Comparison of Medical Comorbidity between Patients with Normal-Tension Glaucoma and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Population-Based Study in Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Comorbidities
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Confounding Variables | POAG (n = 5120) | NTG (n = 1489) | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||||
Female | 2556 | (49.92%) | 713 | (47.88%) | 0.1664 |
Male | 2564 | (50.08%) | 776 | (52.12%) | |
Age | |||||
20–34 years old | 794 | (15.51%) | 214 | (14.37%) | 0.2323 |
35–49 years old | 1127 | (22.01%) | 312 | (20.95%) | |
50–64 years old | 1519 | (29.67%) | 481 | (32.3%) | |
65 years old and over | 1680 | (32.81%) | 482 | (32.37%) | |
Low income | |||||
Yes | 3184 | (62.19%) | 872 | (58.56%) | 0.0115 |
No | 1936 | (37.81%) | 617 | (41.44%) | |
Urbanization level | |||||
Highly urbanized | 1886 | (36.84%) | 646 | (43.38%) | 0.0005 |
Moderate urbanization | 1646 | (32.15%) | 408 | (27.4%) | |
Emerging town | 712 | (13.91%) | 191 | (12.83%) | |
General town | 537 | (10.49%) | 143 | (9.6%) | |
Aged Township | 84 | (1.64%) | 20 | (1.34%) | |
Agricultural town | 130 | (2.54%) | 42 | (2.82%) | |
Remote township | 125 | (2.44%) | 39 | (2.62%) | |
Comorbidities | |||||
Arterial hypertension | 1671 | (32.64%) | 444 | (29.82%) | 0.0402 |
Hypotension | 33 | (0.64%) | 22 | (1.48%) | 0.2590 |
Ischemic heart disease | 87 | (1.7%) | 20 | (1.34%) | 0.3380 |
Sleep disturbances | 1145 | (22.36%) | 441 | (29.62%) | <0.0001 |
Ischemic stroke | 46 | (0.9%) | 17 | (1.14%) | 0.3952 |
Alzheimer disease | 4 | (0.08%) | 1 | (0.07%) | 0.8923 |
Diabetes | 1200 | (23.44%) | 308 | (20.69%) | 0.0259 |
Parkinson’s disease | 76 | (1.48%) | 17 | (1.14%) | 0.3231 |
Coronary heart disease | 859 | (16.78%) | 283 | (19.01%) | 0.0453 |
Peripheral artery disease | 67 | (1.31%) | 23 | (1.54%) | 0.4891 |
Atrial fibrillation | 60 | (1.17%) | 29 | (1.95%) | 0.0223 |
Headaches | 1375 | (26.86%) | 458 | (30.76%) | 0.0031 |
Migraines | 134 | (2.62%) | 61 | (4.1%) | 0.0030 |
Epilepsy and recurrent | 45 | (0.88%) | 13 | (0.87%) | 0.9830 |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 87 | (1.7%) | 27 | (1.81%) | 0.7660 |
Systemic lupus erythematosus | 2 | (0.04%) | 1 | (0.07%) | 0.6542 |
Chronic kidney disease | 125 | (2.44%) | 40 | (2.69%) | 0.5939 |
Hepatitis B | 159 | (3.11%) | 55 | (3.69%) | 0.2590 |
Fluid, electrolyte, acid–base disorders | 34 | (0.66%) | 12 | (0.81%) | 0.5623 |
Tuberculosis | 43 | (0.84%) | 15 | (1.01%) | 0.5418 |
Peptic ulcer | 913 | (17.83%) | 368 | (24.71%) | <0.0001 |
Depression | 89 | (1.74%) | 23 | (1.54%) | 0.6104 |
Malignant disease | 349 | (6.82%) | 131 | (8.8%) | 0.0095 |
Allergic rhinitis | 1029 | (20.1%) | 431 | (28.95%) | <0.0001 |
Allergic conjunctivitis | 191 | (3.73%) | 47 | (3.16%) | 0.8363 |
Atopic dermatitis | 1617 | (31.58%) | 448 | (30.09%) | 0.0045 |
NTG | p-Value | |
---|---|---|
Confounding Variables | Adjusted OR (95%CI) | |
Gender (reference: female) | ||
Male | 1.111 (0.985–1.253) | 0.0874 |
Age (reference: 20–34 years old) | ||
35–49 years old | 0.957 (0.780–1.174) | 0.6708 |
50–64 years old | 1.137 (0.932–1.386) | 0.2054 |
65 years old and over | 1.038 (0.840–1.282) | 0.7315 |
Low-income (reference: No) | ||
Yes | 0.876 (0.773–0.992) | 0.0368 |
Urbanization level (reference: Moderate urbanization) | ||
Highly urbanized | 1.399 (1.213–1.613) | <0.0001 |
Emerging town | 1.100 (0.904–1.337) | 0.3417 |
General town | 1.060 (0.851–1.319) | 0.6047 |
Aged Township | 0.992 (0.596–1.651) | 0.9751 |
Agricultural town | 1.257 (0.864–1.828) | 0.2319 |
Remote township | 0.950 (0.615–1.469) | 0.8187 |
Comorbidities (reference: without) | ||
Arterial hypertension | 0.767 (0.660–0.893) | 0.0006 |
Hypotension | 1.984 (1.128–3.490) | 0.0174 |
Ischemic heart disease | 0.656 (0.391–1.100) | 0.1097 |
Sleep disturbances | 1.323 (1.146–1.528) | 0.0001 |
Ischemic stroke | 1.276 (0.715–2.278) | 0.4100 |
Alzheimer disease | 0.727 (0.076–6.913) | 0.7813 |
Diabetes | 0.850 (0.728–0.993) | 0.0400 |
Parkinson’s disease | 0.674 (0.389–1.168) | 0.1595 |
Coronary heart disease | 1.139 (0.952–1.363) | 0.1538 |
Peripheral artery disease | 1.120 (0.683–1.835) | 0.6542 |
Atrial fibrillation | 1.511 (0.944–2.419) | 0.0855 |
Headaches | 1.023 (0.889–1.178) | 0.7465 |
Migraines | 1.296 (0.935–1.794) | 0.1192 |
Epilepsy and recurrent | 0.910 (0.483–1.713) | 0.7702 |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 0.895 (0.565–1.416) | 0.6353 |
Systemic lupus erythematosus | 1.646 (0.140–19.290) | 0.6915 |
Chronic kidney disease | 1.062 (0.726–1.554) | 0.7574 |
Hepatitis B | 1.057 (0.766–1.458) | 0.7361 |
Fluid, electrolyte, acid–base disorders | 1.086 (0.544–2.167) | 0.8150 |
Tuberculosis | 1.099 (0.600–2.011) | 0.7598 |
Peptic ulcer | 1.383 (1.188–1.609) | <0.0001 |
Depression | 0.728 (0.450–1.178) | 0.1964 |
Malignant disease | 1.200 (0.964–1.494) | 0.1022 |
Allergic rhinitis | 1.484 (1.290–1.707) | <0.0001 |
Allergic conjunctivitis | 0.778 (0.558–1.085) | 0.1396 |
Atopic dermatitis | 0.869 (0.763–0.990) | 0.0350 |
Confounding Variables | Adjusted OR (95%CI) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arterial Hypertension | Hypotension | Sleep Disturbances | Diabetes | Peptic Ulcer | Allergic Rhinitis | Atopic Dermatitis | |
Gender | |||||||
Female | 0.727 (0.579–0.913) * | 1.999 (0.898–4.452) | 1.296 (1.060–1.585) * | 0.743 (0.589–0.938) * | 1.338 (1.076–1.665) * | 1.486 (1.216–1.816) * | 0.848 (0.707–1.017) |
Male | 0.816 (0.665–1.002) | 1.786 (0.792–4.028) | 1.371 (1.113–1.688) * | 0.959 (0.776–1.184) | 1.451 (1.172–1.796) * | 1.464 (1.201–1.785) * | 0.898 (0.744–1.085) |
Age | |||||||
20–35 years old | 0.375 (0.046–3.070) * | 7.275 (0.679–77.911) | 1.152 (0.630–2.109) | 0.645 (0.216–1.927) | 1.258 (0.587–2.697) | 1.641 (1.144–2.352) * | 0.994 (0.716–1.380) |
35–49 years old | 0.568 (0.361–0.894) * | 2.128 (0.638–7.096) | 1.208 (0.866–1.686) | 0.795 (0.515–1.228) | 1.252 (0.861–1.821) | 1.596 (1.174–2.172) * | 0.910 (0.685–1.208) |
50–64 years old | 0.775 (0.604–0.993) * | 1.935 (0.634–5.906) | 1.283 (0.994–1.657) * | 0.914 (0.709–1.180) | 1.508 (1.159–1.963) * | 1.537 (1.184–1.995) * | 0.711 (0.557–0.908) * |
65 years old and over | 0.870 (0.695–1.089) | 1.565 (0.633–3.870) | 1.522 (1.211–1.913) * | 0.838 (0.664–1.057) | 1.364 (1.083–1.718) * | 1.342 (1.046–1.721) * | 0.923 (0.730–1.165) |
Low-income | |||||||
Yes | 0.786 (0.647–0.954) * | 1.718 (0.829–3.559) | 1.267 (1.053–1.525) * | 0.841 (0.692–1.022) | 1.420 (1.167–1.728) * | 1.435 (1.198–1.720) | 0.956 (0.809–1.129) |
No | 0.726 (0.568–0.929) * | 2.363 (0.930–6.003) | 1.451 (1.151–1.830) * | 0.871 (0.673–1.129) | 1.341 (1.052–1.708) * | 1.583 (1.263–1.985) | 0.740 (0.598–0.916)* |
Urbanization level | |||||||
Highly urbanized | 0.816 (0.641–1.039) | 3.87 (1.384–10.825) * | 1.390 (1.105–1.748) * | 0.911 (0.714–1.164) | 1.306 (1.023–1.668) * | 1.434 (1.151–1.788) * | 0.831 (0.681–1.014) |
Moderate urbanization | 0.910 (0.689–1.203) | 2.056 (0.692–6.104) | 1.248 (0.956–1.629) | 0.734 (0.544–0.991) | 1.264 (0.949–1.684) | 1.550 (1.198–2.005) * | 0.974 (0.763–1.244) |
Emerging town | 0.588 (0.373–0.928) * | 3.826 (0.996–14.699) | 1.025 (0.663–1.584) | 0.905 (0.574–1.427) | 1.722 (1.116–2.657) * | 1.839 (1.226–2.760) * | 0.935 (0.640–1.365) |
General town | 0.369 (0.218–0.627) * | 0.214 (0.022–2.118) | 1.642 (1.001–2.692) * | 1.094 (0.658–1.821) | 2.340 (1.394–3.927) * | 1.433 (0.875–2.347) | 0.938 (0.600–1.466) |
Aged township | 0.056 (0.005–0.634) * | - | 9.822 (1.395–69.157) * | 0.131 (0.006–2.944) | 1.402 (0.219–8.951) | 11.113 (0.613–201.385) | 0.309 (0.061–1.563) |
Agricultural town | 0.488 (0.176–1.353) | - | 2.402 (0.845–6.828) | 1.861 (0.632–5.481) | 0.656 (0.198–2.179) | 0.716 (0.236–2.175) | 0.911 (0.292–2.842) |
Remote township | 1.145 (0.321–4.085) | - | 0.851 (0.237–3.055) | 0.933 (0.229–3.793) | 0.456 (0.125–1.665) | 0.714 (0.235–2.168) | 0.404 (0.114–1.432) |
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Lu, W.-Y.; Luo, C.-W.; Chen, S.-T.; Kuan, Y.-H.; Yang, S.-F.; Sun, H.-Y. Comparison of Medical Comorbidity between Patients with Normal-Tension Glaucoma and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Population-Based Study in Taiwan. Healthcare 2021, 9, 1509. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111509
Lu W-Y, Luo C-W, Chen S-T, Kuan Y-H, Yang S-F, Sun H-Y. Comparison of Medical Comorbidity between Patients with Normal-Tension Glaucoma and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Population-Based Study in Taiwan. Healthcare. 2021; 9(11):1509. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111509
Chicago/Turabian StyleLu, Wei-Yang, Ci-Wen Luo, Shyan-Tarng Chen, Yu-Hsiang Kuan, Shun-Fa Yang, and Han-Yin Sun. 2021. "Comparison of Medical Comorbidity between Patients with Normal-Tension Glaucoma and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Population-Based Study in Taiwan" Healthcare 9, no. 11: 1509. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111509