Ten Years of Epidemiological and Diagnostic Aspects of Non-Traumatic Anterior Uveitis at Campus Teaching Hospital of Lome-Togo ()
1. Introduction
Uveitis is a serious disease which dangerous complications can jeopardize the visual prognosis. Uveitis refers to the inflammation of the uveal tract, which is the middle vascular coat of the eye, lying between the sclera and neuro-epithelium [1] [2] . Uveitis is a rare but serious disease, with an estimated incidence of 17/100,000 in France [3] . Anterior uveitis (AU) is the inflammation of the anterior uvea which is composed of the iris and the ciliary body. The inflammation can affect either the iris (iritis), the ciliary body (cyclitis) or both (iridocyclitis). Studies of anterior uveitis in the sub-region have reported respective prevalence of 0.85% and 1.35% [4] [5] .
The anatomical characterization of uveitis, its scalability mode and whether it is unilateral or bilateral are therefore essential for relevant diagnostic and therapeutic orientation [6] . The diversity of etiologies of non-traumatic anterior uveitis represents a real diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in our practice setting. Although much African research has been published on uveitis, to our knowledge few are dedicated to non-traumatic anterior uveitis [7] . The objective of this study was to identify the epidemiological and diagnostic determinants of non-traumatic anterior uveitis at the Campus teaching hospital (CHU) of Lome.
2. Patients and Methods
This ten year’s retrospective cross-sectional study from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2019, included the records of all patients who consulted the ophthalmology department of the CHU Campus of Lome and who had a diagnosis of non-traumatic anterior uveitis. The records that did not contain all the data were excluded from the study. CHU Campus of Lome is one of Togo’s three reference hospitals. We obtained authorization from the Director of the CHU Campus to conduct the study. The study complied with the ethical principles set out in the Declaration of Helsinki. For each patient, the following data were collected from the consultation register and medical record:
• demographic data (age, sex);
• reason for consultation, onset, duration;
• physical signs (retro-corneal precipitates, Tyndall effects, hypopyon);
• biological tests and imaging;
• etiological diagnosis.
Operational definitions
• Tyndall in the anterior chamber: the presence of inflammatory proteins and cells circulating in the aqueous humor [8] .
• Sarcoidosis was based on the granulomatous appearance of the eye damage associated with constant tuberculin anergy and other illustrative manifestations, in particular inflammatory arthralgias, and the presence of hilar and mediastinal adenopathies on chest CT scan.
• Tuberculosis was considered on the basis of a positive intradermal tuberculin test, HIV immunosuppression, radiographic injuries in favor of pulmonary tuberculosis and granulomatous uveitis.
Qualitative variables were expressed as a number of cases and percentages and quantitative values as mean (±standard deviation).
3. Results
One hundred and twenty-five patients (141 eyes) out of 68,779 seen in consultation presented non-traumatic anterior uveitis, representing a prevalence of 0.18%.
The mean age of patients was 34.74 ± 13.20 years [11 years; 64 years] and the female gender was predominant with a sex ratio of 0.76 (Table 1).
Decreased visual acuity (VA), eye pain and blurred vision were the main reasons for consultation in respectively 34.40%, 28% and 20% of cases. (Table 2)
Non-traumatic anterior uveitis had a progressive onset in 57.20% of cases, and a brutal onset in 42.80%. Single episodes of non-traumatic anterior uveitis accounted for 89.60% of cases. Non-traumatic AU was unilateral in 87.20% of cases, including 49.60% in the right eye (RE) and 37.60% in the left eye (LE). Vision was low in the majority of cases, with uncorrected visual acuity (VA) between 1/10 and 3/10 in 43.26% of cases (Table 3). Retro-corneal precipitates (RCP) were found in all eyes, and Tyndall in the anterior chamber in 54.60% of cases (Table 4). According to the anatomical and clinical characteristics, retro-corneal precipitates were predominantly grayish in 58.86%, granulomatous in 29.08% and non-granulomatous in 17.02% of cases. (Table 5)
A biological inflammatory syndrome was noted in 28 cases (22.4%), with a consistently high C-reactive protein (CRP), above 6 mg/l, and a sedimentation rate (ESR) greater than 20 millimeters in the first hour in 33 cases (26.4%). HIV retroviral, toxoplasma and TPHA VDRL serologies were positive in respectively 8.8%, 2.4% and 1.6% of cases. Intradermal tuberculin testing was performed in 44.8% of patients, with 4% positive.
The presence of hilar and median adenopathies illustrating sarcoidosis detected on chest CT (2 cases) and radiographic lesions in favor of pulmonary tuberculosis (1 case) were noted. Cerebral toxoplasmosis was noticed in 5 cases (4%) after the brain CT scan.
The etiology of non-traumatic anterior uveitis was undetermined in 73.60% of cases. Infectious causes represented 17.60%, dominated by ocular toxoplasmosis in 10.40% and inflammatory causes in 8.8% of cases. (Table 6)
4. Discussion
Over a ten years period, 141 cases of non-traumatic anterior uveitis were reported at the ophthalmology department of the CHU Campus of Lome. Non-traumatic anterior uveitis was predominantly unilateral, and infections were the most important etiologies in 17.60% of cases.
The prevalence of 0.18% in this study were lower than those of Assavedo et al., and Sounouvou et al., on uveitis in Benin, who reported respectively 1.35% and
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Table 1. Patient distribution by age and gender.
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Table 2. Distribution of patients by reason for consultation.
*Decrease in visual acuity; +Sensation of foreign body, ocular heaviness, ocular discomfort.
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Table 3. Eye distribution by visual acuity.
*Headcount; +Visual acuity.
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Table 4. Physical signs of non-traumatic anterior uveitis.
*Retro-corneal precipitates; +Anterior chamber; ++Intraocular pression.
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Table 5. Anatomo-clinical characteristics of retro-corneal precipitates.
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Table 6. Causes of non-traumatic anterior uveitis.
0.65% [9] [10] . This low prevalence may be explained by the fact that, unlike other studies, the study only took into account anterior non-traumatic uveitis. The mean age of patients was 34.74 ± 13.20 years. This is lower than those of Assavedo et al., and Nguyen et al., who found respectively 38.4 and 47.2 years [9] [11] . It is similar to that of Ayena et al., [12] who reported an age average of 35.7 years. The age group between 21 and 31 years was the most represented, with 28.80% of cases. Koffi et al., and Chung et al., found an age range of 21 - 40 years [13] [14] . These results confirm the observations that uveitis can occur at any age, particularly between the ages of 20 and 60 [15] [16] .
A female predominance was noticed with a sex ratio of 0.76. A male predominance is often reported in the literature, with a sex ratio ranging from 1.1 to 1.5 [9] [12] [13] [17] . The difference in percentage according to sex could be explained by methodological variability in the different studies.
Non-traumatic AU was unilateral in 87.2% of cases. This result is higher than that of Souley et al., who reported 60.95% of unilateral uveitis in a study of the epidemiological profile of uveitis in Morocco, and that of Maalouf et al., (56.8%) [18] [19] . All these studies show that anterior uveitis is often unilateral. Visual acuity tests during the ophthalmological examination showed that all patients presented a decrease in visual acuity. This corroborates the findings of most authors, who have identified decreased visual acuity as one of the frequent signs of anterior uveitis [12] [19] .
The slit-lamp examination of the patients revealed that retro-corneal precipitates (RCP) were the main clinical sign in all cases. This result is higher than that of Ayena et al., [12] who found 65.5% RCP. This confirms that RCP is one of the cardinal physical signs of anterior uveitis. It should be noted that 29.60% of patients showed a high intraocular pressure. This result is higher than that of Chebil et al., [20] who reported 12% of high intraocular pressure in a study conducted in Tunisia about the epidemiology of uveitis.
The etiological approach and the request for additional examinations in non-traumatic anterior uveitis must take into account the clinical features and extra-ophthalmological manifestations, hence the importance of close collaboration between the ophthalmologist and the internist. The poor technical equipment limits the etiological research of non-traumatic AU. However, a minimum check-up consisting of blood count, C-reactive protein (CRP), toxoplasmosis serology, tuberculin skin test (TST) and syphilis serology was requested. The etiologies of non-traumatic anterior uveitis in this series were dominated by toxoplasmosis (10.40%), and tuberculosis (5.60%). Causes were undetermined in 76.80% of cases. Ayena et al. [12] found toxoplasmosis (7.5%), and shingles (3.2%), followed by HIV (2.6%) and undetermined causes in 85.7% of cases. Chebil et al. [20] reported Behçet’s disease (14.7%), toxoplasmosis (10.2%), Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) (3.7%) and sarcoidosis (3.3%) as causes of anterior uveitis. These results show a wide diversity of etiological distribution from one series to another. This diversity of etiologies could be linked to genetic and socio-economic factors.
5. Limitations
One of the limitations of the study it was a retrospective cohort and patient examination was done by different personnel. The absence of anterior chamber puncture for biological examinations in the etiological research was another limitation of this study. However, the long period of 10 years enabled to obtain a substantial sample of 141 cases of non-traumatic anterior uveitis is an asset of the study.
6. Conclusion
A retrospective cross-sectional study of non-traumatic anterior uveitis over a ten years period revealed a prevalence of 0.18%. It remains a rare but serious pathology and a cause of blindness. Non-traumatic anterior uveitis mainly affects young people with decreased visual acuity as the first reason for consultation. In most cases, the etiologies are undetermined, and when found, they are dominated by infectious causes, in particular toxoplasmosis and tuberculosis. The etiological approach must therefore be contextual and multidisciplinary, taking into account above all the clinical presentation in front of poor technical equipment. Further studies on the etiological research coupled with the therapeutic may provide a complete understanding of the particularities of non-traumatic anterior uveitis in sub-Saharan Africa.