & International Law: On Occupation, Armed Conflict and Human Rights: Questions and Answers. https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/02/23/russia-ukraine-international-law-occupation-armed-conflict-and-human-rights (Erişim Tarihi: 01.08.2023).
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- Ipsen, K. (2008). Combatants and Non-combatant. Dieter Fleck (Ed.), The Handbook of International Law (Second Edition), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Kleffner, J. K. (2007). From ‘Belligerents’ to ‘Fighters’ and Civilians Directly Participating in Hostilities — On the Principle of Distinction in Non-International Armed Conflicts One Hundred Years After the Second Hague Peace Conference, Netherlands International Law Review, (54), 315-336.
- Letrone, W. and Cabus, T. (2023). The Wagner Group and the Question of the Legal Attribution of the Acts of Private Actors to a State. Cambridge Core Blog, https://www.cambridge.org/core/blog/2023/07/24/the-wagner-group-and-the-question-of-the-legal-attribution-of-the-acts-of-private-actors-to-a-state/ (Erişim Tarihi: 27.07.2023)
- Letrone, W. and Cabus, T. (2023). The Wagner Group and the Question of the Legal Attribution of the Acts of Private Actors to a State. Cambridge Core Blog, https://www.cambridge.org/core/blog/2023/07/24/the-wagner-group-and-the-question-of-the-legal-attribution-of-the-acts-of-private-actors-to-a-state/ (Erişim Tarihi: 27.07.2023).
- Marieke de Hoon, M. (2022). Dutch Court, in Life Sentences: Russia Had “Overall Control” of Forces in Eastern Ukraine Downing of Flight MH17. Just Security. https://www.justsecurity.org/84456/dutch-court-in-life-sentences-russia-had-overall-control-of-forces-in-eastern-ukraine-downing-of-flight-mh17/ (Erişim Tarihi: 24.07.2023).
- Marten, K. (2019). Russia’s Use Of Semi-State Security Forces: The Case Of The Wagner Group. Post-Soviet Affairs, 35(3), 181-204.
- Marten, K. (2020). The Wagner Group: Untangling the Purposes of a Russian Power Tool. Stanford Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, 1-8.
- Meisels, T. (2007). Combatants – Lawful and Unlawful. Law and Philosophy. (26), 31-65.
- Miroshniçenko, S. (2023). Wagner Group. Why They Are Not Mercenaries, And Russia İs Equally Responsible For Them Like For İts Regular Armed Forces. Media Initiative for Human Rights. https://mipl.org.ua/en/wagner-group-why-they-are-not-mercenaries-and-russia-is-equally-responsible-for-them-like-for-its-regular-armed-forces/ (Erişim Tarihi: 23.07.2023).
- Mofidi, M. and Eckert, A. E. (2003). Unlawful Combatants or Prisoners of War: The Law and Politics of Labels. Cornell International Law Journal, 36(1), 59-92.
- Moir, L. (2004). The Law of Internal Armed Conflict, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Neethling, T. (2023). Russian Para-Military Operations in Africa: The Wagner Group as a De Facto Foreign Policy Instrument, Scientia Militaria, 51(1), 1-23.
- Ott, H., Breen, K. and Duarte D. (2023). What İs The Wagner Group, And Who İs Yevgeny Prigozhin? What To Know About The Russian Private Military Company. CBS News, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/wagner-group-who-is-yevgeny-prigozhin-russia-mercenary-private-military-company/ (Erişim Tarihi: 29.07.2023).
- Otto, R. (2012). Targeted Killings and International Law: With Special Regard to Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law. Heidelberg: Springer, 2012.
- Özer, A. ve Taşdemir, F. (Ed.) (2023). “Önsöz”, Stepler, Dinyeper ve Barut: Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı’nın Uluslararası Hukuk Veçhesi, Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi.
- Pokalova, E. (2023). The Wagner Group in Africa: Russia’s Quasi-State Agent of Influence. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 1-23.
- Rampe, W. (2023). What Is Russia’s Wagner Group Doing in Africa?. Council on Foreign Relations, https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/what-russias-wagner-group-doing-africa (Erişim Tarihi: 29.07.2023).
- Robinson, O. and Myers, p. (2022). Wagner Group: Head of Russian mercenary group filmed recruiting in prison. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62911618 (Erişim Tarihi: 26.07.2023).
- Rogers, A. (2007). Combatants Status”, E. Wilmshurst and S. Breau (Eds.), Perspectives on the ICRC Study on Customary International Humanitarian Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Sassòli, M., Bouvier, A. A. and Quintin, A. (2011). How Does Law Protect In War?: Cases, Documents and Teaching Materials on Contemporary Practice in International Humanitarian Law. ICRC.
- Schmitt, M. N. (2013/2017). Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Schmitt, M. N. (2020). International Humanitarian Law and the Conduct of Hostilities. Ben Saul and Dapo Akande (Eds.). The Oxford Guide to International Humanitarian Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Shaw, M N. (2018). Uluslararası Hukuk (Sekizinci Baskı). Yücel Acer vd. (Çev. ve Ed.), Ankara: Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi.
- Solis, G. D. (2010). The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Sukhankin, S. (2018). ‘Continuing War by Other Means’: The Case of Wagner, Russia’s Premier Private Military Company in the Middle East. The Jamestown Foundation, https://jamestown.org/program/continuing-war-by-other-means-the-case-of-wagner-russias-premier-private-military-company-in-the-middle-east/ (Erişim Tarihi: 29.07.2023).
- Supreme Court of Israel (2006). Public Committee against Torture in Israel v. Government of Israel. Case No. HCJ 769/02.
- Taşdemir, F. (2018). 21. Yüzyılda Uluslararası Nitelikte Olmayan Silahlı Çatışmaların Gri Bölgesi: Statü Tartışmaları. Fatma Taşdemir ve Gökhan Albayrak (Ed.), Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukuk: Kavramlar, İlkeler ve Yeni Gelişmeler, Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi.
- Taşdemir, F. ve Özer, A. (2023). Hibrit Savaş, Konvansiyonel Savaş ve Nükleer Savaşın Gölgesinde Jus in Bello Açısından 2022 Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı. Adem Özer ve Fatma Taşdemir (Ed.), Stepler, Dinyeper ve Barut: Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı’nın Uluslararası Hukuk Veçhesi. Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi.
- The Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993). http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-02.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 29.07.2023).
- The Criminal Code of The Russian Federation (1996). https://www.imolin.org/doc/amlid/Russian_Federation_Criminal_Code.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 29.07.2023). The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF)(2006). Private Military Companies. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/17438/backgrounder_09_private-military-companies.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 04.08.2023)
- Tsikhanenka, I. (2023). Wagner'in Mahkûmları Kullanması Stalin'i Hatırlatıyor. VOA Türkçe. https://www.voaturkce.com/a/wagner-mahkumlari-kullanmasi-stalin-taktiklerini-hatirlatiyor/6933914.html (Erişim Tarihi: 02.08.2023).
- U.S. Department of The Treasury (2021). Treasury Escalates Sanctions Against the Russian Government’s Attempts to Influence U.S. Elections. https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy0126 (Erişim Tarihi: 29.07.2023).
- U.S. Department of The Treasury (2023). Treasury Sanctions Russian Proxy Wagner Group as a Transnational Criminal Organization. https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy1220 (Erişim Tarihi: 29.03.2023).
- UK Military of Defence (2004) The Joint Doctrine and Concepts Centre (JDCC): The Joint Service Manual of The Law of Armed Conflict.
- US The Department of Defense Law of War Manual (June 2015, updated May 2016).
- VOA Türkçe (2023). Rus Paralı Asker Grubu Wagner Nasıl Bir Oluşum?. https://www.voaturkce.com/a/rusya-parali-asker-sirketi-wagner-grubu-nasil-bir-olusum/6944992.html (Erişim Tarihi: 02.08.2023).
- Weeks, R., Cowan, J. and Duehring, K. (2023). Wagner and Its Convoluted Legal Status. Santa Clara Business Law Chronicle, https://www.scbc-law.org/post/wagner-and-its-convoluted-legal-status (Erişim Tarihi: 26.07.2023).
- Williams, W. and Maddocks, J. (2023). Ukraine Symposium – The Wagner Group: Status and Accountability, Articles of War. https://lieber.westpoint.edu/wagner-group-status-accountability/ (Erişim Tarihi: 23.07.2023).
- Yanev, L. (2022). The MH17 Judgment: An Interesting Take on the Nature of the Armed Conflict in Eastern Ukraine. EJIL:Talk. https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-mh17-judgment-an-interesting-take-on-the-nature-of-the-armed-conflict-in-eastern-ukraine/?utm_source=mailpoet&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=ejil-talk-newsletter-post-title_2 (Erişim Tarihi: 26.07.2023).
- 12 Ağustos 1949 tarihli Cenevre Sözleşmeleri ve Ek Protokolleri (2008). Melike Batur Yamaner vd. (Yay. Haz.), İstanbul: Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları No: 42.
Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Uluslararası Hukuk |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 29 Eylül 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2 |
