Linking Gold Systems to the Crust-Mantle Evolution of Archean Crust in Central Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Petrology
3.2. SHRIMP Zircon U-Pb Geochronology
3.3. In Situ Zircon Hf-O Analyses
4. Geological Setting
Deformation History
5. Gold in the Goiás Archean Block
5.1. Deposit Structural Controls
5.2. Hydrothermal Alteration and Mineralization Styles
5.3. Fluid Conditions
Greenstone Belt | Faina | Crixás | Pilar de Goiás | Guarinos | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Deposit | Sertão | Cascavel | Mina III | Corpos III & IV | Ogó/Jordino/Três Buracos | Maria Lázara |
Host rock | carbonaceous schist and BIF | quartzite and biotite schist | carbonaceous schist, metabasalt, and marble | carbonaceous schist and metabasalt | ||
Metamorphic grade | Greenschist | Greenschist to lower amphibolite | Greenschist | |||
Structural controls | gently S-plunging fold hinges; EW-trending, subtly S-dipping thrust faults; subtly NW-trending shear zones | gently N-plunging fold hinges; EW-trending, subtly N-dipping thrust faults | gently W-plunging fold hinges; NS-trending, subtly W-dipping thrust faults | steeply S-dipping foliation; NW-trending, steeply SE-dipping shear zones | ||
Mineralization style | disseminated sulphides (± vein, massive sulfide) | vein-hosted (± disseminated sulphides) | disseminated sulphides (± vein-hosted) | disseminated sulphides | vein-hosted and disseminated sulphides | |
Ore assemblage | Qtz-Ank/Sid-Asp-Py ± Cpy ± Po | Qtz ± KF-Au ± Py ± Cpy | Chl-Grt-Po-Asp | Au-As-Ag (±Cpy ± Bn ± Pent) | Asp-Py-Po-Sph-Gn-Cpy | Asp-Po ± Sph ± Py± Cpy ± Gn ± Mo ± Ag (late Au-Te-Bi) |
Au endowment | 256 Koz., 24.95 g/t (Troy Resources) | No data | 7.3 Moz, 10 g/t (AngloGold) | 2.3 Moz, 4 g/t (Yamana Gold) | 4.22 Moz, 4 g/t (Yamana Gold) | |
Geochemical signature | Au-Ag-As-Sb-Pb ± Cu | Au-Pb ± As ± Sb | Au-As | Au-Ag-Bi-Mo-Pb-Sb-W | Au-Ag-Sb (main) Au-Te-Bi (late) | |
Mineralization age | No data | 2126 ± 16 Ma (arsenopyrite Re-Os; [[]) | 2025 Ma (galena Pb-Pb; [[]) | No data | ||
Au fineness | ~945 | ~992 | ~944 | ~915 | No data | ~920 |
Temperature | 320–430 °C | 310–420 °C | No data | 428–580 °C | 335–450 °C | 330–450 °C (main event) 116–241 °C (late event) |
References | [106] | [107,119,125,126] | [14,122,127] |
5.4. Timing of Au Mineralization
6. Discussion
6.1. Hf-O Isotopes through Time
6.2. Geological Evolution of the GAB
6.3. Archean Crust Formation: Towards a Model
6.4. Linking Crustal Architecture to Gold Mineralization
7. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Lithology | Texture | Structure | Mineralogy | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pink Syenite | Qtz Syenite | Porphyroclastic | Massive | KF-Plg ± Ms ± Qtz | Porphyritic K-feldspar (≤1 cm) in fin-grained (~50 µm) plagioclase-quartz matrix |
Serra Negra | Monzonite | Phaneritic | Subtle foliation | Qtz-KF-Plg-Bt-Tit-Ep | Fine- to medium-grained granitic rock |
Rio Caiapó | Monzonite | Phaneritic | Massive | Qtz-Plg-Bt-Ep-Aln | Medium-grained granite with mafic enclaves |
Itapuranga I | Monzonite | Augen, porphyritic | Foliated | Qtz-KF-Plg-Hbl-Bt-Aln ± Ep | Medium- to coarse-grained granitic rock |
Itapuranga II | Monzonite | Nematoblastic | Subtle foliation | Qtz-KF-Plg-Bt- ± Ep ± Aln | |
Uvá | Orthogneiss | Augen gneiss | Intense foliation | Qtz-KF-Plg-Bt ± Ep ± Ap | Medium- to coarse-grained leucocratic orthogneiss composed of xenomorphic biotite and rare hornblende. |
Caiçara | Orthogneiss | Phaneritic | Subtle foliation | Qtz-Plg-KF ± Ms ± Tit | |
Paus de Choro | Two-mica granite | Nematoblastic | Subtle foliation | Qtz-KF-Plg-Bt ± Ms |
Reference | Event | Timing | Structural Features | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|
Danni et al., [67] | D1 | Archean | Subtly W-dipping S1 foliation axial planar to isoclinal (-tight) F1 folds | Greenschist facies metamorphism. Stratigraphic inversion. |
D2 | Archean | Subtly to moderate W-dipping S2 foliation axial planar to isoclinal F2 folds | Late mafic dike and granitic intrusions. | |
Queiroz, [59] | Dn−3 | Archean | Sn−3//So | Basin closure and orogen development. Inherited zircon xenocrysts of juvenile nature. Stratigraphic inversion of supracrustal sequences. |
Dn−2 | Archean | Sn−2 | Polydiapiric, juvenile magmatism at 2840 A, 2820 B, and 2880 C Ma, followed by 2700 D Ma crustal-derived granite and granodiorite intrusions in the Moquém terrane. Dome-and-keel structure; amphibolite facies metamorphism. | |
Dn−1 | Paleoproterozoic | Subtly S-dipping Sn−1 foliation and sub-horizontal W-plunging mineral lineation; tight to isoclinal N-striking folds | Transpression resulted in N30° W dextral displacement (e.g., Engenho Velho shear zone) and N30° E sinistral shear faults. | |
Dn | Neo- proterozoic | Subtly S-dipping Sn foliation and W-plunging mineral lineation; displacement towards the SE direction | Amalgamation of the GAB into the Brasília Fold Belt during closure of the Goianides ocean (Western Gondwana). | |
Dn+1 | ||||
Jost and Fortes, [12] | D1 | Archean | S1//S0 | Regional greenschist facies metamorphism. Stratigraphic inversion of supracrustal sequences. |
D2 | Archean | No structural data. | Emplacement of the Anta, Caiamar, and Hidrolina terranes. | |
D3 | Paleo- proterozoic | S1//S0; isoclinal folds | Late magmatic activity (mafic dikes and granitic intrusions). | |
D4 | Neo- proterozoic | Reorientation of D3 folds | Deformation decreases from W to E. | |
This work | Dn | Archean | Moderately NE- to NW-dipping Sn foliation and local N-verging open folds | Greenstone belt volcanism (Crixás, Faina, and Goiás greenstone belts) and TTG plutonism. Amphibolite facies metamorphism. |
D1 | Paleo- proterozoic | Subtly NW- to W-dipping S1 foliation, axial planar to sub-horizontal NW-striking isoclinal folds | Stratigraphic inversion; greenschist facies metamorphism. | |
D2 | Subtly W- to NW-dipping S2 foliation, axial planar to sub-horizontal NW-striking isoclinal folds | Stacked early formed thrust faults; Main gold mineralization event. | ||
D3 | Moderately W- to NW-dipping S3 foliation, local N-striking open folds, NW-striking shear zones, gently S-dipping thrust faults | Minor granitic (±mafic) magmatism in supracrustal sequences; Minor gold mineralization. | ||
D4 | Neo- proterozoic | Steeply/moderately S- to W-dipping normal faults; sub-horizontal and steeply S-plunging slicken lines, respectively | Incorporation of the GAB in the Brasília Fold Belt during the Brasiliano orogen. Regional granitic magmatism and amphibolite facies metamorphism. |
Event | Stress Field | Description | Au Endowment | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Northern Greenstone Belts | Southern Greenstone Belts | |||
D1 | ~EW shortening; subtly ~ W-dipping S1 foliation (//S0); subtly W-dipping, NS-trending thrust faults; greenschist facies metamorphism; stratigraphic inversion. | ~EW shortening; moderately N-dipping S1 foliation (//S0); subtly W-dipping, NNW-trending F1 folds; greenschist facies metamorphism; stratigraphic inversion. | barren | |
D2 | ~NS shortening; subtly S-dipping S2 foliation, planar axial to isoclinal F2 folds; subtly N-dipping, EW-trending thrust faults; local mm- to cm-wide shear zones; stacking of stratigraphy. | ~NNW-SSE shortening; subtly S-dipping S2 foliation, planar axial to tight to isoclinal F2 folds; gently W-plunging mineral lineation; EW-trending, gently S-dipping thrust faults; stacking of stratigraphy. | Au | |
D3 | ~EW shortening; subtly E-dipping S3 foliation; subtly E-dipping, NS-trending F3 folds; lateral/frontal thrust ramps. | NE-SW shortening; NW-trending shear zones; moderately N-dipping S3 foliation; subtly S-dipping thrust faults. | (±Au) | |
D4 | ~NNW-SSE to EW shortening; steeply W-dipping, local NNW-trending F4 folds. | NS to EW shortening; moderately S-dipping faults, gently S-plunging slicken lines; steeply W-dipping faults, steeply S-plunging slicken lines; fault-fill veins and breccias. | barren (?) | |
References | [86,90,94,95] | [12,69,93] |
Mineralization Style | Characteristics | Host Rocks | Hydrothermal Alteration | Metal Association | Deposit |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Disseminate sulfide | Stratabound replacement of Fe-rich host rocks by pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, and pyrrhotite. Often associated with quartz ± carbonate veins | BIF, dolomite marble ± carbonaceous schist | white mica-pyrite-arsenopyrite-chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite | Au-Ag-As ± Cu | Mina Nova/Forquilha (Crixás); Três Buracos/Ogó/Jordino (Pilar de Goiás); Sertão (Faina), Maria Lázara (Guarinos) |
Vein-hosted | Quartz ± carbonate ± tourmaline ± albite/K-feldspar veins. Vein types include shear, laminated, and fault-fill. Sulfides minerals include pyrite, chalcopyrite, and arsenopyrite. | quartzite, carbonaceous schist ± BIF | quartz-white mica ± fuchsitic mica ± biotite ± pyrite-chalcopyrite | Au-Ag ± Pb | Mina III (Crixás), Cascavel (Faina) |
Massive sulfide | Semi- to massive lenses with pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrite with minor bornite and galena. | metabasalt, carbonaceous schist ± BIF | white mica-quartz ± chlorite ± biotite ± garnet ± tourmaline | Au-Ag-As-Pb ± Sb | Mina III (Crixás), Sertão (Faina) |
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Bogossian, J.; Kemp, A.I.S.; Hagemann, S.G. Linking Gold Systems to the Crust-Mantle Evolution of Archean Crust in Central Brazil. Minerals 2021, 11, 944. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11090944
Bogossian J, Kemp AIS, Hagemann SG. Linking Gold Systems to the Crust-Mantle Evolution of Archean Crust in Central Brazil. Minerals. 2021; 11(9):944. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11090944
Chicago/Turabian StyleBogossian, Jessica, Anthony I. S. Kemp, and Steffen G. Hagemann. 2021. "Linking Gold Systems to the Crust-Mantle Evolution of Archean Crust in Central Brazil" Minerals 11, no. 9: 944. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11090944