Research Article
Ergenlerde Uyku Kalitesi ve Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Arasındaki İlişki
Abstract
Giriş: Teknolojik gelişmeler mobil cihazların kullanımını artırdı. Akıllı telefon kullanımı hayatın bir parçası haline geldi ve özellikle adölesan yaş gruplarında kullanımı her geçen gün daha da artmaktadır.
Amaç: Bu araştırmada, ergenlerde uyku kalitesi ile akıllı telefon bağımlılığın arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amaçlandı.
Yöntem: Bu kesitsel araştırma 1192 lise öğrencisinin katılımıyla Mart - Haziran 2019 tarihleri arasında gerçekleştirildi. Veriler, Kişisel Bilgi Formu, “Pittsburg Uyku Kalitesi İndeksi”, “Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeği” kullanılarak toplandı. Veriler, yüzdelik, ortalama, bağımsız gruplarda t testi, Kruskal Wallis test, ANOVA, Pearson korelasyon analizleri ile değerlendirildi.
Bulgular: Yaş ortalaması 15,79 ± 0,96 olan ergenlerin Pittsburg Uyku Kalitesi Ölçeği toplam puan ortalaması 6,05 ± 3,04 ve Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeği toplam puan ortalaması 36,01 ± 10,82 olarak belirlendi. Ergenlerin; cinsiyet, sınıf, günde akıllı telefona ayırdığı zaman, internet erişim olanağı, uyku öncesinde akıllı telefonu kullanma durumu ile uyku kalitesi ve akıllı telefon bağımlılığı arasındaki fark anlamlı bulundu (p < 0,05). Ergenlerde uyku kalitesi ile akıllı telefon bağımlılığı arasındaki ilişki pozitif ve anlamlı bulundu (p < 0,05).
Sonuç: Akıllı telefon bağımlılığı arttıkça uyku kalitesi düşmektedir. Büyüme atağı döneminde yeterli uyku çok önemlidir. Ergenlerde akıllı telefon bağımlılığının erken dönemde belirlenmesi ve önlenmesi ile adölesan sağlığının korunması ve geliştirilmesine önemli katkı sağlanabileceği değerlendirilmektedir.
References
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- Buysse, D.J., Reynolds, C.F., Monk, T.H., Berman, S.R., & Kupfer, D.J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193-213. doi:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
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- Daysal, B., & Yılmazel, G. (2020). Smartphone addiction and adolescence via public health view. The Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 14(2), 316-322. doi: 10.21763/tjfmpc.730254
- Demirci, K., Akgönül, M., & Akpinar, A. (2015). Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(2), 85-92. doi: 10.1556/2006.4.2015.010
- Demirci, K., Orhan, H., Demirdaş, A., Akpınar, A., & Sert, H. (2014). Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the smartphone addiction scale in a younger population. Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 24(3), 226-234. doi: 10.5455/bcp.20140710040824
- Dewi, R.K., Efendi, F., Has, E.M.M., & Gunawan, J. (2021). Adolescents' smartphone use at night, sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 33(2), 20180095. doi: 10.1515/ijamh-2018-0095
- Gürarslan Baş, N., & Karatay, G. (2020). Effects of technology usage on the addictive behaviors of secondary school students. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 56(4), 871-877. doi: 10.1111/ppc.12504
- Haug, S., Castro, R.P., Kwon, M., Filler, A., Kowatsch, T., & Schaub, M.P. (2015). Smartphone use and smartphone addiction among young people in Switzerland. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(4), 299-307. doi: 10.1556/2006.4.2015.037
- Heo, J., Oh, J., Subramanian, S. V., Kim, Y., & Kawachi, I. (2014). Addictive internet use among Korean adolescents: a national survey. PloS one, 9(2), e87819.
- Hong, S.B., Zalesky, A., Cocchi, L., Fornito, A., Choi, E.J., Kim, H.H., & Yi, S.H. (2013). Decreased functional brain connectivity in adolescents with internet addiction. PLoS One, 8(2), e57831. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057831 Jeong, S-H., Kim, H., Yum, J-Y., & Hwang, Y. (2016). What type of content are smartphone users addicted to?: SNS vs. games. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 10-17. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.035
- Kumar, V.A., Chandrasekaran, V., & Brahadeeswari, H. (2019). Prevalence of smartphone addiction and its effects on sleep quality: A cross-sectional study among medical students. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 28(1), 82. doi: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_56_19
- Kuss, D.J., Kanjo, E., Crook-Rumsey, M., Kibowski, F., Wang, G.Y., & Sumich, A. (2018). Problematic mobile phone use and addiction across generations: The roles of psychopathological symptoms and smartphone use. Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science, 3(3), 141-149. doi: 10.1007/s41347-017-0041-3
- Lee, E.J., & Ogbolu, Y. (2018). Does parental control work with smartphone addiction?: A cross-sectional study of children in South Korea. Journal of Addictions Nursing, 29(2), 128-138. doi: 10.1097/JAN.0000000000000222
- Lemola, S., Perkinson-Gloor, N., Brand, S., Dewald-Kaufmann, J.F., & Grob, A. (2014). Adolescents’ electronic media use at night, sleep disturbance, and depressive symptoms in the smartphone age. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(2), 405-418. doi: 10.1007/s10964-014-0176-x.
- Masthi, N.N.R., Pruthvi, S., & Mallekavu, P. (2017). A comparative study on social media addiction between public and private high school students of urban Bengaluru, India. Journal of Psychiatry, 18(2), 206-215. doi: 10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_285_17
- Nowreen, N., & Ahad, F. (2018). Effect of smartphone usage on quality of sleep in medical students. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 8(9), 1366-1370. doi: 10.5455/njppp.2018.8.0620009062018
- Noyan, C.O., Darçın, A., Nurmedov, S., Yılmaz, O., & Dilbaz, N. (2015). Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version among university students. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 16(Supplement), S73-S81. doi: 10.5455/apd.176101
- Panova, T., & Carbonell, X. (2018). Is smartphone addiction really an addiction? Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(2), 252-259. doi: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.49
- Panova, T., & Lleras, A. (2016). Avoidance or boredom: negative mental health outcomes associated with use of information and communication technologies depend on users’ motivations. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 249-258. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.062
- Randler, C., Wolfgang, L., Matt, K., Demirhan, E., Horzum, M.B., & Beşoluk, Ş. (2016). Smartphone addiction proneness in relation to sleep and morningness-eveningness in German adolescents. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(3), 465-473. doi: 10.1556/2006.5.2016.056
- Soni, R., Upadhyay, R., & Jain, M. (2017). Prevalence of smart phone addiction, sleep quality and associated behaviour problems in adolescents. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 5(2), 515-519. doi: 10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20170142
- Sülün, A., Günay, U., Sarman, A., & Dertli, S. (2020). Daytime sleepiness in adolescents using smartphone. Journal of Dependence, 21(2), 129-136.
- Woods, H.C., & Scott, H. (2016). Sleepyteens: social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem. Journal of Adolescence, 51, 41-49. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.05.008
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- Yayan, E.H., Düken, M.E., Dağ, Y.S., & Ulutaş, A. (2018). Examination of the relationship between nursing student’s internet and smartphone addictions. Journal of Human Sciences, 15(2), 1161-1171. doi: 10.14687/jhs.v15i2.5247
The Relationship between Sleep Quality and Smartphone Addiction among Adolescents
Abstract
Introduction: Technological developments have increased the usage of mobile equipment. Using a smartphone became a part of life and accentuated its usage day after day especially in adolescent groups.
Aim: The study was aimed to examine the relationship between sleep quality and smartphone addiction of adolescents.
Method: This cross-sectional study was carried out with 1192 high school students between March and June 2019. Data were collected with the Personal Information Form, “Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index”, “Smartphone Addiction Scale”. The data were evaluated through percentile distributions, means, independent samples t-test, Kruskal-Wallis test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation analyses.
Results: The mean age of adolescents was determined to be 15.79 ± 0.96, with the mean total score of the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index was 6.05 ± 3.04 and the Smartphone Addiction Scale was 36.01 ± 10.82. Statistically significant differences were observed among adolescents concerning gender, grade, daily smartphone usage duration, internet accessibility, and the use of smartphones before bedtime, impacting both sleep quality and smartphone addiction (p < 0.05). A positive and meaningful correlation was found between sleep quality and smartphone addiction in adolescents (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: As the smartphone addiction increases, sleep quality decreases. Adequate sleep is crucial during the growth spurt period. It is evaluated that early diagnosis and prevention of smartphone addiction in adolescents could make a significant contribution to the protection and promotion of adolescent health.
Keywords
References
- Ağargün, M.Y., Kara, H., & Anlar, Ö. (1996). The validity and reliability of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 7(2), 107-115.
- Aljomaa, S.S., AlQudah, M.F., Albursan, I.S., Bakhiet, S.F., & Abduljabbar, A.S. (2016). Smartphone addiction among university students in the light of some variables. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 155-164. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.041
- Amra, B., Shahsavari, A., Shayan-Moghadam, R., Mirheli, O., Moradi-Khaniabadi, B., Bazukar, M., … Kelishadi, R. (2017). The association of sleep and late-night cell phone use among adolescents. Journal de Pediatria, 93(6), 560-567. doi: 10.1016/j.jped.2016.12.004
- Bartel, K., Gradisar, M., & Williamson, P. (2014). Protective and risk factors for adolescent sleep: A meta-analytic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 21, 72-85. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2014.08.002.
- Baughcum, A.E., Fortney, C.A., Winning, A.M., Shultz, E.L., Keim, M.C., Humphrey, L.M., … Gerhardt, C.A. (2017). Perspectives from bereaved parents on improving end of life care in the NICU. Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology, 5(4), 392-403. doi: 10.1037/cpp0000221
- Buysse, D.J., Reynolds, C.F., Monk, T.H., Berman, S.R., & Kupfer, D.J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193-213. doi:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
- Chóliz, M. (2010). Mobile phone addiction: A point of issue. Addiction, 105(2), 373-374. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02854.x
- Christensen, M.A., Bettencourt, L., Kaye, L., Moturu, S.T., Nguyen, K.T., Olgin, J.E., … Marcus, G.M. (2016). Direct measurements of smartphone screen-time: Relationships with demographics and sleep. PLoS One, 9(11), e0165331. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165331
- Chung, J.E., Choi, S.A., Kim, K.T., Yee, J., Kim, J.H., Seong, J.W., … Gwak, H.S. (2018). Smartphone addiction risk and daytime sleepiness in Korean adolescents. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 54(7), 800-806. doi: 10.1111/jpc.13901
- Çelebioğlu, A., Aytekin Özdemir, A., Küçükoğlu, S., & Ayran, G. (2020). The effect of internet addiction on sleep quality in adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 33(4), 221-228. doi: 10.1111/jcap.12287
- Davey, S., & Davey, A. (2014). Assessment of smartphone addiction in Indian adolescents: A mixed method study by systematic-review and meta-analysis approach. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 5(12), 1500-1511.
- Daysal, B., & Yılmazel, G. (2020). Smartphone addiction and adolescence via public health view. The Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 14(2), 316-322. doi: 10.21763/tjfmpc.730254
- Demirci, K., Akgönül, M., & Akpinar, A. (2015). Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(2), 85-92. doi: 10.1556/2006.4.2015.010
- Demirci, K., Orhan, H., Demirdaş, A., Akpınar, A., & Sert, H. (2014). Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the smartphone addiction scale in a younger population. Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 24(3), 226-234. doi: 10.5455/bcp.20140710040824
- Dewi, R.K., Efendi, F., Has, E.M.M., & Gunawan, J. (2021). Adolescents' smartphone use at night, sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 33(2), 20180095. doi: 10.1515/ijamh-2018-0095
- Gürarslan Baş, N., & Karatay, G. (2020). Effects of technology usage on the addictive behaviors of secondary school students. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 56(4), 871-877. doi: 10.1111/ppc.12504
- Haug, S., Castro, R.P., Kwon, M., Filler, A., Kowatsch, T., & Schaub, M.P. (2015). Smartphone use and smartphone addiction among young people in Switzerland. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(4), 299-307. doi: 10.1556/2006.4.2015.037
- Heo, J., Oh, J., Subramanian, S. V., Kim, Y., & Kawachi, I. (2014). Addictive internet use among Korean adolescents: a national survey. PloS one, 9(2), e87819.
- Hong, S.B., Zalesky, A., Cocchi, L., Fornito, A., Choi, E.J., Kim, H.H., & Yi, S.H. (2013). Decreased functional brain connectivity in adolescents with internet addiction. PLoS One, 8(2), e57831. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057831 Jeong, S-H., Kim, H., Yum, J-Y., & Hwang, Y. (2016). What type of content are smartphone users addicted to?: SNS vs. games. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 10-17. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.035
- Kumar, V.A., Chandrasekaran, V., & Brahadeeswari, H. (2019). Prevalence of smartphone addiction and its effects on sleep quality: A cross-sectional study among medical students. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 28(1), 82. doi: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_56_19
- Kuss, D.J., Kanjo, E., Crook-Rumsey, M., Kibowski, F., Wang, G.Y., & Sumich, A. (2018). Problematic mobile phone use and addiction across generations: The roles of psychopathological symptoms and smartphone use. Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science, 3(3), 141-149. doi: 10.1007/s41347-017-0041-3
- Lee, E.J., & Ogbolu, Y. (2018). Does parental control work with smartphone addiction?: A cross-sectional study of children in South Korea. Journal of Addictions Nursing, 29(2), 128-138. doi: 10.1097/JAN.0000000000000222
- Lemola, S., Perkinson-Gloor, N., Brand, S., Dewald-Kaufmann, J.F., & Grob, A. (2014). Adolescents’ electronic media use at night, sleep disturbance, and depressive symptoms in the smartphone age. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(2), 405-418. doi: 10.1007/s10964-014-0176-x.
- Masthi, N.N.R., Pruthvi, S., & Mallekavu, P. (2017). A comparative study on social media addiction between public and private high school students of urban Bengaluru, India. Journal of Psychiatry, 18(2), 206-215. doi: 10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_285_17
- Nowreen, N., & Ahad, F. (2018). Effect of smartphone usage on quality of sleep in medical students. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 8(9), 1366-1370. doi: 10.5455/njppp.2018.8.0620009062018
- Noyan, C.O., Darçın, A., Nurmedov, S., Yılmaz, O., & Dilbaz, N. (2015). Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version among university students. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 16(Supplement), S73-S81. doi: 10.5455/apd.176101
- Panova, T., & Carbonell, X. (2018). Is smartphone addiction really an addiction? Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(2), 252-259. doi: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.49
- Panova, T., & Lleras, A. (2016). Avoidance or boredom: negative mental health outcomes associated with use of information and communication technologies depend on users’ motivations. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 249-258. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.062
- Randler, C., Wolfgang, L., Matt, K., Demirhan, E., Horzum, M.B., & Beşoluk, Ş. (2016). Smartphone addiction proneness in relation to sleep and morningness-eveningness in German adolescents. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(3), 465-473. doi: 10.1556/2006.5.2016.056
- Soni, R., Upadhyay, R., & Jain, M. (2017). Prevalence of smart phone addiction, sleep quality and associated behaviour problems in adolescents. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 5(2), 515-519. doi: 10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20170142
- Sülün, A., Günay, U., Sarman, A., & Dertli, S. (2020). Daytime sleepiness in adolescents using smartphone. Journal of Dependence, 21(2), 129-136.
- Woods, H.C., & Scott, H. (2016). Sleepyteens: social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem. Journal of Adolescence, 51, 41-49. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.05.008
- World Health Organization (WHO). (2015). Public health implications of excessive use of the internet, computers, smartphones and similar electronic devices: meeting report, Main Meeting Hall, Foundation for Promotion of Cancer Research, National Cancer Research Centre, Tokyo, Japan, 27-29 August 2014. Retrieved from (15.10.2023): https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/who-184264
- Yayan, E.H., Düken, M.E., Dağ, Y.S., & Ulutaş, A. (2018). Examination of the relationship between nursing student’s internet and smartphone addictions. Journal of Human Sciences, 15(2), 1161-1171. doi: 10.14687/jhs.v15i2.5247
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