The Overlooked Contribution of National Heritage Designation in City Branding and Tourism Management
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Visitor Awareness of World Cultural Heritage Site Designation
2.2. National Cultural Heritage Site Designation and Visitor Awareness
2.3. Existential Authenticity
2.4. Affective City Image
2.5. Hypotheses
3. Methodology
3.1. Nanjing as an Illustrative Case
3.2. Data Collection
3.3. Data Analysis
4. Results
5. Discussion and Conclusions
5.1. Theoretical Contributions
5.2. Practical Applications
5.3. Limitation and Future Research
5.4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Age | |||||||
Category | Under 18 | 18–25 | 26–30 | 31–40 | 41–50 | 51–60 | Above 60 |
Frequency (%) | 0.3 | 21.2 | 18.7 | 18.5 | 20.4 | 16.8 | 4.1 |
Gender | |||||||
Category | Female | Male | |||||
Frequency (%) | 48.2 | 51.8 | |||||
Educational Level | |||||||
Category | Junior high school | Senior high school | Bachelor degree | Master degree | Ph.D. degree | ||
Frequency (%) | 1.4 | 5.2 | 54.3 | 29.5 | 9.6 |
Variable | Mean | Std. Deviation | Skewness | Kurtosis |
---|---|---|---|---|
Awareness of Designations a | 2.23 | 1.07 | 0.32 | −1.16 |
Existential Authenticity | 4.30 | 0.65 | −0.60 | −0.38 |
Affective Image | 4.08 | 0.61 | −0.38 | 0.20 |
Behavioural Intentions | 4.02 | 0.78 | −0.36 | −0.54 |
Educational Level | 3.41 | 0.79 | 0.16 | 0.49 |
Gender b | 1.48 | 0.50 | 0.07 | −2.01 |
Age | 4.04 | 1.52 | 0.12 | −1.13 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Awareness of Designations a | ||||||
2 | Existential Authenticity | −0.15 ** | (0.95) | ||||
3 | Affective Image | −0.19 ** | 0.52 ** | (0.82) | |||
4 | Behavioural Intentions | −0.15 ** | 0.42 ** | 0.66 ** | (0.74) | ||
5 | Educational Level | 0.75 ** | −0.09 | −0.20 ** | −0.16 ** | ||
6 | Gender b | 0.05 | 0.01 | −0.03 | 0.01 | 0.03 | |
7 | Age | −0.27 ** | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.15 ** | −0.27 ** | 0.06 |
AVE and SC | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Existential Authenticity | 0.79 | 0.27 | 0.17 |
2 | Affective City Image | 0.52 | 0.80 | 0.43 |
3 | Behavioural Intentions | 0.42 | 0.66 | 0.65 |
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Construct and Source | Item | β | CR | AVE |
---|---|---|---|---|
Existential authenticity (Kolar & Zabkar, 2010) [13] | I enjoyed the arrangements, events, and celebrations at the site. | 0.86 | 0.88 | 0.79 |
This visit provided a thorough insight into the Ming Dynasty. | 0.91 | |||
During the visit, I felt the related history, legends, and historical personalities. | 0.88 | |||
I enjoyed the unique spiritual experience. | 0.92 | |||
I liked the calm and peaceful atmosphere during the visit. | 0.90 | |||
I felt connected with the local human history and civilization. | 0.90 | |||
Affective city image (Papadimitriou et al., 2015) [14] | My visit to the city was unpleasant/pleasant | 0.79 | 0.96 | 0.80 |
My visit to the city was distressing/relaxing | 0.86 | |||
The city is ugly/pretty | 0.80 | |||
The city is gloomy/exciting | 0.78 | |||
Behavioural intentions (Wang & Hsu, 2010) [44] | Intention to revisit | 0.89 | 0.88 | 0.65 |
Intention to recommend | 0.89 |
Effects of | On | Direct Effects | |
---|---|---|---|
Awareness of designations | Aware of both designations | Existential authenticity | 0.34 *** (0.10) |
Only aware of WCHS designation | Existential authenticity | 0.29 ** (0.11) | |
Only aware of NCHS designation | Affective city image | 0.15 ** (0.05) | |
Existential authenticity | Affective city image | 0.49 *** (0.04) | |
Behavioural intentions | 0.15 ** (0.05) | ||
Affective city image | Behavioural intentions | 0.75 *** (0.06) |
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Dai, T.; Li, J.; Aktürk, G.; Jiao, J. The Overlooked Contribution of National Heritage Designation in City Branding and Tourism Management. Sustainability 2022, 14, 8322. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148322
Dai T, Li J, Aktürk G, Jiao J. The Overlooked Contribution of National Heritage Designation in City Branding and Tourism Management. Sustainability. 2022; 14(14):8322. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148322
Chicago/Turabian StyleDai, Tianchen, Ji Li, Gül Aktürk, and Jian Jiao. 2022. "The Overlooked Contribution of National Heritage Designation in City Branding and Tourism Management" Sustainability 14, no. 14: 8322. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148322