Dietary Intake of Young Male Ice Hockey Players 10–13 Years of Age during a Week-Long Hockey Camp
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Hockey Camp Exercise Protocol
2.4. Comparison with Canadian Nutritional Recommendations for Youth
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Energy Intake
3.2. Macronutrient Consumptions
3.3. Carbohydrates
3.4. Protein
3.5. Fat
3.6. Water/Fluid
3.7. Vitamins
3.8. Minerals
4. Discussion
4.1. Macronutrient Consumption
4.1.1. Carbohydrate
4.1.2. Protein
4.1.3. Fat
4.2. Micronutrient Consumption
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Montgomery, D.L. Physiology of ice hockey. Sports Med. 1988, 5, 99–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cox, M.H.; Miles, D.S.; Verde, T.J.; Rhodes, E.C. Applied physiology of ice hockey. Sports Med. 1995, 19, 184–201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Burke, L.M.; Hawley, J.A.; Wong, S.H.S.; Jeukendrup, A.E. Carbohydrates for training and competition. J. Sports Sci. 2011, 29 (Suppl. 1), S17–S27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mujika, I.; Burke, L.M. Nutrition in team sports. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 2010, 57 (Suppl. 2), 26–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ryan, M. Performance Nutrition for Team Sports; Peak Sports Press: Boulder, CO, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Vigh-Larsen, J.F.; Ermidis, G.; Rago, V.; Randers, M.B.; Fransson, D.; Nielsen, J.L.; Gliemann, L.; Piil, J.F.; Morris, N.B.; DE Paoli, F.V.; et al. Muscle metabolism and fatigue during simulated ice hockey match-play in elite players. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2020, 52, 2162–2171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vigh-Larsen, J.F.; Ørtenblad, N.; Spriet, L.L.; Overgaard, K.; Mohr, M. Muscle glycogen metabolism and high-intensity exercise performance: A narrative review. Sports Med. 2021, 51, 1855–1874. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferguson, N.L. An assessment of the dietary habits of college hockey players. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 1999, 99, A39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silva, M.G.; Silva, H. Comparison of body composition and nutrients’ deficiencies between Portuguese rink-hockey players. Eur. J. Pediatr. 2017, 176, 41–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vermeulen, T.F.; Boyd, L.A.; Spriet, L.L. Dietary macronutrient and micronutrient intake over a 7-day period in female varsity ice hockey players. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reading, K.J.; McCargar, L.J.; Marriage, B.J. Adolescent and young adult male hockey players: Nutrition knowledge and education. Can. J. Diet. Pract. Res. 1999, 60, 166. [Google Scholar]
- Parnell, J.A.; Wiens, K.P.; Erdman, K.A. Dietary intakes and supplement use in pre-adolescent and adolescent Canadian athletes. Nutrients 2016, 8, 536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cotunga, N.; Vickery, C.E.; McBee, S. Sports nutrition for young athletes. J. Sch. Nurs. 2005, 21, 323–328. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Desbrow, B. Youth development and nutrition. Sports Med. 2021, 51 (Suppl. 1), S3–S12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoch, A.Z.; Goossen, K.; Kretschmer, T. Nutritional requirements of the child and teenage athlete. Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am. 2008, 19, 373–398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Petrie, H.J.; Stover, E.A.; Horswill, C.A. Nutritional Concerns for the child and adolescent competitor. Nutrition 2004, 20, 620–631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Spear, B.A. Sports nutrition. In Guidelines for Adolescent Nutrition Services; Strang, J., Story, M.T., Eds.; Center for Leadership, Education, and Training in Maternal and Child Nutrition: Minneapolis, MN, USA, 2005; pp. 199–208. [Google Scholar]
- Holway, F.E.; Spriet, L.L. Sport-specific nutrition: Practical strategies for team sports. J. Sports Sci. 2011, 29 (Suppl. 1), S115–S125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Health Canada. Dietary Reference Intakes; Health Canada: Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2010.
- Carson, V.; Tremblay, M.S.; Chaput, J.P.; Chastin, S.F. Associations between sleep duration, sedentary time, physical activity, and health indicators among Canadian children and youth using compositional analyses. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2016, 41, S294–S302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Saunders, T.J.; Gray, C.E.; Poitras, V.J.; Chaput, J.P.; Janssen, I.; Katzmarzyk, P.T.; Olds, T.; Connor Gorber, S.; Kho, M.E.; Sampson, M.; et al. Combinations of physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep: Relationships with health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2016, 41, S283–S293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Thomas, D.T.; Erdman, K.A.; Burke, L.M. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dieticians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and athletic performance. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 2016, 116, 501–529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aerenhouts, D.; Van Cauwenberg, J.; Poortmans, J.R.; Hauspie, R.; Clarys, P. Influence of growth rate on nitrogen balance in adolescent sprint athletes. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 2013, 23, 409–417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Desbrow, B.; Burd, N.A.; Tarnopolsky, M.; Moore, D.A.; Elliott-Sale, K.J. Nutrition for special populations: Young, female, and masters’ athletes. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 2019, 29, 220–227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mark, S.; Gray-Donald, K.; Delvin, E.E.; O’Loughlin, J.; Paradis, G.; Levy, E.; Lambert, M. Low vitamin D status in a representative sample of youth from Quebec, Canada. Clin. Chem. 2008, 54, 1283–1289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Owens, D.J.; Allison, R.; Close, G.L. Vitamin D and the athlete: Current perspectives and new challenges. Sports Med. 2018, 48 (Suppl. 1), S3–S16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Falk, B.; Bar-Or, O.; Calvert, R.; MacDougall, J.D. Sweat gland response to exercise in the heat among pre-, mid-, and late-pubertal boys. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1992, 24, 313–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Characteristics | OC, 10–11 Yr (n = 10) | YA, 12–13 Yr (n = 10) |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 10.7 ± 0.2 [10–11] | 12.9 ± 0.1 [12–13] * |
Body Mass (kg) | 37.1 ± 1.5 [30.0–45.4] | 45.2 ± 1.5 [35.0–52.3] * |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 16.9 ± 0.6 [15.5–20.5] | 18.3 ± 0.4 [17.3–21.1] |
Recommendations (10–11 Yr) | OC, 10–11 Yr (n = 10) | Recommendations (12–13 Yr) | YA, 12–13 Yr (n = 10) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal) | 2000 | 2967 ± 211 (10/10) | 2250 | 2773 ± 91 (9/10) |
Energy (kcal/kg) | 56 | 81 ± 5 (10/10) | 63 | 62 ± 3 * (4/10) |
Carbohydrate (g) | 130 | 410 ± 27 (10/10) | 163 | 399 ± 16 (10/10) |
Carbohydrate (g/kg) | 3.6 | 11.2 ± 0.8 (10/10) | 4.5 | 8.9 ± 0.5 * (10/10) |
Carbohydrate (%) | 46–65 | 56 ± 2 (9/10) | 46–65 | 57 ± 1 (10/10) |
Fat (g) | ND | 100 ± 10 | ND | 87 ± 4 |
Fat (g/kg) | ND | 2.7 ± 0.3 | ND | 1.9 ± 0.1 * |
Fat (%) | 25–35 | 30 ± 2 (8/10) | 25–35 | 28 ± 1 (10/10) |
Protein (g) | 34 | 120 ±12 (10/10) | 43 | 108 ± 5 (10/10) |
Protein (g/kg) | 0.95 | 3.2 ± 0.3 (10/10) | 1.20 | 2.4 ± 0.1 * (10/10) |
Protein (%) | 10–30 | 16 ± 1 (10/10) | 10–30 | 16 ± 1 (10/10) |
Water (L) | 2.4 | 2.8 ± 0.4 (5/10) | 2.4 | 3.1 ± 1.2 (10/10) |
Nutrient | Recommendations 9–13 Yr | OC, 10–11 Yr (n = 10) | YA, 12–13 Yr (n = 10) |
---|---|---|---|
Vitamin A (mcg RAE) | 600 | 833 ± 77 (9/10) | 674 ± 62 * (5/10) |
Vitamin D (μg) | 15 | 6 ± 1 (0/10) | 5 ± 2 (1/10) |
Vitamin E (mg) | 11 | 4 ± 1 (0/10) | 8 ± 2 * (2/10) |
Vitamin K (mcg) | 60 | 35 ± 7 (1/10) | 71 ± 14 * (6/10) |
Vitamin B1 (mg) | 0.9 | 2.1 ± 0.2 (10/10) | 1.6 ± 0.3 (9/10) |
Vitamin B2 (mg) | 0.9 | 3.0 ± 0.3 (10/10) | 1.8 ± 0.3 * (8/10) |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1.0 | 2.5 ± 0.3 (9/10) | 2.1 ± 0.4 (9/10) |
Vitamin B12 (μg) | 1.8 | 11.4 ± 1.8 (10/10) | 5.6 ± 1.2 * (9/10) |
Vitamin C (mg) | 45 | 120 ± 23 (9/10) | 187 ± 25 * (10/10) |
Niacin (mg) | 12 | 28 ± 2 (10/10) | 23 ± 3 * (9/10) |
Folate (μg) | 300 | 452 ± 75 (8/10) | 414 ± 81 (6/10) |
Calcium (mg) | 1300 | 1664 ± 158 (6/10) | 1252 ± 137 * (3/10) |
Magnesium (mg) | 240 | 282 ± 24 (7/10) | 274 ± 47 (4/10) |
Iron (mg) | 8 | 26 ± 2 (10/10) | 19 ± 2 * (10/10) |
Phosphorous (mg) | 1250 | 1555 ± 175 (6/10) | 1091 ± 133 * (4/10) |
Potassium (mg) | 2500 | 3048 ± 280 (7/10) | 2757 ± 351 (6/10) |
Zinc (mg) | 8 | 15 ± 2 (9/10) | 10 ± 2 * (5/10) |
Sodium (mg) | 1500 | 4296 ± 438 (10/10) | 4435 ± 317 (10/10) |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Vermeulen, T.F.; Boville, S.M.; Gamble, A.S.D.; Bigg, J.L.; McCarthy, D.G.; Eskedjian, G.S.; Spriet, L.L. Dietary Intake of Young Male Ice Hockey Players 10–13 Years of Age during a Week-Long Hockey Camp. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2978. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142978
Vermeulen TF, Boville SM, Gamble ASD, Bigg JL, McCarthy DG, Eskedjian GS, Spriet LL. Dietary Intake of Young Male Ice Hockey Players 10–13 Years of Age during a Week-Long Hockey Camp. Nutrients. 2022; 14(14):2978. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142978
Chicago/Turabian StyleVermeulen, Tyler F., Stephanie M. Boville, Alexander S. D. Gamble, Jessica L. Bigg, Devin G. McCarthy, Gregory S. Eskedjian, and Lawrence L. Spriet. 2022. "Dietary Intake of Young Male Ice Hockey Players 10–13 Years of Age during a Week-Long Hockey Camp" Nutrients 14, no. 14: 2978. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142978