Closure Behavior of the Artificial Gas Pore inside the As-Cast Ti6Al4V Alloy during HIP: Constitutive Modeling and Numerical Simulation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Material
2.2. Experiment Methods
2.3. Computation Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Hot Deformation Behavior of As-Cast Ti6Al4V Alloy
3.2. Constitutive Modeling
3.3. Kinetics of Pore Closure during HIP
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- When the deformation temperature is constant, the flow stress of the as-cast Ti6Al4V alloy increases with the strain rate. When the strain rate is constant, the flow stress of the as-cast Ti6Al4V alloy decreases with increasing temperature. The flow behavior of the as-cast Ti6Al4V alloy can be well predicted by the strain-dependent Arrhenius-type hyperbolic sine constitutive model.
- (2)
- The V/V0 of the gas pore after HIP-1, HIP-2, and HIP-3 was 100%, 0.028%, and 0.023%, respectively, which means that HIP can effectively reduce the volume of the gas pore. Gas pores cannot be completely eliminated by a standard HIP cycle (HIP-3).
- (3)
- During HIP, α lamellae around the pore were gradually kinked. With the maintenance of high temperature and pressure, a large amount of recrystallized grains appeared around the pores and only a few short lamellae remained.
- (4)
- Pore closure begins in Stage I, and the closure rate is faster than in Stage II. As the pore gradually shrinks, stress around the pore gradually decreases and the plastic strain continues to accumulate. Plastic deformation is the main mechanism for pore closure during HIP.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Elements | Ti | Al | V | Si | C | O | N | H | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
wt% | Bal. | 6.40 | 3.98 | 0.02 | 0.014 | 0.17 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.06 |
No. | HIP Temperature (°C) | HIP Pressure (MPa) | Dwell Time (min) |
---|---|---|---|
HIP-1 | 780 | 102 | 0 |
HIP-2 | 920 | 120 | 20 |
HIP-3 | 920 | 120 | 150 |
(MPa−1) | (KJ·mol−1) | ||
---|---|---|---|
B0 = 0.00764 | C0 = 5.48428 | D0 = 304.24718 | E0 = 39.11309 |
B1 = −0.00074 | C1 = −22.7274 | D1 = −327.29003 | E1 = −44.52911 |
B2 = 0.10141 | C2 = 145.42398 | D2 = 1967.42298 | E2 = 276.15113 |
B3 = −0.49269 | C3 = −492.19266 | D3 = −5858.14287 | E3 = −834.82319 |
B4 = 1.06586 | C4 = 882.09208 | D4 = 6835.34818 | E4 = 972.95311 |
B5 = −1.08157 | C5 = −795.4271 | D5 = −2127.57445 | E5 = −291.91973 |
B6 = 0.41938 | C6 = 284.18956 | D6 = −680.57215 | E6 = −105.7579 |
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Xu, Q.; Li, W.; Yin, Y.; Zhou, J. Closure Behavior of the Artificial Gas Pore inside the As-Cast Ti6Al4V Alloy during HIP: Constitutive Modeling and Numerical Simulation. Metals 2021, 11, 1598. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11101598
Xu Q, Li W, Yin Y, Zhou J. Closure Behavior of the Artificial Gas Pore inside the As-Cast Ti6Al4V Alloy during HIP: Constitutive Modeling and Numerical Simulation. Metals. 2021; 11(10):1598. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11101598
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Qian, Wen Li, Yajun Yin, and Jianxin Zhou. 2021. "Closure Behavior of the Artificial Gas Pore inside the As-Cast Ti6Al4V Alloy during HIP: Constitutive Modeling and Numerical Simulation" Metals 11, no. 10: 1598. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11101598