Eleutherine palmifolia is one of the medicinal plants widely used by the Dayak and Kutai tribes in Borneo Island, Indonesia as traditional medicines that can treat various diseases. Identification of the phytochemical content of E. palmifolia is very important to determine its potential as a medicinal plant. A significant factor in the success of the growth of E. palmifolia is the amount of fertilizer applied as a source of nutrients. In this study, the influence of various amounts of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizers on the growth, total phenolic and flavonoid content (TPC and TFC), and antioxidant activity was investigated in different extracts of E. palmifolia. The treatments included 0, 46 or 92 kg/ha of N combined with 12.5 kg/ha of K, and 0, 25 or 50 kg/ha of K combined with 46 kg/ha of N. Using water, ethanol, or n-hexane as solvents, each sample was extracted with sonication method. TPC and TFC of the bulb extracts were quantified using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride assays, respectively. Antioxidant activity was analyzed using 2, 2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Results showed that combining N and K had no significant effects on plant height, the number of tillers, leaves, or bulbs, and bulb diameter, while the chlorophyll reading value, total plant weight, and fresh bulb weight were significantly increased. The results indicated that the availability of N and K has a substantial effect on TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity. The aqueous extract had the highest TPC and DPPH scavenging activity, whereas the ethanol extract exhibited the highest TFC and antioxidant FRAP activity. Therefore, to improve fresh bulb weight, phenol and flavonoid content, and antioxidant properties of E. palmifolia aqueous and ethanol extracts, supplementation of 46 kg/ha N and 12.5 kg/ha K is recommended.
Citation: Marlin Marlin, Marulak Simarmata, Umi Salamah, Waras Nurcholis. Effect of nitrogen and potassium application on growth, total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity of Eleutherine palmifolia[J]. AIMS Agriculture and Food, 2022, 7(3): 580-593. doi: 10.3934/agrfood.2022036
| [1] |
Insanu M, Kusmardiyani S, Hartati R (2014) Recent studies on phytochemicals and pharmacological effects of Eleutherine Americana Merr. Procedia Chem 13: 221-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2014.12.032 doi: 10.1016/j.proche.2014.12.032
|
| [2] |
Kamarudin AA, Sayuti NH, Saad N, et al. (2021) Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. Bulb: Review of the pharmacological activities and its prospects for application. Int J Mol Sci 22: 6747. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136747 doi: 10.3390/ijms22136747
|
| [3] |
Rani VS, Nair BR (2016) GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extract of Eleutherine bulbosa (Urban) Miller (Iridaceae). Int J Pharm Sci Res 7: 1729-1733. https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.7(4).1729-33 doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.7(4).1729-33
|
| [4] |
Ieyama T, Gunawan-Puteri MDPT, Kawabata J (2011) α-Glucosidase inhibitors from the bulb of Eleutherine americana. Food Chem 128: 308-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.03.021 doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.03.021
|
| [5] |
Lestari D, Kartika R, Marliana E (2019) Antioxidant and anticancer activity of Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb on leukemia cells L1210. J Phys Conf Ser 1277: 12022. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1277/1/012022 doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1277/1/012022
|
| [6] |
Masfria M, Tampubolon MSA (2019) The antifungal activity of n-hexane extract of Eleutherine palmifolia (L). Merr Bulbs against Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 7: 3777-3780. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.502 doi: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.502
|
| [7] |
Vale VV, Cruz JN, Viana GMR, et al. (2020) Naphthoquinones isolated from Eleutherine plicata herb: in vitro antimalarial activity and molecular modeling to investigate their binding modes. Med Chem Res 29: 487-494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00044-019-02498-z doi: 10.1007/s00044-019-02498-z
|
| [8] |
Shi PQ, Du WJ, Wang YY, et al. (2018) Total phenolic, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of bulbs, leaves, and flowers made from Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. Food Sci Nutr 7: 148-154. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.834 doi: 10.1002/fsn3.834
|
| [9] |
Biworo A, Abdurrahim, Nupiah N, et al. (2019) The effect of dayak onion (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) merr) tuber extract against erythema and melanin index on rat (Rattus norvegicus) skin induced by acute UV. AIP Conf Proc 2108: 020036. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5110011 doi: 10.1063/1.5110011
|
| [10] |
Jiang H, Man WJ, Hou AJ, et al. (2020) The chemical constituents from the active fractions of Eleutherine bulbosa with their antimicrobial activity. Nat Prod Res 34: 1743-1749. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1530229 doi: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1530229
|
| [11] |
Dimkpa CO, Fugice J, Singh U, et al. (2020) Development of fertilizers for enhanced nitrogen use efficiency-trends and perspectives. Sci Total Environ 731: 139113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139113 doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139113
|
| [12] |
Geisseler D, Ortiz RS, Diaz J (2022) Nitrogen nutrition and fertilization of onions (Allium cepa L.)-A literature review. Sci Hortic-Amsterdam 291: 110591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110591 doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110591
|
| [13] |
Golubkina N, Amalfitano C, Sekara A, et al. (2022) Yield and bulb quality of storage onion cultivars as affected by farming system and nitrogen dose. Sci Hortic-Amsterdam 293: 110751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110751 doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110751
|
| [14] |
Nda S, Sebetha E (2021) Data on effect of variety, seedling transplanting age and nitrogen fertilizer rates on growth performance of rice in Southern Guinea Savannah, Nigeria. Data Brief 39: 107582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2021.107582 doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.107582
|
| [15] |
Liava V, Karkanis A, Tsiropoulos N (2021) Yield and silymarin content in milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) fruits affected by the nitrogen fertilizers. Ind Crop Prod 171: 113955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113955 doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113955
|
| [16] |
Ju FY, Pang JL, Huo YY, et al. (2021) Potassium application alleviates the negative effects of salt stress on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yield by improving the ionic homeostasis, photosynthetic capacity and carbohydrate metabolism of the leaf subtending the cotton boll. Field Crop Res 272: 108288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108288 doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108288
|
| [17] |
Ma L, Shi Y (2011) Effects of potassium fertilizer on physiological and biochemical index of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Energ Procedia 5: 581-586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.03.102 doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2011.03.102
|
| [18] |
Oddo E, Abbate L, Inzerillo S, et al. (2020) Water relations of two Sicilian grapevine cultivars in response to potassium availability and drought stress. Plant Physiol Biochem 148: 282-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.01.025 doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.01.025
|
| [19] |
Zahoor R, Zhao W, Abid M, et al (2017) Potassium application regulates nitrogen metabolism and osmotic adjustment in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) functional leaf under drought stress. J Plant Physiol 215: 30-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2017.05.001 doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.05.001
|
| [20] |
Hasanuzzaman M, Bhuyan MHMB, Nahar K, et al (2018) Potassium: A vital regulator of plant responses and tolerance to abiotic stresses. Agronomy 8: 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8030031 doi: 10.3390/agronomy8030031
|
| [21] |
Johnson R, Vishwakarma K, Hossen MS, et al. (2022) Potassium in plants: Growth regulation, signaling, and environmental stress tolerance. Plant Physiol Biochem 172: 56-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.01.001 doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.01.001
|
| [22] |
Barzegar T, Mohammadi S, Ghahremani Z (2020) Effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer on growth, yield and chemical composition of sweet fennel. J Plant Nutr 43: 1189-1204. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2020.1724306 doi: 10.1080/01904167.2020.1724306
|
| [23] |
Arena ME, Postemsky PD, Curvetto NR (2017) Changes in the phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Berberis microphylla G. Forst. berries in relation to light intensity and fertilization. Sci Hortic-Amsterdam 218: 63-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.02.004 doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2017.02.004
|
| [24] |
Rosmawaty T, Jumin HB, Mardaleni M, et al. (2019) Production and flavonoid content of Dayak onion (Eleutherine palmifolia) with application of NPK 16:16:16 at various ages of harvesting. Din Pertanian 35: 111-118. https://doi.org/10.25299/dp.2019.vol35(3).4574 doi: 10.25299/dp.2019.vol35(3).4574
|
| [25] |
Chotimah HENC, Jaya A, Suparto H, et al. (2020) Utilizing organic fertilizers on two types of soil to improve growth and yield of Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine americana Merr). AGRIVITA J Agric Sci 43: 164-173. https://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v43i1.1784 doi: 10.17503/agrivita.v43i1.1784
|
| [26] |
Ekawati R, Saputri LH (2018) Pengaruh cara pemberian pupuk organik cair vinasse terhadap pertumbuhan awal bawang dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia). Kultivasi 17: 760-765. https://doi.org/10.24198/kultivasi.v17i3.18954 doi: 10.24198/kultivasi.v17i3.18954
|
| [27] |
Nurcholis W, Sya'bani Putri DN, Husnawati H, et al. (2021) Total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts from accessions of Amomum compactum fruits. Ann Agric Sci 66: 58-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2021.04.001 doi: 10.1016/j.aoas.2021.04.001
|
| [28] |
Calvindi J, Syukur M, Nurcholis W (2020) Investigation of biochemical characters and antioxidant properties of different winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) genotypes grown in Indonesia. Biodiversitas J Biolo Diversity 21: 2420-2424. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210612 doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d210612
|
| [29] |
Batubara I, Komariah K, Sandrawati A, et al. (2020) Genotype selection for phytochemical content and pharmacological activities in ethanol extracts of fifteen types of Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. leaves using chemometric analysis. Sci Rep 10: 20945. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77991-2 doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77991-2
|
| [30] |
Ferreira EB, Cavalcanti PP, Nogueira DA (2014) ExpDes: An R package for ANOVA and experimental designs. Appl Math 5: 2952-2958. https://doi.org/10.4236/am.2014.519280 doi: 10.4236/am.2014.519280
|
| [31] |
Zhang DQ, Cheng HY, Hao BQ, et al. (2021) Effect of fresh chicken manure as a non-chemical soil fumigant on soil-borne pathogens, plant growth and strawberry fruit profitability. Crop Prot 146: 105653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2021.105653 doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2021.105653
|
| [32] |
Kwon SJ, Kim HR, Roy SK, et al. (2019) Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on growth characteristics of two species of Bellflower (Platycodon grandiflorum). J Crop Sci Biotechnol 22: 481-487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12892-019-0277-0 doi: 10.1007/s12892-019-0277-0
|
| [33] |
Chen JQ, Guo ZD, Chen HN, et al. (2021) Effects of different potassium fertilizer types and dosages on cotton yield, soil available potassium and leaf photosynthesis. Arch Agron Soil Sci 67: 275-287. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2020.1723005 doi: 10.1080/03650340.2020.1723005
|
| [34] |
Naciri R, Lahrir M, Benadis C, et al. (2021) Interactive effect of potassium and cadmium on growth, root morphology and chlorophyll a fluorescence in tomato plant. Sci Rep 11: 5384. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84990-4 doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-84990-4
|
| [35] |
Hou WF, Xue XX, Li XK, et al. (2019) Interactive effects of nitrogen and potassium on: Grain yield, nitrogen uptake and nitrogen use efficiency of rice in low potassium fertility soil in China. F Crop Res 236: 14-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2019.03.006 doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2019.03.006
|
| [36] |
Preciado-Rangel P, Troyo-Diéguez E, Valdez-Aguilar LA, et al. (2020) Interactive effects of the potassium and nitrogen relationship on yield and quality of strawberry grown under soilless conditions. Plants 9: 441. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9040441 doi: 10.3390/plants9040441
|
| [37] |
Sedri MH, Roohi E, Niazian M, et al. (2022) Interactive effects of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on quantitative-qualitative traits and drought tolerance indices of rainfed wheat cultivar. Agronomy 12: 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12010030 doi: 10.3390/agronomy12010030
|
| [38] |
Gebretsadik K, Dechassa N (2018) Response of Onion (Allium cepa L.) to nitrogen fertilizer rates and spacing under rain fed condition at Tahtay Koraro, Ethiopia. Sci Rep 8: 9495. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27762-x doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-27762-x
|
| [39] |
Uher A, Mezeyová I, Hegedűsová A, et al. (2017) Impact of nutrition on the quality and quantity of cauliflower florets. Potravinarstvo Slovak J Food Sci 11: 113-119. https://doi.org/10.5219/723 doi: 10.5219/723
|
| [40] |
Chérel I, Lefoulon C, Boeglin M, et al. (2014) Molecular mechanisms involved in plant adaptation to low K+ availability. J Exp Bot 65: 833-848. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert402 doi: 10.1093/jxb/ert402
|
| [41] |
Sampaio BL, Bara MTF, Ferri PH, et al. (2011) Influence of environmental factors on the concentration of phenolic compounds in leaves of Lafoensia pacari. Rev Bras Farmacogn Brazilian J Pharmacogn 21: 1127-1137. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-695x2011005000177 doi: 10.1590/s0102-695x2011005000177
|
| [42] |
Heimler D, Romani A, Ieri F (2017) Plant polyphenol content, soil fertilization and agricultural management: a review. Eur Food Res Technol 243: 1107-1115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-016-2826-6 doi: 10.1007/s00217-016-2826-6
|
| [43] |
Caretto S, Linsalata V, Colella G, et al. (2015) Carbon fluxes between primary metabolism and phenolic pathway in plant tissues under stress. Int J Mol Sci 16: 26378-26394. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161125967 doi: 10.3390/ijms161125967
|
| [44] |
Galieni A, Di Mattia C, De Gregorio M, et al. (2015) Effects of nutrient deficiency and abiotic environmental stresses on yield, phenolic compounds and antiradical activity in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Sci Hortic-Amsterdam 187: 93-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.02.036 doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2015.02.036
|
| [45] |
Nguyen PM, Niemeyer ED (2008) Effects of nitrogen fertilization on the phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). J Agric Food Chem 56: 8685-8691. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf801485u doi: 10.1021/jf801485u
|
| [46] |
Stefanelli D, Goodwin I, Jones R (2010) Minimal nitrogen and water use in horticulture: Effects on quality and content of selected nutrients. Food Res Int 43: 1833-1843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2010.04.022 doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2010.04.022
|
| [47] |
Delgado R, Martín P, del Álamo M, et al. (2004) Changes in the phenolic composition of grape berries during ripening in relation to vineyard nitrogen and potassium fertilisation rates. J Sci Food Agric 84: 623-630. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1685 doi: 10.1002/jsfa.1685
|
| [48] |
Michalska A, Wojdyło A, Bogucka B (2016) The influence of nitrogen and potassium fertilisation on the content of polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of coloured potato. J Food Compos Anal 47: 69-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2016.01.004 doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.01.004
|
| [49] | Febrinda AE, Yuliana ND, Ridwan E, et al. (2014) Hyperglycemic control and diabetes complication preventive activities of Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr.) bulbs extracts in alloxan-diabetic rats. Int Food Res J 21: 1405-1411. |
| [50] |
Donno D, Cerutti AK, Prgomet I, et al. (2015) Foodomics for mulberry fruit (Morus spp.): Analytical fingerprint as antioxidants' and health properties' determination tool. Food Res Int 69: 179-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2014.12.020 doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.12.020
|
| [51] |
Carocho M, Ferreira ICFR (2013) A review on antioxidants, prooxidants and related controversy: Natural and synthetic compounds, screening and analysis methodologies and future perspectives. Food Chem Toxicol 51: 15-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.09.021 doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.09.021
|
| [52] |
Ma DY, Sun DX, Li YG, et al. (2015) Effect of nitrogen fertilisation and irrigation on phenolic content, phenolic acid composition, and antioxidant activity of winter wheat grain. J Sci Food Agric 95: 1039-1046. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6790 doi: 10.1002/jsfa.6790
|
| [53] |
Singh M, Dubey RK, Koley TK, et al. (2019) Valorization of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L) DC) by evaluation of its antioxidant activity through chemometric analysis. South African J Bot 121: 114-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.10.026 doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2018.10.026
|
| [54] |
Liu Gy, Zhu Wq, Zhang J, et al. (2022) Antioxidant capacity of phenolic compounds separated from tea seed oil in vitro and in vivo. Food Chem 371: 131122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131122 doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131122
|
| [55] |
Kumari R, Akhtar S, Kumar R, et al. (2022) Influence of seasonal variation on phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) hybrids. Sci Hortic-Amsterdam 295: 110865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110865 doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110865
|
| [56] |
Al-Tamimi A, Alfarhan A, Al-Ansari A, et al. (2021) Antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory and apoptotic activities of alkaloid and flavonoid fractions of Amaranthus spinosus. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 116: 101728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2021.101728 doi: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2021.101728
|
| [57] |
Chen XM, Wang H, Huang XJ, et al. (2022) Efficient enrichment of total flavonoids from kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala L.) extracts by NKA-9 resin and antioxidant activities of flavonoids extract in vitro. Food Chem 374: 131508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131508 doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131508
|
| [58] |
Asati V, Deepa PR, Sharma PK (2022) Desert legume Prosopis cineraria as a novel source of antioxidant flavonoids/isoflavonoids: Biochemical characterization of edible pods for potential functional food development. Biochem Biophys Rep 29: 101210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101210 doi: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101210
|
Marlin Marlin, Marulak Simarmata, Umi Salamah, Waras Nurcholis. Effect of nitrogen and potassium application on growth, total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity of Eleutherine palmifolia[J]. AIMS Agriculture and Food, 2022, 7(3): 580-593. doi: 10.3934/agrfood.2022036
DownLoad: