Motor Vehicle Crash and Hospital Charges in Front- and Rear-Seated Restrained and Unrestrained Adult Motor Vehicle Occupants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source(s)
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Exposure Variables
2.4. Outcome Variables
2.5. Covariate Variable Definitions
2.5.1. Occupant Characteristics
2.5.2. Vehicle Characteristics
2.5.3. Crash Characteristics
2.6. Hospitalization Length of Stay, Discharge and Insurance Payment Characteristics
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Population Characteristics
3.2. Vehicle Characteristics
3.3. Crash Characteristics
3.4. Resource Use and Medical Charges
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Front-Seated Occupants (n,%) | Rear-Seated Occupants (n,%) | Total (n,%) | X2 Front vs. Rear | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Restrained | Unrestrained | Restrained | Unrestrained | Front-Seated 1 | Rear-Seated 1 | X2 (p-Value) | |
Study population (Total N) | 110,843 | 5096 | 4515 | 1214 | 130,671 | 6641 | |
Driver characteristics | |||||||
Driver age (in years) | NA 2 | NA 2 | |||||
≤25 | 20,055 (22.9) | 715 (26.3) | |||||
26–44 | 35,244 (40.3) | 1171 (43.1) | |||||
45–64 | 28,220 (32.3) | 732 (26.9) | |||||
65+ | 3955 (4.5) | 100 (3.7) | |||||
Driver sex/gender | NA2 | NA2 | |||||
Male | 49,580 (52.7) | 2079 (72.3) | |||||
Female | 44,430 (47.3) | 796 (27.7) | |||||
Passenger characteristics | |||||||
Passenger age (in years) | <0.0001 | ||||||
≤25 | 4312 (24.5) | 169 (32.5) | 1446 (32.0) | 364 (30.1) | 4474 (24.9) | 2044 (16.1) | |
25–44 | 6196 (37.6) | 228 (43.8) | 1689 (37.4) | 525 (43.4) | 6837 (37.0) | 2595 (37.1) | |
45–64 | 4101 (24.9) | 85 (16.3) | 958 (21.2) | 247 (20.4) | 4404 (24.5) | 1425 (21.5) | |
65+ | 2160 (13.1) | 38 (7.3) | 422 (9.3) | 73 (6.0) | 2289 (12.7) | 567 (25.7) | |
Passenger sex/gender | 0.1258 | ||||||
Male | 6022 (36.5) | 258 (49.6) | 1713 (38.0) | 517 (42.8) | 6702 (37.3) | 2538 (38.3) | |
Female | 10,465 (63.5) | 262 (50.4) | 2796 (62.0) | 691 (57.2) | 11,290 (62.8) | 4086 (61.7) | |
Injury severity and health care characteristics | |||||||
Disposition of inpatients | 0.692 | ||||||
Home, no care | 106,630 (96.2) | 4616 (90.6) | 4353 (96.4) | 1153 (95.0) | 124,975 (95.6) | 6359 (95.8) | |
Home, home health care | 427 (0.39) | 65 (1.3) | 15 (0.33) | 7 (0.58) | 673 (0.52) | 35 (0.53) | |
Other acute care facility | 1742 (1.5) | 209 (4.1) | 58 (1.3) | 29 (2.4) | 2388 (1.8) | 119 (1.8) | |
Skilled nursing facility | 373 (0.34) | 47 (0.92) | 8 (0.18) | 4 (0.33) | 504 (0.39) | 17 (0.26) | |
Died | 219 (0.20) | 59 (1.2) | 6 (0.13) | 9 (0.74) | 372 (0.28) | 18 (0.27) | |
Other | 1452 (1.3) | 100 (2.0)) | 75 (1.7) | 12 (0.99) | 1759 (1.4) | 93 (1.4) | |
Injury severity | <0.0001 | ||||||
Uninjured | 49,609 (44.8) | 733 (14.4) | 1902 (42.1) | 271 (22.3) | 55,972 (42.8) | 2412 (36.3) | |
Minor | 49,632 (44.8) | 2434 (47.8) | 2192 (48.6) | 665 (54.8) | 57,947 (44.4) | 3312 (49.9) | |
Moderate | 5783 (5.2) | 983 (19.3) | 218 (4.8) | 146 (12.0) | 8239 (6.3) | 482 (7.3) | |
Severe | 4153 (3.8) | 762 (15.0) | 120 (2.7) | 106 (8.7) | 6244 (4.8) | 293 (4.4) | |
Killed | 137 (0.12) | 81 (1.6) | 1 (0.02) | 9 (0.74) | 320 (0.24) | 13 (0.20) | |
Unknown severity | 1529 (1.4) | 103 (2.0) | 82 (1.8) | 17 (1.4) | 1949 (1.5) | 129 (1.9) | |
Length of stay (in days) 3 | |||||||
Mean, SD | 5.19, 7.38 | 7.02, 9.50 | 4.17, 5.07 | 7.55, 10.52 | 5.87, 8.31 | 6.19, 8.25 | 0.18 |
Payment Characteristics | |||||||
Source of payment | <0.0001 | ||||||
Private | 70,229 (65.8) | 2963 (60.3) | 2763 (63.5) | 713 (60.6) | 82,148 (65.2) | 3999 (62.5) | |
Governmental source | 11,012 (10.3) | 543 (11.1) | 499 (11.5) | 136 (11.6) | 13,196 (10.5) | 744 (11.6) | |
Workers’ compensation | 5588(5.2) | 240 (4.9) | 210 (4.8) | 62 (5.3) | 6427 (5.1) | 322 (5.0) | |
Self-pay/uninsured | 14,325 (13.4) | 846 (17.2) | 607 (14.0) | 187 (15.9) | 17,354 (13.8) | 938 (14.7) | |
Other | 2260 (2.1) | 84 (1.7) | 88 (2.0) | 26 (2.2) | 2629 (2.1) | 123 (1.9) | |
Unknown | 3381 (3.2) | 235 (4.8) | 183 (4.2) | 53 (4.5) | 4201 (3.3) | 276 (4.3) |
Front-Seated Occupants (n,%) | Rear-Seated Occupants (n,%) | Total (n,%) | X2 Front vs. Rear | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Restrained | Unrestrained | Restrained | Unrestrained | Front-Seated 1 | Rear-Seated 1 | X2 (p-Value) | |
Study population (N) | 110,843 | 5096 | 4515 | 1214 | 130,671 | 6641 | |
Vehicle characteristics | |||||||
Vehicle body type | <0.0001 | ||||||
Car | 58,971 (54.2) | 1734 (37.5) | 2334 (52.4) | 758 (64.4) | 65,932 (53.2) | 3553 (55.9) | |
Light Truck | 48,244 (44.3) | 1213 (26.3) | 2109 (47.3) | 416 (35.3) | 53,573 (43.1) | 2776 (43.7) | |
Large truck | 1586 (1.5) | 48 (1.0) | 14 (0.31) | 1 (0.08) | 1798 (1.5) | 16 (0.25) | |
Other | 1926 (1.7) | 151 (7.3) | 56 (71.8) | 22 (28.2) | 3051 (2.5) | 10 (0.16) | |
Vehicle year | <0.0001 | ||||||
<1994 | 7435 (6.7) | 1863 (36.6) | 377 (8.4) | 101 (8.3) | 12,743 (9.8) | 595 (9.0) | |
1994–1997 | 2597 (2.3) | 96 (1.9) | 61 (1.4) | 21 (1.7) | 2977 (2.3) | 97 (1.5) | |
1998–2004 | 21,703 (19.6) | 750 (14.7) | 753 (16.7) | 200 (16.5) | 24,786 (19.0) | 1102 (16.6) | |
2005–2008 | 22,017 (19.9) | 684 (13.4) | 842 (18.7) | 254 (20.9) | 25,115 (19.2) | 1249 (18.8) | |
2009–2011 | 9577 (8.6) | 244 (4.8) | 363 (8.0) | 98 (8.1) | 10,790 (8.3) | 529 (8.0) | |
2012 or newer | 47,492 (42.9) | 1246 (24.5) | 2118 (46.9) | 540 (44.5) | 53,913 (41.3) | 3068 (9.0) | |
Unknown | 22 (0.02) | 213 (4.2) | 1 (0.02) | 0 (0) | 347 (0.27) | 1 (0.02) | |
Crash characteristics | |||||||
Ejection | <0.0001 | ||||||
Not ejected | 109,076 (98.4) | 3798 (74.5) | 4459 (98.8) | 1148 (94.6) | 123,214 (94.3) | 6350 (95.6) | |
Partially ejected | 87 (0.08) | 219 (4.3) | 6 (0.13) | 9 (0.7) | 734 (0.6) | 37 (0.6) | |
Ejected | 52 (0.05) | 958 (18.8) | 2 (0.04) | 43 (3.5) | 3201 (2.5) | 172 (2.6) | |
Unknown | 1628 (1.5) | 121 (2.4) | 48 (1.)1 | 14 (1.2) | 3522 (2.7) | 82 (1.2) | |
Airbag deployment | <0.0001 | ||||||
Yes | 13,514 (12.2) | 1177 (23.1) | 144 (3.2) | 37 (3.1) | 14,697 (11.3) | 183 (2.8) | |
No | 96,996 (87.5) | 1919 (37.7) | 4371 (96.8) | 1160 (95.6) | 98,936 (75.7) | 5561 (83.7) | |
Unknown | 333 (0.30) | 2000 (39.3) | 0 (0) | 17 (1.4) | 17,038 (13.0) | 897 (13.5) | |
Vehicle towed | <0.0001 | ||||||
Yes | 56,009 (50.5) | 2275 (44.6) | 2015 (44.6) | 594 (48.9) | 62,668 (48.0) | 3014 (45.4) | |
No | 54,834 (49.5) | 1197 (23.5) | 2500 (55.4) | 615 (50.7) | 65,952 (49.7) | 3617 (54.5) | |
Unknown | 0 (0) | 1624 (31.9) | 0 (0) | 5 (0.4) | 3051 (2.3) | 10 (0.15) | |
Alcohol involved crash | <0.0001 | ||||||
Yes | 1670 (1.5) | 342 (6.7) | NA 2 | NA 2 | 2369 (1.8) | 0 (0) | |
No | 78,888 (71.2) | 3326 (65.3) | 89,792 (68.7) | 6 (0.09) | |||
Unknown | 30,285 (27.3) | 1428 (28.0) | 38,510 (29.5) | 6635 (99.9) | |||
Speed involvement | 0.0021 | ||||||
Yes | 7808 (7.0) | 619 (12.2) | 303 (6.7) | 150 (12.4) | 9431 (7.2) | 546 (8.2) | |
No | 103,035 (93.0) | 4477 (87.9) | 4212 (93.3) | 1064 (87.6) | 121,240 (92.8) | 6095 (91.8) | |
Location | <0.0001 | ||||||
Urban | 29,945 (27.2) | 1061 (20.9) | 1005 (22.3) | 236 (19.5) | 33,989 (26.2) | 5232 (79.0) | |
Rural | 80,261 (72.8) | 4020 (79.1) | 3496 (77.7) | 972 (80.5) | 95,888 (73.8) | 1389 (21.0) | |
Evening crash | 0.2365 | ||||||
Yes | 29,867 (26.9) | 1306 (25.6) | 1310 (81.7) | 293 (18.3) | 34,930 (26.7) | 1819 (27.4) | |
No | 80,976 (74.4) | 3790 (74.4) | 3205 (77.7) | 921 (22.3) | 95,741 (73.3) | 4822 (72.6) |
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Pressley, J.C.; Pawlowski, E.; Hines, L.M.; Bhatta, S.; Bauer, M.J. Motor Vehicle Crash and Hospital Charges in Front- and Rear-Seated Restrained and Unrestrained Adult Motor Vehicle Occupants. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 13674. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013674
Pressley JC, Pawlowski E, Hines LM, Bhatta S, Bauer MJ. Motor Vehicle Crash and Hospital Charges in Front- and Rear-Seated Restrained and Unrestrained Adult Motor Vehicle Occupants. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(20):13674. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013674
Chicago/Turabian StylePressley, Joyce C., Emilia Pawlowski, Leah M. Hines, Sabana Bhatta, and Michael J. Bauer. 2022. "Motor Vehicle Crash and Hospital Charges in Front- and Rear-Seated Restrained and Unrestrained Adult Motor Vehicle Occupants" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20: 13674. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013674