Figure 1.
Locations of the three Siberian river basins and the main coverage areas of the plumes in the Arctic Ocean. The red box on the left indicates the main plume coverage area of the Ob and Yenisei River Basin in the Kara Sea. The red box on the right indicates the main plume coverage area of the Lena River Basin in the Laptev Sea. The blue dots indicate the location of hydrological stations at estuaries.
Figure 1.
Locations of the three Siberian river basins and the main coverage areas of the plumes in the Arctic Ocean. The red box on the left indicates the main plume coverage area of the Ob and Yenisei River Basin in the Kara Sea. The red box on the right indicates the main plume coverage area of the Lena River Basin in the Laptev Sea. The blue dots indicate the location of hydrological stations at estuaries.
Figure 2.
Monthly mean value of (a) discharge, (b) river water temperature, (c) riverine heat, and (d) SIC.
Figure 2.
Monthly mean value of (a) discharge, (b) river water temperature, (c) riverine heat, and (d) SIC.
Figure 3.
Spatial distribution of monthly mean SIC in (a,b) January, (c,d) February, (e,f) March, (g,h) April, (i,j) May, (k,l) June, (m,n) July, (o,p) August, (q,r) September, (s,t) October, (u,v) November, and (w,x) December in the study area during 1979–2019.
Figure 3.
Spatial distribution of monthly mean SIC in (a,b) January, (c,d) February, (e,f) March, (g,h) April, (i,j) May, (k,l) June, (m,n) July, (o,p) August, (q,r) September, (s,t) October, (u,v) November, and (w,x) December in the study area during 1979–2019.
Figure 4.
Trends in monthly (a) discharge, (b) river water temperature, (c) riverine heat, and (d) spatially averaged SIC in the study area. * indicated significance level at 95%. ** indicated significance level at 99%.
Figure 4.
Trends in monthly (a) discharge, (b) river water temperature, (c) riverine heat, and (d) spatially averaged SIC in the study area. * indicated significance level at 95%. ** indicated significance level at 99%.
Figure 5.
Significant (p < 0.05) change trends in monthly SIC in (a,b) January, (c,d) February, (e,f) March, (g,h) April, (i,j) May, (k,l) June, (m,n) July, (o,p) August, (q,r) September, (s,t) October, (u,v) November, and (w,x) December in the study area.
Figure 5.
Significant (p < 0.05) change trends in monthly SIC in (a,b) January, (c,d) February, (e,f) March, (g,h) April, (i,j) May, (k,l) June, (m,n) July, (o,p) August, (q,r) September, (s,t) October, (u,v) November, and (w,x) December in the study area.
Figure 6.
Variations in (a–c) annual mean discharge and (d–f) riverine heat in the three Siberia Rivers, and (g,h) SIC.
Figure 6.
Variations in (a–c) annual mean discharge and (d–f) riverine heat in the three Siberia Rivers, and (g,h) SIC.
Figure 7.
Spatial distribution of correlations between SIC in the two seas in May–October and discharge from the corresponding rivers in the current month for the (a,d,g,j,m,p) Ob River, (b,e,h,k,n,q) Yenisei River, and (c,f,i,l,o,r) Lena River.
Figure 7.
Spatial distribution of correlations between SIC in the two seas in May–October and discharge from the corresponding rivers in the current month for the (a,d,g,j,m,p) Ob River, (b,e,h,k,n,q) Yenisei River, and (c,f,i,l,o,r) Lena River.
Figure 8.
Spatial distribution of correlations between SIC in the two seas in May–October and accumulated discharge from the corresponding rivers from May to the current month for the (a,d,g,j,m) Ob River, (b,e,h,k,n) Yenisei River, and (c,f,i,l,o) Lena River.
Figure 8.
Spatial distribution of correlations between SIC in the two seas in May–October and accumulated discharge from the corresponding rivers from May to the current month for the (a,d,g,j,m) Ob River, (b,e,h,k,n) Yenisei River, and (c,f,i,l,o) Lena River.
Figure 9.
Spatial distribution of correlations between SIC in the two seas in May–October and heat from the corresponding rivers in the current month for the (a,d,g,j,m,p) Ob River, (b,e,h,k,n,q) Yenisei River, and (c,f,i,l,o,r) Lena River.
Figure 9.
Spatial distribution of correlations between SIC in the two seas in May–October and heat from the corresponding rivers in the current month for the (a,d,g,j,m,p) Ob River, (b,e,h,k,n,q) Yenisei River, and (c,f,i,l,o,r) Lena River.
Figure 10.
Spatial distribution of correlations between SIC in the two seas in May–October and accumulated heat from the corresponding rivers from May to the current month for the (a,d,g,j,m) Ob River, (b,e,h,k,n) Yenisei River, and (c,f,i,l,o) Lena River.
Figure 10.
Spatial distribution of correlations between SIC in the two seas in May–October and accumulated heat from the corresponding rivers from May to the current month for the (a,d,g,j,m) Ob River, (b,e,h,k,n) Yenisei River, and (c,f,i,l,o) Lena River.
Figure 11.
Seasonality correlation between SIC in the two seas and riverine heat (a,c,e) or accumulated riverine heat from May to corresponding month (b,d,f) from the corresponding rivers.
Figure 11.
Seasonality correlation between SIC in the two seas and riverine heat (a,c,e) or accumulated riverine heat from May to corresponding month (b,d,f) from the corresponding rivers.
Figure 12.
Spatial distribution of correlations between annual SIC in the two seas and discharge from the corresponding rivers for the (a) Ob River, (b) Yenisei River, and (c) Lena River.
Figure 12.
Spatial distribution of correlations between annual SIC in the two seas and discharge from the corresponding rivers for the (a) Ob River, (b) Yenisei River, and (c) Lena River.
Figure 13.
Spatial distribution of correlations between annual SIC in the two seas and heat from the corresponding rivers for the (a) Ob River, (b) Yenisei River, and (c) Lena River.
Figure 13.
Spatial distribution of correlations between annual SIC in the two seas and heat from the corresponding rivers for the (a) Ob River, (b) Yenisei River, and (c) Lena River.
Figure 14.
Correlation between discharge and absorbance at different wavelengths.
Figure 14.
Correlation between discharge and absorbance at different wavelengths.
Table 1.
Correlation between monthly SIC in the two seas and discharge from the corresponding rivers.
Table 1.
Correlation between monthly SIC in the two seas and discharge from the corresponding rivers.
| | Discharge |
---|
| | The Ob River | The Yenisei River | The Lena River |
---|
SIC of the Kara Sea/Laptev Sea | May | −0.679 ** | −0.532 ** | −0.530 ** |
Jun. | 0.186 | 0.476 ** | 0.397 * |
Jul. | 0.229 | 0.24 | 0.076 |
Aug. | −0.259 | 0.04 | −0.235 |
Sep. | −0.045 | 0.241 | −0.202 |
Oct. | −0.016 | −0.426 ** | −0.392 * |
Table 2.
Correlation between monthly SIC in the two seas and accumulated discharge from the corresponding rivers.
Table 2.
Correlation between monthly SIC in the two seas and accumulated discharge from the corresponding rivers.
| | Discharge |
---|
| | The Ob River | The Yenisei River | The Lena River |
---|
SIC of the Kara Sea/Laptev Sea | Jun. | −0.407 ** | 0.026 | 0.051 |
Jul. | −0.011 | 0.276 | 0.019 |
Aug. | −0.227 | −0.091 | −0.067 |
Sep. | −0.033 | −0.014 | −0.198 |
Oct. | −0.162 | 0.077 | −0.255 |
Table 3.
Correlation between monthly SIC in the two seas and heat of the Ob and Yenisei Rivers (Lena River).
Table 3.
Correlation between monthly SIC in the two seas and heat of the Ob and Yenisei Rivers (Lena River).
| | Riverine Heat |
---|
| | The Ob River | The Yenisei River | The Lena River |
---|
SIC of the Kara Sea/Laptev Sea | May | −0.625 ** | −0.654 ** | −0.663 ** |
Jun. | −0.213 | 0.113 | −0.434 ** |
Jul. | 0.158 | 0.136 | −0.221 |
Aug. | −0.245 | −0.092 | −0.381 * |
Sep. | 0.004 | 0.049 | −0.384 * |
Oct. | −0.325 * | −0.572 ** | 0 |
Table 4.
Correlation between monthly SIC in the two seas and accumulated riverine heat of the Ob and Yenisei Rivers (Lena River).
Table 4.
Correlation between monthly SIC in the two seas and accumulated riverine heat of the Ob and Yenisei Rivers (Lena River).
| | Riverine Heat |
---|
| | The Ob River | The Yenisei River | The Lena River |
---|
SIC of the Kara Sea/Laptev Sea | Jun. | −0.428 ** | −0.153 | −0.473 ** |
Jul. | −0.089 | −0.027 | −0.495 ** |
Aug. | −0.138 | −0.144 | −0.568 ** |
Sep. | −0.013 | −0.074 | −0.500 ** |
Oct. | −0.171 | −0.316 | −0.531 ** |
Table 5.
Correlation between annual SIC in the two seas and discharge in the Ob and Yenisei Rivers/Lena River.
Table 5.
Correlation between annual SIC in the two seas and discharge in the Ob and Yenisei Rivers/Lena River.
| Discharge |
---|
| The Ob River | The Yenisei River | The Lena River |
---|
Sic of the Kara Sea/Laptev Sea | −0.108 | 0.150 | −0.148 |
Table 6.
Correlation between annual SIC in the two seas and riverine heat of the Ob and Yenisei Rivers (Lena River).
Table 6.
Correlation between annual SIC in the two seas and riverine heat of the Ob and Yenisei Rivers (Lena River).
| Riverine Heat |
---|
| The Ob River | The Yenisei River | The Lena River |
---|
Sic of the Kara Sea/Laptev Sea | 0.150 | 0.171 | −0.443 ** |