Thermal Inactivation Kinetics and Radio Frequency Control of Aspergillus in Almond Kernels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Preparation
2.1.1. Isolation of Spoilage Molds
2.1.2. Preparation of Mold Suspension
2.2. Thermal Treatment
2.3. Thermal Inactivation Kinetics Model
2.4. Effects of Temperature and aw on Thermal Inactivation Kinetic Model
2.5. Determining Cumulative Time–Temperature Effects
2.6. RF Pasteurization Validation
2.6.1. Inoculated Almond Samples
2.6.2. Selection of Electrode Gap
2.6.3. RF Pasteurization Verification
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Spoilage Molds Isolated from Almond Kernels
3.2. Selection of the More Thermal-Resistant Mold
3.3. Primary Model
3.4. Secondary Model
3.5. Electric Current under Different Electrode Gaps
3.6. Cumulative Lethal Effect of Aspergillus
3.7. RF Treatment Verification
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Types of Molds | Temperature (°C) + Holding Time (min) | ||
---|---|---|---|
62 °C + 7 min | 65 °C + 3 min | 68 °C + 1 min | |
Penicillium | 2.07 ± 0.07 a,* | 3.52 ± 0.21 a | 1.55 ± 0.13 a |
Aspergillus | 1.42 ± 0.12 b | 2.21 ± 0.11 b | 1.10 ± 0.17 b |
Moisture Content (% w.b.) | aw | Temperature (°C) | First-Order Model | Weibull Model | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D (min) | R2 | RMSE | δ (CI 95%) a | p (CI 95%) | R2 | RMSE | |||
5.82 | 0.657 | 65 | 21.82 | 0.992 | 0.153 | 19.28 (12.21–26.34) | 0.92 (0.65–1.20) | 0.992 | 0.150 |
68 | 7.28 | 0.966 | 0.356 | 3.73 (2.21–5.25) | 0.70 (0.54–0.85) | 0.995 | 0.135 | ||
71 | 2.10 | 0.968 | 0.315 | 1.15 (0.54–1.75) | 0.70 (0.48–0.92) | 0.993 | 0.151 | ||
10.11 | 0.854 | 62 | 7.09 | 0.980 | 0.222 | 4.64 (3.59–5.69) | 0.76 (0.64–0.88) | 0.997 | 0.082 |
65 | 2.29 | 0.946 | 0.285 | 1.10 (0.82–1.37) | 0.59 (0.49–0.69) | 0.998 | 0.056 | ||
68 | 1.05 | 0.991 | 0.167 | 0.85 (0.53–1.18) | 0.88 (0.63–1.13) | 0.993 | 0.149 | ||
13.85 | 0.923 | 59 | 5.43 | 0.979 | 0.249 | 3.27 (2.00–4.55) | 0.73 (0.55–0.92) | 0.995 | 0.118 |
62 | 2.45 | 0.953 | 0.331 | 1.14 (0.34–1.94) | 0.63 (0.36–0.89) | 0.988 | 0.168 | ||
65 | 0.48 | 0.935 | 0.503 | 0.17 (0.03–0.30) | 0.59 (0.38–0.80) | 0.992 | 0.181 |
Moisture Content (% w.b.) | aw | Temperature (°C) | δ’ (CI 95%) a | R2 | RMSE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
5.82 | 0.657 | 65 | 13.40 (10.95–15.85) | 0.973 | 0.238 |
68 | 3.76 (3.47–4.06) | 0.995 | 0.117 | ||
71 | 1.14 (1.04–1.25) | 0.993 | 0.131 | ||
10.11 | 0.854 | 62 | 4.12 (3.79–4.45) | 0.995 | 0.098 |
65 | 1.37 (1.23–1.50) | 0.991 | 0.103 | ||
68 | 0.62 (0.53–0.72) | 0.980 | 0.213 | ||
13.85 | 0.923 | 59 | 3.04 (2.81–3.28) | 0.995 | 0.108 |
62 | 1.35 (1.18–1.52) | 0.985 | 0.162 | ||
65 | 0.23 (0.20–0.26) | 0.984 | 0.216 |
Parameter | First-Order Kinetic Model | Weibull Model | |
---|---|---|---|
δ | δ’ | ||
Dref or δref (min) | 0.326 | 0.140 | 0.173 |
ZT (°C) | 6.660 | 6.130 | 6.493 |
zaw | 0.189 | 0.169 | 0.185 |
R2 | 0.932 | 0.853 | 0.907 |
RMSE | 0.150 | 0.256 | 0.182 |
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Gao, Y.; Guan, X.; Wan, A.; Cui, Y.; Kou, X.; Li, R.; Wang, S. Thermal Inactivation Kinetics and Radio Frequency Control of Aspergillus in Almond Kernels. Foods 2022, 11, 1603. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11111603
Gao Y, Guan X, Wan A, Cui Y, Kou X, Li R, Wang S. Thermal Inactivation Kinetics and Radio Frequency Control of Aspergillus in Almond Kernels. Foods. 2022; 11(11):1603. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11111603
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Yu, Xiangyu Guan, Ailin Wan, Yuan Cui, Xiaoxi Kou, Rui Li, and Shaojin Wang. 2022. "Thermal Inactivation Kinetics and Radio Frequency Control of Aspergillus in Almond Kernels" Foods 11, no. 11: 1603. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11111603