Myrmecia, Not Asterochloris, Is the Main Photobiont of Cladonia subturgida (Cladoniaceae, Lecanoromycetes)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling, Isolation, and Culture of Photobionts
2.2. DNA Extraction, Amplification, and Sequencing
2.3. Sequence Processing
2.4. Phylogenetic Analyses
2.5. Transmission Electron Microscopy
2.6. Haplotype Networks and Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Molecular Diversity
3.2. Phylogenetic Relationships
3.3. Photobiont Ultrastructure
3.4. Genetic Structure of the Photobiont Associated with C. subturgida
4. Discussion
4.1. Photobiont Diversity within C. subturgida Thalli
4.2. Pattern of Genetic Diversity of Photobionts Associated with C. subturgida
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Code | Country | Locality | Collector and Collection | Long | Lat | Altitude | Vegetation and Substrate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CL1170 | France | Provence-Alpes-Côte D’Azur, Var, Esterel Massif, Fréjus-Saint-Raphaël, Le Trayas, Col des Lentisques | A. R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 111396) | 43°28′13″ N | 006°54′30″ E | 260 m | Quercus suber, Pinus pinaster, Arbutus unedo, Pistacia lentiscus, Erica sp., Viburnum sp.; acid substrate |
CL1172 | France | Provence-Alpes-Côte D’Azur, Var, Fréjus-Saint-Raphäel, Esterel Massif, Route du Gargalon | A. R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 111368) | 43°28′19″ N | 006°45′27″ E | 33 m | Quercus suber, Pinus pinaster and shrubs |
CL1174 | France | Provence-Alpes-Côte D’Azur, Var, Gonfaron, Massif des Mures, Forêt communale de Gonfaron | A. R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 111387) | 43°19′08″ N | 006°19′19″ E | 153 m | Quercus suber; acid substrate |
CL1177 | France | Provence-Alpes-Côte D’Azur, Var, Le Cannet-des-Maures, Plaine Maures, Bayonne | A. R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 111390) | 43°20′54″ N | 006°25′40″ E | 82 m | Pinus pinea, Quercus suber, and Juniperus oxycedrus; sandstone substrate |
CL1167 | France | Provence-Alpes-Côte D’Azur, Var, Le Plan-de-la-Tour, Massif des Maures, Les Pierrons | A. R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 111395) | 43°22′15″ N | 006°32′52″ E | 201 m | Quercus suber and shrubs; siliceous substrate |
CL1166 | France | Provence-Alpes-Côte D’Azur, Var, Sainte-Maxime, Massif del Maures, close to Col de Gratteloup | A. R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 111391) | 43°22′08″ N | 006°35′59″ E | 105 m | Quercus suber and shrubs; siliceous substrate |
CL1163 | France | Provence-Alpes-Côte D’Azur, Var, Sainte-Maxime, Massif del Maures, to Saint Martin | A. R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 111393) | 43°24′37″ N | 006°34′35″ E | 105 m | Quercus suber and shrubs; granitic substrate |
CL1164 | France | Provence-Alpes-Côte D’Azur, Var, Vidauban, La Bastide Rouge, Plaine del Maures | A. R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 111394) | 43°23′47″ N | 006°27′38″ E | 62 m | Pinus pinea, Quercus suber, and Juniperus oxycedrus; sandstone substrate |
CL1169 | France | Provence-Alpes-Côte D’Azur, Var, Vidauban, Massif des Maures, Langoustaou | A. R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 111370) | 43°22′32″ N | 006°31′09″ E | 145 m | Quercus suber; acid substrate |
CL1160 | France | Provence-Alpes-Côte D’Azur, Var, Collobrières, Massif des Maures, Les Hautes Vaudreches | A. R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 111389) | 43°15′39″ N | 006°18′00″ E | 308 m | Quercus suber; acid substrate |
CL1181 | Greece | Crete, Chania, Kantamos-Selino Chondros | A.R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 111383) | 35°20′13″ N | 023°41′03″ E | 520 m | Spiny shrubland, Erica manipuliflora, and Arbutus unedo; quartzitic substrate |
CL1180 | Greece | Crete, Heraklion, Malevizi, Marathos | A.R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 111384) | 35°20′54″ N | 024°59′34″ E | 492 m | Arbutus unedo and Erica manipuliflora; quartzitic substrate |
CL1175 | Greece | Macedonia-Thrace, Chalkidiki, Ágios Óros Peninsula, Nea Roda | A.R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 111388) | 40°22′23″ N | 023°55′46″ E | 40 m | Maquis shrubland “frigana” and Quercus coccifera; gneiss and sandstone substrate |
CL1168 | Greece | Macedonia-Thrace, Chalkidiki, Polygyros, 17A road to Peleokastro | A.R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 111380) | 40°24′28″ N | 023°25′13″ E | 620 m | Quercus coccifera, deciduous Quercus, Juniperus oxycedrus, and Erica arborea; gneiss substrate |
CL1178 | Greece | Macedonia-Thrace, Chalkidiki, Polygyros, Settlement Agias, Anastasias road 16, 32 km | A.R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 111373) | 40°29′09″ N | 023°11′51″ E | 240 m | Quercus coccifera; sandstone substrate |
CL1171 | Greece | Macedonia-Thrace, Chalkidiki, Sithonia Peninsula, Agios Nikolaus, Karidi a Sarti | A.R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 111371) | 40°00′16″ N | 023°53′10″ E | 100 m | Quercus coccifera, Pinus halepensis and Erica arborea; granite substrate |
CL1173 | Greece | Macedonia-Thrace, Chalkidiki, Sithonia Peninsula, Torini, 73.8 km to Pórto Cárras | A.R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 111385) | 40°00′16″ N | 023°53′10″ E | 25 m | Shrubs with Quercus coccifera, Pistacia lentiscus and Olea europea; |
CL1162 | Greece | Macedonia-Thrace, Dio-Olympos, Leptokarya, Elassona-Leptokarya road | A.R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 111377) | 40°02′07″ N | 022°30′59″ E | 390 m | Quercus rotundifolia, Juniperus oxycedrus and Erica sp.; quartzite substrate |
CL1176 | Greece | Macedonia-Thrace, Evros, Dadia, entrada a la reserva forestal Dadia | A.R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 111369) | 41°07′25″ N | 026°13′35″ E | 90 m | Pinus pinea; quartzite substrate |
CL1179 | Greece | Macedonia-Traia, Island of Thasos, Theologos | A.R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 111374) | 40°39′16″ N | 024°41′02″ E | 220 m | Quercus coccifera and Cistus; substrate with schists and limestone |
CL1158 | Greece | Peloponese, Arcadia, Gortynia, Langadia, Kaloneri, Olympia-Tripoli roads | A.R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 111379) | 37°39′16″ N | 022°04′42″ E | 1003 m | Abies forest and Juniperus oxycedrus; basic substrate |
CL1157 | Greece | Peloponese, Arcadia, Gortynia, Langadia, Kaloneri, Olympia-Tripoli roads | A.R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 111376) | 37°39′16″ N | 022°04′42″ E | 1003 m | Abies forest and Juniperus oxycedrus; basic soil |
CL1159 | Greece | Peloponese, Laconia, Monemvasia, Voies Pantanassa | A.R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 111375) | 36°36′40″ N | 022°56′58″ E | 178 m | Olive grove; acid substrate |
CL1165 | Greece | Thessaly, Kalabaka, Meterora-Kalithea road | A.R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 111385) | 39°43′35″ N | 021°38′55″ E | 624 m | Deciduous Quercus sp., Q. coccifera; acid substrate |
CL1183 | Greece | Thessaly, Kalabaka, Meterora-Kalithea road | A.R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 111385) | 39°43′35″ N | 021°38′55″ E | 624 m | Deciduous Quercus, Q. coccifera; acid substrate |
CL1161 | Greece | West Greece, Peloponnese Peninsula, Olympia, Foloi, Kouumanis, Kastania | A.R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 111378) | 37°47′59″ N | 021°47′19″ E | 646 m | Deciduous Quercus; conglomerate and clay substrate |
CL1182 | Greece | West Greece, Peloponnese Peninsula, Olympia, Foloi, Kouumanis, Kastania | A.R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 111378) | 37°47′59″ N | 021°47′19″ E | 646 m | Deciduous Quercus; conglomerate and clay substrate |
CL1156 | Italy | Sardinia, Cagliari, Uta, R. Nat. Di Monte Arcosu, near Santa Lucia chapel, strada Guttureddu | A.R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 110168) | 39°12′11″ N | 008°55′21″ E | 82 m | Arbutus unedo and Pistacia lentiscus; quartzitic substrate |
CL1152 | Italy | Sardinia, Sassari, Nuoro, Bolotana, Catena del Maghine | A.R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 110180) | 40°22′02″ N | 008°56′18″ E | 960 m | Quercus pubescens and Cistus salvifolius; quartzitic substrate |
CL1153 | Italy | Sardinia, Sassari, South Sardinia, Arbus, Ingurtosu | A.R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 110170) | 39°30′03″ N | 008°31′47″ E | 414 m | Garrigue, Erica arborea, Phillyrea angustifolia, Ulex sp., Cistus monspeliensis, and Arbutus unedo; granitic substrate |
CL1155 | Italy | Sardinia, Sassari, South Sardinia, Gairo | A.R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 110169) | 39°52′04″ N | 009°30′01″ E | 982 m | Quercus rotundifolia; quartzitic substrate |
CL1154 | Italy | Sardinia, Sassari, Tempio Pausania Bassacutena | A.R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 110173) | 41°06′54″ N | 009°15′45″ E | 70 m | Maquis shrubland and Quercus sp.; granitic substrate |
CL1151 | Italy | Sardinia, Sassari, Tempio Pausania Mount Limbara | A.R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 110178) | 40°51′04″ N | 009°08′36″ E | 1030 m | Pinus nigra; granitic substrate |
CL1150 | Italy | Sardinia, Sassari, Tempio Pausania Mount Limbara, ner Guiardino Botanico di Curadureddu | A.R. Burgaz s.n. (MACB 110174) | 40°51′55″ N | 009°07′41″ E | 569 m | Pinus pinea; acid substrate |
1IBER * | Portugal | Tras-Os-Montes, Bragança, Macedo de Cavaleiros, Lagoa, Sabor River Valley | R. Pino-Bodas (MACB 93695) | 41°25′08″ N | 06°45′51″ W | 340 m | Quercus rotundifolia; quartzitic substrate |
CL1044 ** | Spain | Toledo, La Nava de Ricomalillo, near Fuentes station | R. Pino-Bodas (MACB 124251) | 39°39′51″ N | 5°02′04″ W | 665 m | Cistus ladanifer shrubland; quarzitic substrate |
CL1043 ** | Spain | Toledo, Sevilleja de la Jara to Anchuras | R. Pino-Bodas (MACB 124250) | 39°33′55.0″ N | 4°57′39.7″ W | 720 m | Cistus ladanifer shrubland; quarzitic substrate |
2IBER * | Spain | Jaén, Chiclana de Segura, near the Dañador River | A.R. Burgaz (MACB 93537) | 38°24′57″ N | 02°59′54″ W | 743 m | Quercus rotundifolia; acid substrate |
4IBER * | Spain | Madrid, Manzanares el Real, P. Nat. de La Pedriza, Senda de Quebrantaherraduras | A.R. Burgaz (MACB 100442) | ||||
2SUBT * | Spain | Cordoba, Villaharta, La Lastrilla Spring | A.R. Burgaz (MACB 100445) | 38°07′14″ N | 04°54′02″ W | 515 m | Quercus rotundifolia; quartzitic substrate |
3SUBT * | Spain | Ciudad Real, Villamanrique, Sierra Morena | A.R. Burgaz (MACB 99488) | 38°26′53″ N | 03°00′14″ W | 741 m | Quercus rotundifolia; acid substrate |
ASV | Taxonomy | N° Reads | Best BLAST Hit | % ID |
---|---|---|---|---|
ASV1 | Myrmecia sp. | 230,708 | OL625167 | 99.64% |
ASV2 | Myrmecia sp. | 44,752 | OL625167 | 99.29% |
ASV3 | Myrmecia sp. | 12,485 | OL625167 | 99.29% |
ASV4 | Myrmecia sp. | 6,947 | OL625167 | 99.29% |
ASV5 | Myrmecia sp. | 5,437 | OL625167 | 99.29% |
ASV6 | Asterochloris mediterranea | 973 | KP257394 | 100.00% |
ASV7 | Trebouxia sp. (A04) | 525 | KR912894 | 100.00% |
ASV8 | Vulcanochloris symbiotica | 356 | OL625153 | 100.00% |
ASV9 | Trebouxia lynnae (A39) | 210 | KY066424 | 100.00% |
ASV10 | Coccomyxa sp. | 188 | MN738564 | 94.85% |
ASV11 | Trebouxia sp. (A04) | 177 | KR913187 | 100.00% |
ASV12 | Trebouxia lynnae (A39) | 170 | MG687518 | 99.69% |
ASV13 | Trebouxia jamesii (A03) | 164 | MN397126 | 100.00% |
ASV14 | Trebouxia lynnae (A39) | 141 | MG687518 | 100.00% |
ASV15 | Trebouxia maresiae (A46) | 132 | MH254833 | 100.00% |
ASV16 | Trebouxia lynnae (A39) | 129 | MG687518 | 99.69% |
ASV17 | Hemichloris antarctica | 119 | HG972970 | 88.85% |
ASV18 | Trebouxia lynnae (A39) | 105 | MG687518 | 99.69% |
ASV19 | Uncultured alga | 103 | ON119386 | 99.65% |
Country | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASV | Indicator Statistic | p-Value | France | Greece | Italy | Spain |
ASV1 | 0.898 | 0.001 | X | |||
ASV2 | 0.543 | 0.05 | X | |||
ASV6 | 0.671 | 0.007 | X | |||
ASV7 | 0.754 | 0.002 | X | |||
ASV11 | 0.905 | 0.001 | X | |||
ASV19 | 0.933 | 0.001 | X |
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Pino-Bodas, R.; Blázquez, M.; de los Ríos, A.; Pérez-Ortega, S. Myrmecia, Not Asterochloris, Is the Main Photobiont of Cladonia subturgida (Cladoniaceae, Lecanoromycetes). J. Fungi 2023, 9, 1160. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9121160
Pino-Bodas R, Blázquez M, de los Ríos A, Pérez-Ortega S. Myrmecia, Not Asterochloris, Is the Main Photobiont of Cladonia subturgida (Cladoniaceae, Lecanoromycetes). Journal of Fungi. 2023; 9(12):1160. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9121160
Chicago/Turabian StylePino-Bodas, Raquel, Miguel Blázquez, Asunción de los Ríos, and Sergio Pérez-Ortega. 2023. "Myrmecia, Not Asterochloris, Is the Main Photobiont of Cladonia subturgida (Cladoniaceae, Lecanoromycetes)" Journal of Fungi 9, no. 12: 1160. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9121160