Daily Treatment of Mice with Type 2 Diabetes with Adropin for Four Weeks Improves Glucolipid Profile, Reduces Hepatic Lipid Content and Restores Elevated Hepatic Enzymes in Serum
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Adropin Improves Glucose Tolerance in T2D Mice
2.2. Adropin Treatment Fails to Improve Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy and Diabetic Mice
2.3. Adropin Does Not Modulate Insulin and Glucagon in Blood and Fails to Affect Alpha and Beta Cell Morphology in Healthy and T2D Mice
2.4. Adropin Attenuates Body Weight Gain and Improves Lipid Metabolism in T2D Mice
2.5. Adropin Improves Liver Functions in T2D Mince
2.6. Adropin Modulates Circulating Adiponectin But Not Leptin in T2D Mice
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Animals
4.3. Induction of T2D
4.4. Adropin Treatment
4.5. Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance (ipGTT) and Insulin Tolerance (ipITT) Tests
4.6. Determination of Metabolic and Hormonal Profiles in Serum
4.7. Immunocytochemistry and Histology
4.8. Determination of Hepatic Triglycerides and Cholesterol Content
4.9. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ALP | alkaline phosphatase |
ALT | alanine transaminase |
AST | aspartate transaminase |
BMI | body mass index |
GGT | gamma-glutamyltransferase |
GPR19 | G Protein-Coupled Receptor 19 |
HOMA-IR | homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance |
NB3 | contactin 6 |
PBS | phosphate-buffered saline |
T2D | type 2 diabetes |
TNF-alpha | tumor necrosis factor alpha |
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Groups | Healthy | T2D | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Vehicle | Adropin | Vehicle | Adropin | |
Parameter (IU/L) | ||||
ALT | 16.75 ± 0.53 | 16.85 ± 0.67 | 28.73 ± 0.63 (*) | 22.25 ± 1.44 (*,#) |
AST | 60.94 ± 1.64 | 66.83 ± 2.14 | 92.7 ± 1.95 (*) | 82.68 ± 3.3 (*, #) |
GGT | 9.21 ± 1.26 | 8.29 ± 1.26 | 18.52 ± 1.94 (*) | 12.68 ± 1.68 (#) |
ALP | 57.96 ± 5.62 | 62.97 ± 4.05 | 79.19 ± 3.18 (*) | 62.51 ± 3.42 (#) |
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Skrzypski, M.; Kołodziejski, P.A.; Pruszyńska-Oszmałek, E.; Wojciechowicz, T.; Janicka, P.; Krążek, M.; Małek, E.; Strowski, M.Z.; Nowak, K.W. Daily Treatment of Mice with Type 2 Diabetes with Adropin for Four Weeks Improves Glucolipid Profile, Reduces Hepatic Lipid Content and Restores Elevated Hepatic Enzymes in Serum. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 9807. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179807
Skrzypski M, Kołodziejski PA, Pruszyńska-Oszmałek E, Wojciechowicz T, Janicka P, Krążek M, Małek E, Strowski MZ, Nowak KW. Daily Treatment of Mice with Type 2 Diabetes with Adropin for Four Weeks Improves Glucolipid Profile, Reduces Hepatic Lipid Content and Restores Elevated Hepatic Enzymes in Serum. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(17):9807. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179807
Chicago/Turabian StyleSkrzypski, Marek, Paweł A. Kołodziejski, Ewa Pruszyńska-Oszmałek, Tatiana Wojciechowicz, Paulina Janicka, Małgorzata Krążek, Emilian Małek, Mathias Z. Strowski, and Krzysztof W. Nowak. 2022. "Daily Treatment of Mice with Type 2 Diabetes with Adropin for Four Weeks Improves Glucolipid Profile, Reduces Hepatic Lipid Content and Restores Elevated Hepatic Enzymes in Serum" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 17: 9807. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179807