New York’s super-slender towers and European slender high-rise buildings: differences in the urban context

Willis C., “Singularly Slender: Sky Living in New York, Hong Kong, and Elsewhere”, in: Wood A., Malott D. & He J. (eds.), Cities to Megacities: Shaping Dense Vertical Urbanism: A collection of state-of-the-art, multi-disciplinary papers on urban design, sustainable cities, and tall buildings, Volume I, Proceedings of the CTBUH 2016 International Conference; Shenzen, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, China, 16-21 October 2016, Chicago: CTBUH, 2016, pp. 606–614.
  Google Scholar

Reid R.L., “Skinny ‘Scrapers”, Civil Engineering, The Magazine of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 2019. Available online: https://www.asce.org/cemagazine/skinny-scrapers [Accessed: 11 May 2020].
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/ciegag.0001404   Google Scholar

Guruvappan M. & Byczynski N.A., “State-of-the-Art Engineering for Supertall Residential Buildings”, in: Gabel J. & Safarik D. (eds.), 50 Forward | 50 Back: The Recent History and Essential Future of Sustainable Cities, Chicago: Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, 2019, pp. 254-260.
  Google Scholar

Szołomicki J. and Gołasz-Szołomicka H., “Analysis of Technical Problems in Modern Super-slim High-rise Residential Buildings”, Budownictwo i Architektura, 20 (1), 2021, pp. 83-116. https://www.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.2141
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.2068   Google Scholar

Smith K., “Going Super Skinny with Concrete”, Construction Manager, February 2021, pp. 28–30.
  Google Scholar

Whittle K., “A Case Study on Designing Superslim in Melbourne”, in: Wood A., Malott D. and He J. (eds.), Cities to Megacities: Shaping Dense Vertical Urbanism: A collection of state-of-the-art, multi-disciplinary papers on urban design, sustainable cities, and tall buildings, Volume II, Proceedings of the CTBUH 2016 International Conference; Shenzen, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, China, 16-21 October 2016, Chicago: CTBUH, 2016, pp. 1208-1215.
  Google Scholar

Willis C., “The Logic of Luxury: New York’s New Super Slender Towers”, in: Wood A., Zheng S. and Johnson T. (eds.), Future Cities: Towards Sustainable Vertical Urbanism: A collection of state-of-the-art, multi-disciplinary papers on tall buildings and sustainable cities, Proceedings of the CTBUH 2014 Shanghai Conference, China, 16-19 September 2014, Chicago: CTBUH, 2014, pp. 357–364.
  Google Scholar

Willis C., “The Logic of Luxury 2.0”, in: Wood A. & Malott D. (eds.), Global Interchanges: Resurgence of the Skyscraper City: A collection of state-of-the-art, multi-disciplinary papers on tall buildings and sustainable cities, Proceedings of the CTBUH 2015 International Conference, New York, USA, 26-30 October 2015, Chicago: CTBUH, 2015, pp. 24–32.
  Google Scholar

Macklowe H., “The Complex Path to Simple Elegance: The Story of 432 Park Avenue”, in: Wood A. and Malott D. (eds.), Global Interchanges: Resurgence of the Skyscraper City: A collection of state-of-the-art, multi-disciplinary papers on tall buildings and sustainable cities, Proceedings of the CTBUH 2015 International Conference, New York, USA, 26-30 October 2015, Chicago: CTBUH, 2015, pp. 48–53.
  Google Scholar

Marcus S., “The New Supers: Super-Slender Towers of New York”, in: Wood A. and Malott D. (eds.), Global Interchanges: Resurgence of the Skyscraper City: A collection of state-of-the-art, multi-disciplinary papers on tall buildings and sustainable cities, Proceedings of the CTBUH 2015 International Conference, New York, USA, 26-30 October 2015, Chicago: CTBUH, 2015, pp. 60–65.
  Google Scholar

Jasiński A., “Najnowsza generacja nowojorskich budynków wysokościowych: superwysokie, supersmukłe i… mieszkalne”, Przestrzeń i Forma, 28, 2016, pp. 69-90.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21005/pif.2016.28.B-03   Google Scholar

Generalova E.M. and Generalov V.P., “Super-slender Residental Skyscrapers in New York as a New Direction in High-rise Buildings Typology”, Urban Construction and Architecture, 4(25), 2016, pp. 85-91. https://www.doi.org/10.17673/Vestnik.2016.04.16
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17673/Vestnik.2016.04.16   Google Scholar

Bar J.M., “Manhattan Profits (Part I): The Economics of the Superslim Skyscraper”, Building Skyline, November 19, 2017. Available online: https://buildingtheskyline.org/manhattan-profits-1/, [Accessed: 23 January 2021].
  Google Scholar

Al-Kodmany Kheir, The Vertical City: A Sustainable Development Model, Southampton, Boston: WIT Press, 2018.
  Google Scholar

Dmitruk M., “Supersmukłe wieżowce na przykładzie realizacji z Nowego Jorku”, Teka Architektury, Urbanistyki i Studiów Krajobrazowych Oddział Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Lublinie, Nr 1, 2020, pp. 42-49.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35784/teka.2393   Google Scholar

Marcus S., “Sustainability and High-Rise Buildings – 56 Leonard Street”, in: Wood A., Zheng S. and Johnson T. (eds.), Future Cities: Towards Sustainable Vertical Urbanism: A collection of state-of-the-art, multi-disciplinary papers on tall buildings and sustainable cities, Proceedings of the CTBUH 2014 Shanghai Conference, China, 16-19 September 2014, Chicago: CTBUH, 2014, pp. 685-690.
  Google Scholar

DeSimone S. and Parikh M., “Supertall, Super Slender Tower with a Multitude of Constraints: 220 Central Park South”, in: Wood A. and Malott D. (eds.), Global Interchanges: Resurgence of the Skyscraper City: A collection of state-of-the-art, multi-disciplinary papers on tall buildings and sustainable cities, Proceedings of the CTBUH 2015 International Conference, New York, USA, 26-30 October 2015, Chicago: CTBUH, 2015, pp. 72–76.
  Google Scholar

Marcus S., Oliveira G.J., Yalniz F. and Chack N., “53W53 MoMA Tower”, Structure Magazine, June 2017, pp. 40-42.
  Google Scholar

Marcus S. et al., “432 Park”, Structure Magazine, July 2018, pp. 32-33.
  Google Scholar

Smilow J., “One Seaport Tower”, Structure Magazine, June 2018, pp. 22-24.
  Google Scholar

Yalniz F., “Engineering the Supertall and Superslender 111 West 57th”, Concreto & Construcões, Ano: XLVIII Edição: 99, Jul./Set. 2020, pp. 75-80. http://doi.org/10.4322/1809-7197.2020.99.0005
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4322/1809-7197.2020.99.0005   Google Scholar

Besjak Ch. et al., “Three Supertall Slender Towers in Midtown Manhattan”, Structural Engineering International, 2021. https://www.doi.org/ 10.1080/10168664.2021.1898297
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10168664.2021.1898297   Google Scholar

Twardowski M., Wieże mieszkalne, Kraków: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Krakowskiej, 2017.
  Google Scholar

Banasik-Petri K., “Manhattan - niekończący się dialog. Przegląd wybranych wysokościowców na Manhattanie w kontekście wizji miasta Franka Lloyda Wrighta i Le Corbusiera”, Państwo i Społeczeństwo, nr 2 (XVIII), 2018, pp. 137-154.
  Google Scholar

Twardowski M., Żabicka A. and Campos Ros A., “Houses and Skyscrapers of Manhattan - a Horizontal or Vertical City?”, Technical Transactions, 9, 2019, pp. 45-56.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4467/2353737XCT.19.094.10876   Google Scholar

Twardowski M. and Campos Ros A., “Nowe kierunki rozwoju architektury wież mieszkalnych na wybranych przykładach – Manhattan, Nowy Jork”, Środowisko Mieszkaniowe/Housing Environment, 34/2021, pp. 19-32.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4467/25438700SM.21.003.13642   Google Scholar

Longarini N. et al., “Structural Improvements for Tall Buildings under Wind Loads: Comparative Study”, Shock and Vibration, vol. 2017. Available online: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2031248, [Accessed: 19 January 2021].
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2031248   Google Scholar

Piekarz R., Wpływ nieregularności konstrukcyjnych powłoki ramowej betonowego budynku wysokiego na jej sztywność, Rozprawa doktorska, Politechnika Wrocławska, 2005.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1644-9665(12)60257-X   Google Scholar

Russell J.S., “Designing the Super-thin New Buildings”, Architectural Record, October 1990, pp. 105-109.
  Google Scholar

The Skyscraper Museum, “Sky High & The Logic of Luxury”, 2013. Available online: http://skyscraper.org/EXIBITIONS/SKY_HIGH/sky_high.htm, [Accessed: 7 May 2020].
  Google Scholar

Ikonnikov A.W., Od architektury nowoczesnej do postmodernizmu, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Arkady, 1988.
  Google Scholar

Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), Monograph on Planning and Design of Tall Buildings, Vol. Planning and Environmental Criteria for Tall Buildings, New York: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1981.
  Google Scholar

Wells M., Skyscrapers: Structure and Design, London: Laurence King Publishing, 2005.
  Google Scholar

Dupré J., Skyscrapers: A History of the World’s Most Extraordinary Buildings, New York: Black & Dog Leventhal Publishers, Inc., 2008.
  Google Scholar

Arczyńska M. and Pancewicz Ł., “Ikona - jak się to robi w Chicago?”, Architektura-Murator, 4 (163), 2008, pp. 22 and 24.
  Google Scholar

Jodidio P., Santiago Calatrava, Köln: Taschen/TMC, 2008.
  Google Scholar

Zieliński J., Złota 44 i inne warszawskie niebotyki, Warszawa: EKBIN Studio PR, 2015.
  Google Scholar

Ostrowski R., “Ołówkowców blask”, Eurobuild, 12 (206), grudzień 2015. Available online: https://eurobuildcee.com/magazine/2621-olowkowcow-blask, [Accessed: 27 January 2021].
  Google Scholar

Mola F., Mola E. and Pellegrini L., “Supporting a Slender Tower”, CTBUH Journal, Issue I, 2017, pp. 26-31.
  Google Scholar

Samyn P.E., “Population Density and Height of Construction”, Tall Building Conference (Urbanisme Vertical) (Preprints of Conference held in Paris, France, October 25-26), New York: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1973, after: CTBUH, Monograph on Planning and Design of Tall Buildings, Vol. Planning and Environmental Criteria for Tall Buildings, New York: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1981.
  Google Scholar

Weiss M.A., “Skyscraper Zoning: New York’s Pioneering Role”, Journal of the American Planning Association, 58:2, 1992, pp. 201-212.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01944369208975794   Google Scholar

Willis C., Form Follows Finance: Skyscrapers and Skylines in New York and Chicago, New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1995.
  Google Scholar

Kontokosta C.E., “Tall Buildings and Urban Expansion: Tracing the Evolution of Zoning in the United States”, Leadership and Management in Engineering, 13(3), 2013, pp. 190-198.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LM.1943-5630.0000226   Google Scholar

Beedle L.S., Ali M.M. and Armstrong P.J., The Skyscraper and the City: Design, Technology, and Innovation, Lewiston, New York: The Edvin Mellen Press, 2007.
  Google Scholar

Ateliers Jean Nouvel, “Tour de Vere - 53W53”. Available online: http://www.jeannouvel.com/projets/53w53/, [Accessed: 21 January 2021].
  Google Scholar

Hamill P., “Nowy Nowy Jork”, National Geographic Polska, 12, 2015, pp. 112-127.
  Google Scholar

Wikimedia Commons. Available online: https://commons.wikimedia.org/, [Accessed: 26 July 2021].
  Google Scholar

Wainwright O., “Super-tall, Super-skinny, Super-expensive: The ‘Pencil Towers’ of New York’s Super-rich”, The Guardian, February 5, 2019. Available online: https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/feb/05/super-tall-super-skinny-super-expensive-the-pencil-towers-of-new-yorks-super-rich, [Accessed: 19 February 2021].
  Google Scholar

SHoP Architects. Available online: https://www.shoparc.com/, [Accessed: 20 February 2021].
  Google Scholar

Burton Ch., “The Ultra-skinny Skyscrapers of New York’s Billionaire’s Row”, GQ, 23 March 2019. Available online: https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/skyscraper-new-york, [Accessed: 14 June 2021].
  Google Scholar

DeSimone, “Press Releases”, January 8, 2019. Available online: https://www.de-simone.com/ [Accessed: 14 June 2021].
  Google Scholar

Lo A., “The Slender Skyscrapers Changing New York’s Skyline”, CNN Style, 12th February 2018. Available online: https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/new-york-slender-skyscrapers/index.html, [Accessed: 20 January 2021].
  Google Scholar

Scacco M., “Madison Square Park Tower: Slender, Inverted, Remarkable”, Informed Infrastructure, November 10, 2018. Available online: https://informedinfrastructure.com/42485/madison-square-park-tower-slender-inverted-remarkable/, [Accessed: 5 July 2021].
  Google Scholar

The Skyscraper Museum, “Slenderness: New York | Hong Kong”, 2009. Available online: https://old.skyscraper.org/PROGRAMS/slender_program.htm, [Accessed: 24 July 2021].
  Google Scholar

WSP, “Structural Marvels Make New York’s Super-Slender Towers Possible”, July 20, 2016. Available online: https://www.wsp.com/en-GL/insights/structural-marvels-make-new-york-super-slender-towers-possible, [Accessed: 7 June 2021].
  Google Scholar

Mayevskaya M., “Москва высотная: Сити/High-Rise Moscow: City”, Высотные Здания/Tall Buildings, 2, 2014, pp. 22-29 and 121-124.
  Google Scholar

Johnson S., Tall Building: Imagining the Skyscraper, Glendale California: Balcony Press, 2018.
  Google Scholar

Starodubtsev Y., Myers J. and Goetz L., “Case Study: Capital City Towers, Moscow”, CTBUH Journal, Issue II, 2011, pp. 12-17.
  Google Scholar

Tamošaitienė J. et al., “Complex Model for the Assessment of the Location of High-Rise Buildings in the City Urban Structure”, International Journal of Strategic Property Management, Volume 17, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 93-109.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/1648715X.2013.781968   Google Scholar

Zawada-Pęgiel K., “Moskiewskie Międzynarodowe Centrum Biznesu – znacząca operacja urbanistyczna Moskwy w kontekście rozwiązań zachodnioeuropejskich/ The Moscow International Business Centre – Moscow’s Major Urban Planning Operation in the Context of Western European Solutions”, Teka Komisji Urbanistyki i Architektury, PAN Oddział w Krakowie, tom XLIII/2020, pp. 73-90.
  Google Scholar

Renaissance Construction. Available online: https://rencons.com/proje/neva-towers/?lang=en, [Accessed: 29 May 2021].
  Google Scholar

SkyscraperCity.com. Available online: https://www.skyscrapercity.com/threads/neva-towers-moscow-345-m-79-fl-297-m-65-fl.2287262/, [Accessed: 30 May 2021].
  Google Scholar

Sergey Skuratov Architects. Available online: https://www.skuratov-arch.ru/portfolio/three-skyscrapers/?lang=en, [Accessed: 11 June 2021].
  Google Scholar

Richard Meier & Partners Architects LLP. Available online: https://www.richardmeier.com/?projects=lilium-tower-competition-2, [Accessed: 11 May 2020].
  Google Scholar

Dąbrowska A., “Na marginesie architektury”, Architektura-Murator, 8, 2007, pp. 6-7.
  Google Scholar

Dąbrowska A., “Na marginesie architektury”, Architektura-Murator, 2, 2008, pp. 8-9.
  Google Scholar

Oleński W., Postrzeganie krajobrazu miasta w warunkach wertykalizacji zabudowy, Rozprawa doktorska, Wydział Architektury Politechnika Krakowska, 2014.
  Google Scholar

Gibberd F., Town Design, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959.
  Google Scholar

Kosiński W., “Globalizacja - szanse i zagrożenia tożsamości miast”, Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej: Architektura i Urbanistyka, Nr 18, 2009, pp. 7-43.
  Google Scholar

Wojtczuk M., “Wieżowiec płaski jak deska: nadwiesi się nad kamienicą”, Wyborcza.pl, 24 stycznia 2012. Available online: https://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/1,34862,11020168,Wiezowiec_plaski_jak_deska__nadwiesi_sie_nad_kamienica.html, [Accessed: 30 January 2021].
  Google Scholar

Goncikowski M., “Nowo projektowane budynki wysokościowe Część 2 - polskie projekty”, Builder Dodatek branżowy, wrzesień 2016, pp. 114-116. Available online: https://builderpolska.pl/2016/08/22/builder-dodatek-branzowy-wrzesien-2016/, [Accessed: 22 April 2022].
  Google Scholar

Wojtczuk M., “110-metrowy wieżowiec cienki jak szpilka powstanie obok Świętokrzyskiej?”, Wyborcza.pl, 31 maja 2017. Available online: https://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/7,54420,21890019,110-metrowy-wiezowiec-cienki-jak-szpilka-powstanie-obok-swietokrzyskiej.html, [Accessed: 30 January 2021].
  Google Scholar

Nowa Warszawa, “JSK projektuje wieżowiec w miejscu PIN Tower”, 10 września 2019. Available online: https://nowawarszawa.pl/jsk-projektuje-wiezowiec-w-miejscu-pin-tower/, [Accessed: 30 January 2021].
  Google Scholar

Uchwała Rady Miasta st. Warszawy z dnia 30 listopada 2017 w sprawie miejscowego planu zagospodarowania przestrzennego Śródmieścia Południowego w rejonie ul. Poznańskiej, Warszawa: Rada Miasta st. Warszawy, Dz. Urz. Woj. Mazowieckiego z dnia 11 grudnia 2017 Poz. 11787.
  Google Scholar

Emporis Building Database, https//www.emporis.com [Accessed: 4 May 2021].
  Google Scholar

Short M.J., Planning for Tall Buildings, Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203720875   Google Scholar

Kazimierczak J., “Gentryfikacja zabudowy miejskiej wobec rewitalizacji terenów poprzemysłowych. Przykład Wielkiego Manchesteru”, in: Jakóbczyk-Gryszkiewicz J. (ed.), XXV Konwersatorium Wiedzy o Mieście. Procesy gentryfikacji w mieście, Część I, Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, 2012, pp. 169-183.
  Google Scholar

Skyscrapernews.com. Available online: http://skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=132, [Accessed: 16 January 2021].
  Google Scholar

Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), “The Skyscraper Center”. Available online: http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/, [Accessed: 16 January 2021 and 27 March 2021].
  Google Scholar

BCC, High Places. A Planning Policy Framework for Tall Buildings, Birmingham City Council, 2003.
  Google Scholar

BCC, Birmingham Big City Plan. City Centre Masterplan, Birmingham City Council, July 2011. Available online: www.bigcityplan.org.
  Google Scholar

Glancy Nicholls Architects. Available online: http://glancynicholls.com/projects/211-broad-street/, [Accessed: 12 May 2020 and 23 February 2021].
  Google Scholar

pbc today, “Iconic ‘Super Slender’ Skyscraper Gets the Go-ahead in Birmingham ”, February 17, 2020. Available online: https://www.pbctoday.co.uk/news/planning-construction-news/211-broad-street/71878/, [Accessed: 28 January 2021].
  Google Scholar

Lorenzato-Lloyd A., “Super Thin Tower in Birmingham Gets Planning Thumbs-up”, Building, 18 February 2020. Available online: https://www.building.co.uk/news/super-thin-tower-in-birmingham-gets-planning-thumbs-up/5104375.article, [Accessed: 28 January 2021].
  Google Scholar

CTBUH, “Slender Birmingham Skyscraper Receives Go-Ahead”, CTBUH Global News, 20 February 2020. Available online: https://www.ctbuh.org/news/slender-birmingham-skyscraper-receives-go-ahead, [Accessed: 16 January 2021].
  Google Scholar

Rak G. and Pstrocka-Rak M., “Wieżowce w winnicach. Cykl życiowy nadmorskiej destynacji turystycznej na przykładzie Benidormu ”, Studia Regionalne i Lokalne, Nr 3 (45), 2011, pp. 26-58.
  Google Scholar

Regalado Tesoro F., “Introducción al Urbanismo de Benidorm y Sus Edificios de Gran Altura”, ROP, Revista de Obras Publicas, 3552, marzo 2014, pp. 49-58.
  Google Scholar

Padilla A.O., “Non-Financial Compensations: A Proposal to Refurbish the Old Residential Buildings in Benidorm (Spain)”, International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, vol. 12, (2017), Issue 3, pp. 508-516. https://www.doi.org/10.2495/SDP-V12-N3-508-516
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2495/SDP-V12-N3-508-516   Google Scholar

Coll Caballé X., Martínez-Medina A. and Pié Ninot R., “Oasis de Modernidad: Los Hoteles de Benidorm (1950-1975) Nuevas Tipologías Turísticas Basadas en Directrices del Movimiento Moderno”, in: Fava N. and García Vergara M. (eds.), Actas del Congreso Internacional - Territotios del Turismo: El Imaginario Turístico y la Construcción del Paisaje Contemporáneo, Barcelona: Viguera Editores, 2014, pp. 199-212.
  Google Scholar

López Fernández M. and Martínez-Medina A., “Playas y Paseos Marítmos El Nuevo Paisaje Urbano de Benidorm (1956-1986)”, in: Preliminary Proceedings. Touristic Territories: Touristic Imagery and the Construction of Contemporary Landscape, Barcelona: Viguera, 2014, pp. 681-691. Available online: http://hdl.handle.net/10045/35880
  Google Scholar

Bueno A.P., “Benidorm e Balneário Camboriú: comparações entre ícones do turismo de sol e praia urbano”, in: Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo, “VIII Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo, Barcelona-Balneário Camboriú, Junio 2016”, Barcelona: DUOT, 2016. https://www.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6348
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6348   Google Scholar

Espinosa Seguí A., “The Evolution of Tourism in Spain: The Case Study of Benidorm (Alicante)”, Human Geography Department, Universidad de Alicante, 2013. Available online: http://rua.ua.es/dspace/handle/10045/27662 [Accessed: 13 April 2021].
  Google Scholar

Martínez-Medina A. and Oliva Meyer J., “Vértigo de Altura: Elogio de un Rascacielos. La Torre Coblanca-1, Juan Guardiola Gaya. Benidorm, 1963-1965”, in: Pioneros de la Arquitectura Moderna Española. Aprender de una obra: II Congreso Nacional de Arquitectura, Madrid, 8-9 de mayo de 2015, Madrid: Fundación Alejandro de la Sota, Ministerio de Fomento, 2015, pp. 426-437. Available online: http://hdl.handle.net/10045/53121 [Accessed: 4 June 2021].
  Google Scholar

Pousse J.-F., “European Cronology 1898-20..”, in: Taillandier I., Namias O. and Pousse J.-F. (eds.), The Invention of the European Tower, Paris: Picard, 2009, pp. 80-190.
  Google Scholar

Pérez Gutiérrez M.C., Evolución del tipo estructural "Torre" en España: Madrid, Barcelona, Benidorm, Tesis Doctoral, Anexo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura, 2009. Available online: http://oa.upm.es/5036/ [Accessed: 5 February 2021].
  Google Scholar

Regalado F., “Los Edificos de Altura de Alicante y Benidorm”, Hormigón y Acero, vol. 42, (179), 1991, pp. 75-79.
  Google Scholar

Regalado Tesoro F., “Edificios de Gran Altura. La Experiencia Española en las Ciudades de Alicante y Benidorm”, Cuadernos TC Tribuna de la Construcción, año 2, nº 17, Valencia, 1993, pp. 9-29.
  Google Scholar

Gutiérrez de Tejada Espuelas E. and Regalado Tesoro F., “Intempo. Estructura de un Edificio de 180 metros de Altura”, Hormigón y Acero, vol. 61, núm. 257, (2010), pp. 41-55.
  Google Scholar

Morphosis. Available online: https://www.morphosis.com/architecture/2018 [Accessed: 4 May 2020].
  Google Scholar

Konieczny R. and Malkowski T., Archiprzewodnik po Europie, Bielsko-Biała: Pascal, 2020.
  Google Scholar

Mayne T., “Intervew: Thom Mayne”. Interview conducted by K. Megson, CLADmag, Issue 3, 2017, pp. 112-119.
  Google Scholar

Hatherley O., “«Modern architecture needs projects like this»”, Dezeen, 24 April 2015. Available online: https://www.dezeen.com/2015/04/24/thom-mayne-peter-zumthor-therme-vals-skyscraper-glass-owen-hatherley-opinion-paul-scheerbart-height-bad-taste/, [Accessed: 14 February 2021].
  Google Scholar

Meier R., “Adwokat bieli”. Interview conducted by M. Petrov, Eurobuild, 4 (156), 2011. Available online: https://eurobuildcee.com/magazine/660-adwokat-bieli, [Accessed: 22 January 2021].
  Google Scholar