Spectral Response and Wavefront Control of a C-Shaped Fractal Cadmium Telluride/Silicon Carbide Metasurface in the THz Bandgap
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Design Considerations and Simulation Conditions
3. Results and Discussions
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Engelberg, J.; Levy, U. The advantages of metalenses over diffractive lenses. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 1991. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Song, Y.; Liu, W.; Wang, X.; Wang, F.; Wei, Z.; Meng, H.; Lin, N.; Zhang, H. Multifunctional Metasurface Lens With Tunable Focus Based on Phase Transition Material. Front. Phys. 2021, 9, 203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cai, W.; Shalaev, V.M. Optical Metamaterials; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2010; Volume 10. [Google Scholar]
- Su, V.C.; Chu, C.H.; Sun, G.; Tsai, D.P. Advances in optical metasurfaces: Fabrication and applications. Opt. Express 2018, 26, 13148–13182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, S.; Wu, P.C.; Su, V.C.; Lai, Y.C.; Hung Chu, C.; Chen, J.W.; Lu, S.H.; Chen, J.; Xu, B.; Kuan, C.H.; et al. Broadband achromatic optical metasurface devices. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nien, C.; Chang, L.C.; Ye, J.H.; Su, V.C.; Wu, C.H.; Kuan, C.H. Proximity effect correction in electron-beam lithography based on computation of critical-development time with swarm intelligence. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B Nanotechnol. Microelectron. Mater. Process. Meas. Phenom. 2017, 35, 051603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, V.C.; Chen, P.H.; Lin, R.M.; Lee, M.L.; You, Y.H.; Ho, C.I.; Chen, Y.C.; Chen, W.F.; Kuan, C.H. Suppressed quantum-confined Stark effect in InGaN-based LEDs with nano-sized patterned sapphire substrates. Opt. Express 2013, 21, 30065–30073. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koenderink, A.F.; Hernandez, J.V.; Robicheaux, F.; Noordam, L.; Polman, A. Programmable nanolithography with plasmon nanoparticle arrays. Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 745–749. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harnois, M.; Himdi, M.; Yong, W.Y.; Rahim, S.K.A.; Tekkouk, K.; Cheval, N. An improved fabrication technique for the 3-d frequency selective surface based on water transfer printing technology. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 1714. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saeidi, C.; van der Weide, D. Nanoparticle array based optical frequency selective surfaces: Theory and design. Opt. Express 2013, 21, 16170–16180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, N.; Genevet, P.; Kats, M.A.; Aieta, F.; Tetienne, J.P.; Capasso, F.; Gaburro, Z. Light propagation with phase discontinuities: Generalized laws of reflection and refraction. Science 2011, 334, 333–337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, L.; Kruk, S.; Tang, H.; Li, T.; Kravchenko, I.; Neshev, D.N.; Kivshar, Y.S. Grayscale transparent metasurface holograms. Optica 2016, 3, 1504–1505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, L.; Jun Cui, T.; Ji, W.; Liu, S.; Ding, J.; Wan, X.; Bo Li, Y.; Jiang, M.; Qiu, C.W.; Zhang, S. Electromagnetic reprogrammable coding-metasurface holograms. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kruk, S.; Hopkins, B.; Kravchenko, I.I.; Miroshnichenko, A.; Neshev, D.N.; Kivshar, Y.S. Invited Article: Broadband highly efficient dielectric metadevices for polarization control. APL Photonics 2016, 1, 030801. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yue, F.; Wen, D.; Zhang, C.; Gerardot, B.D.; Wang, W.; Zhang, S.; Chen, X. Multichannel polarization-controllable superpositions of orbital angular momentum states. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1603838. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, J.; Kang, J.H.; Kim, S.J.; Liu, X.; Brongersma, M.L. Dynamic reflection phase and polarization control in metasurfaces. Nano Lett. 2017, 17, 407–413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Arbabi, E.; Arbabi, A.; Kamali, S.M.; Horie, Y.; Faraon, A. Controlling the sign of chromatic dispersion in diffractive optics with dielectric metasurfaces. Optica 2017, 4, 625–632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khorasaninejad, M.; Chen, W.T.; Devlin, R.C.; Oh, J.; Zhu, A.Y.; Capasso, F. Metalenses at visible wavelengths: Diffraction-limited focusing and subwavelength resolution imaging. Science 2016, 352, 1190–1194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arbabi, A.; Horie, Y.; Ball, A.J.; Bagheri, M.; Faraon, A. Subwavelength-thick lenses with high numerical apertures and large efficiency based on high-contrast transmitarrays. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 7069. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vo, S.; Fattal, D.; Sorin, W.V.; Peng, Z.; Tran, T.; Fiorentino, M.; Beausoleil, R.G. Sub-wavelength grating lenses with a twist. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 2014, 26, 1375–1378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krasnok, A.; Tymchenko, M.; Alù, A. Nonlinear metasurfaces: A paradigm shift in nonlinear optics. Mater. Today 2018, 21, 8–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fedotova, A.; Younesi, M.; Sautter, J.; Vaskin, A.; Lochner, F.J.; Steinert, M.; Geiss, R.; Pertsch, T.; Staude, I.; Setzpfandt, F. Second-harmonic generation in resonant nonlinear metasurfaces based on lithium niobate. Nano Lett. 2020, 20, 8608–8614. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marino, G.; Rocco, D.; Gigli, C.; Beaudoin, G.; Pantzas, K.; Suffit, S.; Filloux, P.; Sagnes, I.; Leo, G.; De Angelis, C. Harmonic generation with multi-layer dielectric metasurfaces. Nanophotonics 2021, 10, 1837–1843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leonhardt, U. Optical conformal mapping. Science 2006, 312, 1777–1780. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, R.; Ji, C.; Mock, J.; Chin, J.; Cui, T.; Smith, D. Broadband ground-plane cloak. Science 2009, 323, 366–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chu, H.; Li, Q.; Liu, B.; Luo, J.; Sun, S.; Hang, Z.H.; Zhou, L.; Lai, Y. A hybrid invisibility cloak based on integration of transparent metasurfaces and zero-index materials. Light: Sci. Appl. 2018, 7, 50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Monti, A.; Alù, A.; Toscano, A.; Bilotti, F. Optical invisibility through metasurfaces made of plasmonic nanoparticles. J. Appl. Phys. 2015, 117, 123103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jeong, H.; Le, D.H.; Lim, D.; Phon, R.; Lim, S. Reconfigurable metasurfaces for frequency selective absorption. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2020, 8, 1902182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mavridou, M.; Feresidis, A.P. Dynamically reconfigurable high impedance and frequency selective metasurfaces using piezoelectric actuators. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2016, 64, 5190–5197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sima, B.; Chen, K.; Luo, X.; Zhao, J.; Feng, Y. Combining frequency-selective scattering and specular reflection through phase-dispersion tailoring of a metasurface. Phys. Rev. Appl. 2018, 10, 064043. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tian, H.W.; Shen, H.Y.; Zhang, X.G.; Li, X.; Jiang, W.X.; Cui, T.J. Terahertz metasurfaces: Toward multifunctional and programmable wave manipulation. Front. Phys. 2020, 8, 584077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, F.; You, L.; Seyler, K.L.; Li, X.; Yu, P.; Lin, J.; Wang, X.; Zhou, J.; Wang, H.; He, H.; et al. Room-temperature ferroelectricity in CuInP2S6 ultrathin flakes. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 12357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Raeis-Hosseini, N.; Rho, J. Metasurfaces based on phase-change material as a reconfigurable platform for multifunctional devices. Materials 2017, 10, 1046. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nisar, M.S.; Yang, X.; Lu, L.; Chen, J.; Zhou, L. On-chip integrated photonic devices based on phase change materials. Photonics 2021, 8, 205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, J.; Dong, T.; Chi, B.; Zhang, Y. Metasurfaces for terahertz wavefront modulation: A review. J. Infrared Millimeter Terahertz Waves 2020, 41, 607–631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yaxin, Z.; Hongxin, Z.; Wei, K.; Lan, W.; Mittleman, D.M.; Ziqiang, Y. Terahertz smart dynamic and active functional electromagnetic metasurfaces and their applications. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 2020, 378, 20190609. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, Y.; Wang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Qiao, S.; Liang, S.; Zhou, T.; Zhang, X.; Guo, X.; Feng, Z.; Lan, F.; et al. High-speed efficient terahertz modulation based on tunable collective-individual state conversion within an active 3 nm two-dimensional electron gas metasurface. Nano Lett. 2019, 19, 7588–7597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, H.R.; Ahn, K.J.; Han, S.; Bahk, Y.M.; Park, N.; Kim, D.S. Colossal absorption of molecules inside single terahertz nanoantennas. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 1782–1786. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, H.B.; Plopper, G.; Earley, S.; Chen, Y.; Ferguson, B.; Zhang, X.C. Sensing minute changes in biological cell monolayers with THz differential time-domain spectroscopy. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2007, 22, 1075–1080. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walther, M.; Fischer, B.M.; Ortner, A.; Bitzer, A.; Thoman, A.; Helm, H. Chemical sensing and imaging with pulsed terahertz radiation. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2010, 397, 1009–1017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Massaouti, M.; Daskalaki, C.; Gorodetsky, A.; Koulouklidis, A.D.; Tzortzakis, S. Detection of harmful residues in honey using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc. 2013, 67, 1264–1269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xie, L.; Gao, W.; Shu, J.; Ying, Y.; Kono, J. Extraordinary sensitivity enhancement by metasurfaces in terahertz detection of antibiotics. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 8671. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yoshida, H.; Ogawa, Y.; Kawai, Y.; Hayashi, S.; Hayashi, A.; Otani, C.; Kato, E.; Miyamaru, F.; Kawase, K. Terahertz sensing method for protein detection using a thin metallic mesh. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 91, 253901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fang, J.; Wang, D.; DeVault, C.T.; Chung, T.F.; Chen, Y.P.; Boltasseva, A.; Shalaev, V.M.; Kildishev, A.V. Enhanced graphene photodetector with fractal metasurface. Nano Lett. 2017, 17, 57–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bao, Y.J.; Zhang, B.; Wu, Z.; Si, J.W.; Wang, M.; Peng, R.W.; Lu, X.; Shao, J.; Li, Z.f.; Hao, X.P.; et al. Surface-plasmon-enhanced transmission through metallic film perforated with fractal-featured aperture array. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 90, 251914. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Costanzo, S.; Venneri, F. Polarization-insensitive fractal metamaterial surface for energy harvesting in IoT applications. Electronics 2020, 9, 959. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, H.X.; Wang, G.M.; Qi, M.Q.; Liang, J.G.; Gong, J.Q.; Xu, Z.M. Triple-band polarization-insensitive wide-angle ultra-miniature metamaterial transmission line absorber. Phys. Rev. B 2012, 86, 205104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, X.; Xiao, S.; Ye, D.; Huangfu, J.; Wang, Z.; Ran, L.; Zhou, L. Fractal plasmonic metamaterials for subwavelength imaging. Opt. Express 2010, 18, 10377–10387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, S.J.; Cui, T.J.; Li, Y.B.; Zhang, C.; Li, R.Q.; Cao, X.Y.; Guo, Z.X. Multifunctional and Multiband Fractal Metasurface Based on Inter-Metamolecular Coupling Interaction. Adv. Theory Simul. 2019, 2, 1900105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Volpe, G.; Volpe, G.; Quidant, R. Fractal plasmonics: Subdiffraction focusing and broadband spectral response by a Sierpinski nanocarpet. Opt. Express 2011, 19, 3612–3618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dănilă, O.; Mănăilă-Maximean, D.; Bărar, A.; Loiko, V.A. Non-Layered Gold-Silicon and All-Silicon Frequency-Selective Metasurfaces for Potential Mid-Infrared Sensing Applications. Sensors 2021, 21, 5600. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gross, B.; Herman, B.; Moshary, F.; Ahmed, S. Analysis of an iterative multiwavelength lidar scheme to determine vertically inhomogeneous aerosol profiles. In Proceedings of the International Laser Radar Conference (ILRC), Quebec, QC, USA, 8–12 July 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Cheon, H.; Yang, H.j.; Lee, S.H.; Kim, Y.A.; Son, J.H. Terahertz molecular resonance of cancer DNA. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 37103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zerrad, F.e.; Taouzari, M.; Makroum, E.M.; El Aoufi, J.; Islam, M.T.; Özkaner, V.; Abdulkarim, Y.I.; Karaaslan, M. Multilayered metamaterials array antenna based on artificial magnetic conductor’s structure for the application diagnostic breast cancer detection with microwave imaging. Med. Eng. Phys. 2022, 99, 103737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Geometry | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1C | 25 | 0.5 | 15 | 2.5 | 10 | 0.5 |
2C | 35 | 0.5 | 0.5 | |||
3C | 45 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Linear Polarization Angle | Wavelength | Reflection Peak (a. u.) |
---|---|---|
6.13 7.42 8.45 | 0.95 0.45 0.99 | |
6.13 7.42 8.45 | 0.94 0.45 0.99 | |
6.13 7.42 8.45 | 0.71 0.23 0.83 | |
6.13 7.42 8.45 | 0.69 0.17 0.79 | |
6.13 7.42 8.45 | 0.64 N/A 0.61 | |
6.13 7.42 8.45 | 0.75 N/A 0.59 |
Linear Polarization Angle | Wavelength | Reflection Peak (a. u.) |
---|---|---|
5 6.2 7.1 8.17 | 0.13 0.9 0.62 0.96 | |
5 6.2 7.1 8.03 | 0.17 0.8 0.52 0.9 | |
5 6.2 7.1 8.03 | 0.24 0.75 0.44 0.88 | |
5 6.2 7 8.03 | 0.32 0.75 0.38 0.87 | |
5.05 6.28 7 8.03 | 0.41 0.78 0.33 0.88 | |
5.05 6.28 7 8.03 | 0.44 0.81 0.31 0.89 |
Linear Polarization Angle | Wavelength | Reflection Peak (a. u.) |
---|---|---|
5.57 6.28 7 7.9 9.8 | 0.34 0.97 0.55 1.04 0.44 | |
5.45 6.28 7 7.9 9.8 | 0.36 0.82 0.49 0.97 0.42 | |
5.39 6.28 7 7.9 10 | 0.41 0.75 0.45 0.94 0.42 | |
5.39 6.36 6.9 7.9 10 | 0.49 0.75 0.44 0.91 0.45 | |
5.33 6.36 6.9 7.9 10 | 0.55 0.81 0.43 0.91 0.47 | |
5.33 6.36 0.8 7.9 10 | 0.57 0.85 0.4 0.91 0.49 |
Linear Polarization Angle | Wavelength | Phase Transition |
---|---|---|
5.1 6.2 7.4 8.5 | ||
5.1 6.2 7.4 8.5 | ||
5.1 6.35 7.5 8.4 | ||
5.2 6.35 7 7.5 8.4 | ||
5.2 6.35 7 7.65 8.4 | ||
5.2 6.35 7 7.65 8.4 |
Linear Polarization Angle | Wavelength | Phase Transition |
---|---|---|
5.5 6.4 7.2 8.2 | ||
5.5 6.4 7.2 8.2 | ||
5.5 6.4 7.2 8.2 | ||
5.5 6.4 7.2 8.2 | ||
5.5 6.4 7.3 8.15 | ||
5.5 6.5 7.3 8.3 |
Linear Polarization Angle | Wavelength | Phase Transition |
---|---|---|
5.85 6.4 7.25 8.1 | ||
5.85 6.5 7.25 8.1 | ||
5.85 6.5 7.25 8 | ||
5.85 6.6 7.25 8 | ||
5.85 6.6 7.25 8 | ||
5.85 6.6 7.25 8 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Bărar, A.; Dănilă, O. Spectral Response and Wavefront Control of a C-Shaped Fractal Cadmium Telluride/Silicon Carbide Metasurface in the THz Bandgap. Materials 2022, 15, 5944. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15175944
Bărar A, Dănilă O. Spectral Response and Wavefront Control of a C-Shaped Fractal Cadmium Telluride/Silicon Carbide Metasurface in the THz Bandgap. Materials. 2022; 15(17):5944. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15175944
Chicago/Turabian StyleBărar, Ana, and Octavian Dănilă. 2022. "Spectral Response and Wavefront Control of a C-Shaped Fractal Cadmium Telluride/Silicon Carbide Metasurface in the THz Bandgap" Materials 15, no. 17: 5944. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15175944