Identifying Changes in Nutrition and Physical Activity in Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Havva Karadeniz; Seçil Duran; Deniz S. Yorulmaz

doi:10.37989/gumussagbil.1366473

Research Article

Identifying Changes in Nutrition and Physical Activity in Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 4, 1553 - 1561, 26.12.2023

Havva Karadeniz Seçil Duran Deniz S. Yorulmaz

https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1366473

Abstract

This study aimed to determine changes in nutrition and physical activity in adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. The population of this descriptive-cross-sectional study consists of adults between the ages of 18-64. The data was collected online using the "Personal Information Form" and "Nutrition and Physical Activity Change Survey" between February and April 2021, after receiving the approval of the Ministry of Health and the ethics committee. Data were evaluated by number, percentage and chi-square test. According to the results, 78.1% of the participants were women, 24% were married and 10.7% had a chronic disease. During the COVID-19 epidemic, 50.2% had a decrease in physical activity time, 70.5% had a decrease in sedentary time, 44.1% had an increase in body weight, and 43.7% had a decrease in junk food, snack and appetizer consumption. There was an increase. Participants stated that they did not engage in physical activity for various reasons such as lack of a suitable environment for sports, lack of time, and curfew. Obesity represents a critical global public health problem that continues to increase. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected individuals' daily lifestyles, leading to reduced physical activity opportunities and weight changes for many. To minimize the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on non-communicable chronic diseases, it is crucial to prioritize efforts to inform and counsel adults on adopting healthy nutrition and physical activity practices.

Keywords

Adult, COVID-19, Nutrition, Obesity, Physical Activity

Ethical Statement

Before data collection, research permission was obtained from the Ministry of Health, and ethics committee permission (E-18457941-050.01.04-2433) was obtained from Artvin Çoruh University. During the research, participants were informed about the study and its content, and those who volunteered were recruited for the study. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

References

1. Földi, M, Farkas, N, Kiss, S, Zádori, N, Váncsa, S, Szakó, L. and Hartmann, P. (2020). “Obesity is a Risk Factor for Developing Critical Condition in COVID‐19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis”. Obesity Reviews, 21 (10), e13095. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13095
2. Elmacioğlu, F, Emiroğlu, E, Ülker, M.T, Kircali, B.Ö. and Oruç, S. (2020). “Evaluation of Nutritional Behavior Related To COVID-19”. Public Health Nutrition, 24 (3), 512-518.
3. Frühbeck, G, Baker, J.L, Busetto, L, Dicker, D, Goossens, G.H, Halford, J.C. and Mullerova, D. (2020). “European Association for the Study of Obesity Position Statement on the Global COVID-19 Pandemic”. Obesity Facts, 13(2), 292-296. https://doi.org/10.1159/000508082
4. Caussy, C, Wallet, F, Laville, M. and Disse, E. (2020). “Obesity is Associated with Severe Forms of COVID‐19”. Obesity, 28 (7), 1175. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22842
5. Pellegrini, M, Ponzo, V, Rosato, R, Scumaci, E, Goitre, I, Benso, A. and Broglio, F. (2020). “Changes in Weight and Nutritional Habits in Adults with Obesity during the “Lockdown” Period Caused by the COVID-19 Virus Emergency”. Nutrients, 12 (7), 2016. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12072016
6. Albashir, A.A.D. (2020). “The Potential Impacts of Obesity on COVID-19”. Clinical Medicine, 20 (4), e109-e113. https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0239
7. Kriaucioniene, V, Bagdonaviciene, L, Rodríguez-Pérez, C. and Petkeviciene, J. (2020). “Associations Between Changes In Health Behaviours and Body Weight during the COVID-19 Quarantine ın Lithuania: The Lithuanian Covidiet Study”. Nutrients, 12 (10), 3119. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103119
8. Dicker, D, Bettini, S, Farpour-Lambert, N, Frühbeck, G, Golan, R, Goossens, G. and Hassapiou, M.N. (2020). “Obesity and COVID-19: The Two Sides of the Coin”. Obesity Facts, 13 (4), 430-438. https://doi.org/10.1159/000510005
9. Reyes-Olavarría, D, Latorre-Román, P.Á, Guzmán-Guzmán, I.P, Jerez-Mayorga, D, Caamaño-Navarrete, F. and Delgado-Floody, P. (2020). “Positive and Negative Changes In Food Habits, Physical Activity Patterns, and Weight Status during COVID-19 Confinement: Associated Factors in the Chilean Population”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (15), 5431. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155431
10. Cheval, B, Sivaramakrishnan, H, Maltagliati, S, Fessler, L, Forestier, C, Sarrazin, P. and Boisgontier, M.P. (2020). “Relationships Between Changes in Self-Reported Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Health during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic in France and Switzerland”. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39 (6), 699-704. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1841396
11. Yazıcıoğlu, Y. Erdoğan, S. (2004). “SPSS Uygulamalı Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri”. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
12. VanVoorhis, C.W. and Morgan, B.L. (2007). “Understanding Power and Rules of Thumb for Determining Sample Sizes”. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 3 (2), 43-50. doi:10.20982/tqmp.03.2.p043.
13. Polit, D, Beck, C. (2017). “Nursing research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice”. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
14. World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/news/item/27-09-2002-active-ageing-moving-hearts-for-health Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2023.
15. Malta, D.C, Szwarcwald, C.L, Barros, M.B.D.A, Gomes, C.S, Machado, Í.E, Souza Júnior, P.R.B.D. and Gracie, R. (2020). “The COVID-19 Pandemic and Changes ın Adult Brazilian Lifestyles: A Cross-Sectional Study, 2020”. Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde, 29 (4), e2020407. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-49742020000400026
16. Wahid, A, Manek, N, Nichols, M, Kelly, P, Foster, C. and Webster, P. (2016). “Quantifying the Association Between Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: A Systematic Review And Metaanalysis”. Journal of American Heart Association, 5 (9), 14. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.115.002495
17. Kodama, S, Tanaka, S, Heianza, Y, Fujihara, K, Horikawa, C. and Shimano, H. (2013). “Association Between Physical Activity and Risk of All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Diabetes- A Meta-Analysis”. Journal of Diabetes Care, 36 (2), 471–479. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-0783
18. Kivimäki, M, Singh-Manoux, A, Pentti, J, Sabia, S, Nyberg, S.T. and Alfredsson, L. (2019). “Physical Inactivity, Cardiometabolic Disease, and Risk of Dementia: an Individual-Participant Meta-Analysis”. Journal of BMJ, 365, 1495. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l1495
19. Zhou, F, Yu, T, Du, R, Fan, G, Liu, Z. and Xiang, J. (2020). “Clinical Course and Risk Factors for Mortality of Adult Inpatients With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A Retrospective Cohort Study”. Journal of The Lancet, 395 (10229), 1054–1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3
20. Mattioli, A.V, Sciomer, S, Cocchi, C, Maffei, S. And Gallina, S. (2020). “Quarantine during COVID-19 outbreak: Changes in diet and physical activity increase the risk of cardiovascular disease”. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 30 (9), 1409-1417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numeed.2020.05.020
21. Yüce, G.E. ve Muz, G. (2021) “COVID-19 Pandemisinin Yetişkinlerin Diyet Davranışları, Fiziksel Aktivite ve Stres Düzeyleri Üzerine Etkisi”. Cukurova Medical Journal, 46 (1), 283-291.
22. Çulha, S, Yildirim, E. ve Bayram, B. (2021). “COVID-19 Pandemi Süresince Insanlarda Değişen Beslenme Alışkanlıkları ile Obezite Ilişkisi”. Online Türk Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 6 (1), 135-142.
23. Ünal, E, Özdemir, A. ve Kaçan, C.Y. (2020). “COVID-19 Pandemisinin Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Beslenme ve Hijyen Alışkanlıklarına Etkisi”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 46 (3), 305-311
24. Muscogiuri, G, Barrea, L. and Savastano, S. (2020). “Nutrition Recommendations for COVID-19 Quarantine”. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74 (6), 850–851. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-0635-2
25. Akyol, P. ve Çelik, A. (2020). “COVID-19 Salgını Sürecinde Paramedik Öğrencilerinin Beslenme Alışkanlıklarının Araştırılması”. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15 (4), 25-37
26. Goyal, P, Ringel, J.B, Rajan, M, Choi, J.J, Pinheiro, L.C, Li, H.A. and Safford, M.M. (2020). “Obesity and COVID-19 in New York City: A Retrospective Cohort Study”. Annals of Internal Medicine, 173 (10), 855-858. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-2730
27. Flanagan, E.W, Beyl, R.A, Fearnbach, S.N, Altazan, A.D, Martin, C.K and Redman, L.M. (2021). “The Impact of COVID‐19 Stay‐At‐Home Orders on Health Behaviors ın Adults”. Obesity, 29 (2), 438-445. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.23066
28. Demir, G. (2020). “Nutrition, Health Behaviour Changes, and Eating Behaviours of Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic Period”. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 14 (4), 639-645. DOI: 10.21763/tjfmpc.792397
29. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. (2019). Türkiye Sağlıklı Beslenme ve Hareketli Hayat Programı. Yetişkin ve Çocukluk Çağı Obezitesinin Önlenmesi ve Fiziksel Aktivite Eylem Planı 2019 – 2023. Ankara, Türkiye.
30. de Onis, M, Onyango, A.W, Borghi, E, Siyam, A, Nishida, C. and Siekmann, J. (2007). “Development of A WHO Growth Reference for School-Aged Children and Adolescents”. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 85 (9), 660–667. https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.07.043497

COVID-19 Salgını Sırasında Yetişkinlerde Beslenme ve Fiziksel Aktivitedeki Değişikliklerin Belirlenmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 4, 1553 - 1561, 26.12.2023

Havva Karadeniz Seçil Duran Deniz S. Yorulmaz

https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1366473

Abstract

Bu çalışma, COVID-19 salgını sırasında yetişkinlerde beslenme ve fiziksel aktivitede meydana gelen değişiklikleri belirlemeyi amaçlamıştır. Tanımlayıcı-kesitsel nitelikteki bu çalışmanın evrenini 18-64 yaş arası yetişkinler oluşturmuştur. Veriler, Sağlık Bakanlığı ve etik kurul onayı alındıktan sonra Şubat-Nisan 2021 tarihleri arasında “Kişisel Bilgi Formu” ve “Beslenme ve Fiziksel Aktivite Değişikliği Anketi” kullanılarak çevrimiçi olarak toplanmıştır. Veriler sayı, yüzde ve ki-kare testi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre katılımcıların %78,1'i kadın, %24'ü evli ve %10,7'sinin kronik hastalığı vardı. COVID-19 salgını sırasında %50,2'sinin fiziksel aktivite süresinde azalma, %70,5'inde hareketsiz kalma süresinde azalma, %44,1'inde vücut ağırlığı artışı ve %43,7'sinde abur cubur, atıştırmalık ve meze tüketiminde artış görülmüştür. Katılımcılar, spor yapmak için uygun ortamın olmaması, yeterli zamanın olmaması, sokağa çıkma yasağı gibi çeşitli nedenlerden dolayı fiziksel aktivite yapmadıklarını ifade etmişlerdir. Obezite, artmaya devam eden kritik bir küresel halk sağlığı sorununu temsil etmektedir. COVID-19 salgını, bireylerin günlük yaşam tarzını önemli ölçüde etkileyerek, birçok kişinin fiziksel aktivite fırsatlarının azalmasına ve kilo değişimlerine yol açtı. COVID-19 salgınının bulaşıcı olmayan kronik hastalıklar üzerindeki uzun vadeli etkisini en aza indirmek için yetişkinleri sağlıklı beslenme ve fiziksel aktivite uygulamalarını benimseme konusunda bilgilendirme ve danışmanlık çabalarına öncelik vermek çok önemlidir.

Keywords

Beslenme, COVID-19, Fiziksel Aktivite, Obezite, Yetişkin

Supporting Institution

Bulunmamaktadır.

References

1. Földi, M, Farkas, N, Kiss, S, Zádori, N, Váncsa, S, Szakó, L. and Hartmann, P. (2020). “Obesity is a Risk Factor for Developing Critical Condition in COVID‐19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis”. Obesity Reviews, 21 (10), e13095. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13095
2. Elmacioğlu, F, Emiroğlu, E, Ülker, M.T, Kircali, B.Ö. and Oruç, S. (2020). “Evaluation of Nutritional Behavior Related To COVID-19”. Public Health Nutrition, 24 (3), 512-518.
3. Frühbeck, G, Baker, J.L, Busetto, L, Dicker, D, Goossens, G.H, Halford, J.C. and Mullerova, D. (2020). “European Association for the Study of Obesity Position Statement on the Global COVID-19 Pandemic”. Obesity Facts, 13(2), 292-296. https://doi.org/10.1159/000508082
4. Caussy, C, Wallet, F, Laville, M. and Disse, E. (2020). “Obesity is Associated with Severe Forms of COVID‐19”. Obesity, 28 (7), 1175. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22842
5. Pellegrini, M, Ponzo, V, Rosato, R, Scumaci, E, Goitre, I, Benso, A. and Broglio, F. (2020). “Changes in Weight and Nutritional Habits in Adults with Obesity during the “Lockdown” Period Caused by the COVID-19 Virus Emergency”. Nutrients, 12 (7), 2016. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12072016
6. Albashir, A.A.D. (2020). “The Potential Impacts of Obesity on COVID-19”. Clinical Medicine, 20 (4), e109-e113. https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0239
7. Kriaucioniene, V, Bagdonaviciene, L, Rodríguez-Pérez, C. and Petkeviciene, J. (2020). “Associations Between Changes In Health Behaviours and Body Weight during the COVID-19 Quarantine ın Lithuania: The Lithuanian Covidiet Study”. Nutrients, 12 (10), 3119. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103119
8. Dicker, D, Bettini, S, Farpour-Lambert, N, Frühbeck, G, Golan, R, Goossens, G. and Hassapiou, M.N. (2020). “Obesity and COVID-19: The Two Sides of the Coin”. Obesity Facts, 13 (4), 430-438. https://doi.org/10.1159/000510005
9. Reyes-Olavarría, D, Latorre-Román, P.Á, Guzmán-Guzmán, I.P, Jerez-Mayorga, D, Caamaño-Navarrete, F. and Delgado-Floody, P. (2020). “Positive and Negative Changes In Food Habits, Physical Activity Patterns, and Weight Status during COVID-19 Confinement: Associated Factors in the Chilean Population”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (15), 5431. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155431
10. Cheval, B, Sivaramakrishnan, H, Maltagliati, S, Fessler, L, Forestier, C, Sarrazin, P. and Boisgontier, M.P. (2020). “Relationships Between Changes in Self-Reported Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Health during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic in France and Switzerland”. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39 (6), 699-704. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1841396
11. Yazıcıoğlu, Y. Erdoğan, S. (2004). “SPSS Uygulamalı Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri”. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
12. VanVoorhis, C.W. and Morgan, B.L. (2007). “Understanding Power and Rules of Thumb for Determining Sample Sizes”. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 3 (2), 43-50. doi:10.20982/tqmp.03.2.p043.
13. Polit, D, Beck, C. (2017). “Nursing research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice”. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
14. World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/news/item/27-09-2002-active-ageing-moving-hearts-for-health Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2023.
15. Malta, D.C, Szwarcwald, C.L, Barros, M.B.D.A, Gomes, C.S, Machado, Í.E, Souza Júnior, P.R.B.D. and Gracie, R. (2020). “The COVID-19 Pandemic and Changes ın Adult Brazilian Lifestyles: A Cross-Sectional Study, 2020”. Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde, 29 (4), e2020407. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-49742020000400026
16. Wahid, A, Manek, N, Nichols, M, Kelly, P, Foster, C. and Webster, P. (2016). “Quantifying the Association Between Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: A Systematic Review And Metaanalysis”. Journal of American Heart Association, 5 (9), 14. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.115.002495
17. Kodama, S, Tanaka, S, Heianza, Y, Fujihara, K, Horikawa, C. and Shimano, H. (2013). “Association Between Physical Activity and Risk of All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Diabetes- A Meta-Analysis”. Journal of Diabetes Care, 36 (2), 471–479. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-0783
18. Kivimäki, M, Singh-Manoux, A, Pentti, J, Sabia, S, Nyberg, S.T. and Alfredsson, L. (2019). “Physical Inactivity, Cardiometabolic Disease, and Risk of Dementia: an Individual-Participant Meta-Analysis”. Journal of BMJ, 365, 1495. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l1495
19. Zhou, F, Yu, T, Du, R, Fan, G, Liu, Z. and Xiang, J. (2020). “Clinical Course and Risk Factors for Mortality of Adult Inpatients With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A Retrospective Cohort Study”. Journal of The Lancet, 395 (10229), 1054–1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3
20. Mattioli, A.V, Sciomer, S, Cocchi, C, Maffei, S. And Gallina, S. (2020). “Quarantine during COVID-19 outbreak: Changes in diet and physical activity increase the risk of cardiovascular disease”. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 30 (9), 1409-1417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numeed.2020.05.020
21. Yüce, G.E. ve Muz, G. (2021) “COVID-19 Pandemisinin Yetişkinlerin Diyet Davranışları, Fiziksel Aktivite ve Stres Düzeyleri Üzerine Etkisi”. Cukurova Medical Journal, 46 (1), 283-291.
22. Çulha, S, Yildirim, E. ve Bayram, B. (2021). “COVID-19 Pandemi Süresince Insanlarda Değişen Beslenme Alışkanlıkları ile Obezite Ilişkisi”. Online Türk Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 6 (1), 135-142.
23. Ünal, E, Özdemir, A. ve Kaçan, C.Y. (2020). “COVID-19 Pandemisinin Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Beslenme ve Hijyen Alışkanlıklarına Etkisi”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 46 (3), 305-311
24. Muscogiuri, G, Barrea, L. and Savastano, S. (2020). “Nutrition Recommendations for COVID-19 Quarantine”. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74 (6), 850–851. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-0635-2
25. Akyol, P. ve Çelik, A. (2020). “COVID-19 Salgını Sürecinde Paramedik Öğrencilerinin Beslenme Alışkanlıklarının Araştırılması”. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15 (4), 25-37
26. Goyal, P, Ringel, J.B, Rajan, M, Choi, J.J, Pinheiro, L.C, Li, H.A. and Safford, M.M. (2020). “Obesity and COVID-19 in New York City: A Retrospective Cohort Study”. Annals of Internal Medicine, 173 (10), 855-858. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-2730
27. Flanagan, E.W, Beyl, R.A, Fearnbach, S.N, Altazan, A.D, Martin, C.K and Redman, L.M. (2021). “The Impact of COVID‐19 Stay‐At‐Home Orders on Health Behaviors ın Adults”. Obesity, 29 (2), 438-445. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.23066
28. Demir, G. (2020). “Nutrition, Health Behaviour Changes, and Eating Behaviours of Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic Period”. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 14 (4), 639-645. DOI: 10.21763/tjfmpc.792397
29. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. (2019). Türkiye Sağlıklı Beslenme ve Hareketli Hayat Programı. Yetişkin ve Çocukluk Çağı Obezitesinin Önlenmesi ve Fiziksel Aktivite Eylem Planı 2019 – 2023. Ankara, Türkiye.
30. de Onis, M, Onyango, A.W, Borghi, E, Siyam, A, Nishida, C. and Siekmann, J. (2007). “Development of A WHO Growth Reference for School-Aged Children and Adolescents”. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 85 (9), 660–667. https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.07.043497

There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Public Health Nursing
Journal Section	Original Article
Authors	Havva Karadeniz 0000-0001-7482-7789 Seçil Duran 0000-0003-1135-0762 Deniz S. Yorulmaz 0000-0001-7115-5673
Publication Date	December 26, 2023
Published in Issue	Year 2023 Volume: 12 Issue: 4

Cite

APA	Karadeniz, H., Duran, S., & Yorulmaz, D. S. (2023). Identifying Changes in Nutrition and Physical Activity in Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(4), 1553-1561. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1366473
AMA	Karadeniz H, Duran S, Yorulmaz DS. Identifying Changes in Nutrition and Physical Activity in Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. December 2023;12(4):1553-1561. doi:10.37989/gumussagbil.1366473
Chicago	Karadeniz, Havva, Seçil Duran, and Deniz S. Yorulmaz. “Identifying Changes in Nutrition and Physical Activity in Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 12, no. 4 (December 2023): 1553-61. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1366473.
EndNote	Karadeniz H, Duran S, Yorulmaz DS (December 1, 2023) Identifying Changes in Nutrition and Physical Activity in Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 12 4 1553–1561.
IEEE	H. Karadeniz, S. Duran, and D. S. Yorulmaz, “Identifying Changes in Nutrition and Physical Activity in Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic”, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1553–1561, 2023, doi: 10.37989/gumussagbil.1366473.
ISNAD	Karadeniz, Havva et al. “Identifying Changes in Nutrition and Physical Activity in Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 12/4 (December 2023), 1553-1561. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1366473.
JAMA	Karadeniz H, Duran S, Yorulmaz DS. Identifying Changes in Nutrition and Physical Activity in Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2023;12:1553–1561.
MLA	Karadeniz, Havva et al. “Identifying Changes in Nutrition and Physical Activity in Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 4, 2023, pp. 1553-61, doi:10.37989/gumussagbil.1366473.
Vancouver	Karadeniz H, Duran S, Yorulmaz DS. Identifying Changes in Nutrition and Physical Activity in Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2023;12(4):1553-61.

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