Next Article in Journal
Pancreatic Transdifferentiation Using β-Cell Transcription Factors for Type 1 Diabetes Treatment
Previous Article in Journal
A Potential Role of Cyclic Dependent Kinase 1 (CDK1) in Late Stage of Retinal Degeneration
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Cells
Volume 11
Issue 14
10.3390/cells11142144
cells-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Yeast Kinesin-5 Motor Protein CIN8 Promotes Accurate Chromosome Segregation

by
Delaney Sherwin
1,†,
Abigail Huetteman
2,† and
Yanchang Wang
1,*
1
Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300, USA
2
Medical Student, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors equally contributed to this work.
Cells 2022, 11(14), 2144; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11142144
Submission received: 2 May 2022 / Revised: 15 June 2022 / Accepted: 4 July 2022 / Published: 7 July 2022
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Accurate chromosome segregation depends on bipolar chromosome–microtubule attachment and tension generation on chromosomes. Incorrect chromosome attachment results in chromosome missegregation, which contributes to genome instability. The kinetochore is a protein complex that localizes at the centromere region of a chromosome and mediates chromosome–microtubule interaction. Incorrect chromosome attachment leads to checkpoint activation to prevent anaphase onset. Kinetochore detachment activates the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), while tensionless kinetochore attachment relies on both the SAC and tension checkpoint. In budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, kinesin-5 motor proteins Cin8 and Kip1 are needed to separate spindle pole bodies for spindle assembly, and deletion of CIN8 causes lethality in the absence of SAC. To study the function of Cin8 and Kip1 in chromosome segregation, we constructed an auxin-inducible degron (AID) mutant, cin8-AID. With this conditional mutant, we first confirmed that cin8-AID kip1∆ double mutants were lethal when Cin8 is depleted in the presence of auxin. These cells arrested in metaphase with unseparated spindle pole bodies and kinetochores. We further showed that the absence of either the SAC or tension checkpoint was sufficient to abolish the cell-cycle delay in cin8-AID mutants, causing chromosome missegregation and viability loss. The tension checkpoint-dependent phenotype in cells with depleted Cin8 suggests the presence of tensionless chromosome attachment. We speculate that the failed spindle pole body separation in cin8 mutants could increase the chance of tensionless syntelic chromosome attachments, which depends on functional tension checkpoint for survival.

1. Introduction

During mitosis, chromosomes are attached to microtubules originating from opposite spindle poles to establish bipolar attachment, which ensures equal segregation of sister chromatids into each daughter cell. Bipolar attachment generates tension on chromosomes, and in response to incorrect chromosome attachments or lack of tension, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) becomes activated to prevent anaphase initiation [1,2]. In budding yeast, the components of the SAC include Mad1, Mad2, Mad3, Bub1, Bub3, and protein kinase Mps1, which are conserved in all eukaryotes and localize to unattached kinetochores [3,4,5]. SAC activation arrests cells in metaphase to prevent sister chromatid segregation and allows time for correction of improper chromosome attachment. The establishment of chromosome bipolar attachment generates tension that silences the SAC and allows cells to proceed into anaphase. Defects in the SAC result in chromosome missegregation or aneuploidy, a hallmark for most solid tumors and the cause of Trisomy 21 [6,7].
The establishment of chromosome bipolar attachment depends on two intertwined events. First, the separation of spindle pole bodies (SPBs) by motor proteins ensures bi-oriented microtubules from opposite spindle poles, and this is required for chromosome bipolar attachment [8]. Second, kinetochores must be oriented so that only microtubules originating from opposite spindle poles can bind, thereby establishing bipolar attachment. However, a previous study using un-replicated dicentric chromosomes in budding yeast suggests that tension alone promotes bi-oriented microtubule attachment, regardless of kinetochore orientation [9]. One explanation is that an intrinsic mechanism corrects improper attachment to ensure chromosome bipolar attachment in the absence of sister kinetochore orientation. Additionally, the tension generated between sister kinetochores by bipolar microtubule attachment further stabilizes the kinetochore–microtubule interaction.
In budding yeast, tension generation is monitored by a specific pathway called the tension checkpoint, which consists of the SAC, Aurora B kinase Ipl1, and centromere-associated protein Sgo1 [10,11]. Previous results in budding yeast support a model that Ipl1 kinase prevents SAC silencing in the presence of tensionless attachment by phosphorylating kinetochore protein Dam1 [12,13,14]. Both ipl1 and phospho-deficient dam1-3A mutantd show competent checkpoint function in response to detached chromosomes resulting from microtubule depolymerization but fail to arrest at metaphase during tensionless attachments [10,13]. Similarly, syntelic attachment occurs when sister kinetochores are attached by microtubules from one SPB, giving way to a tensionless attachment, but ipl1 and dam1-3A mutants abolish the anaphase entry delay caused by this tensionless attachment [13]. Ipl1 kinase has also been shown to destabilize kinetochore–microtubule interactions to facilitate corrections [15,16]. This feature raises the possibility that the tension checkpoint pathway consequently activates the SAC by generating detached kinetochores [17,18]. Therefore, Ipl1 kinase plays a central role in coordinating the correction of tensionless attachment and checkpoint control.
Aside from kinetochore proteins, microtubule-associated motor proteins also play a role in establishing and maintaining chromosome bipolar attachment. In budding yeast, Cik1 forms a complex with Kar3, a minus-end-directed kinesin-14 motor protein [19]. The Cik1/Kar3 complex associates with chromosomes and facilitates their poleward movement at the start of microtubule depolymerization [20,21]. Loss of function of the Cik1/Kar3 complex results in syntelic chromosome attachments, as evidenced by chromosome missegregation when combined with tension checkpoint mutants [22].
In budding yeast, kinesin-5 motor proteins Cin8 and Kip1 are involved in spindle assembly and kinetochore attachment [23,24]. Cin8 shows bi-directional motility [25]. The minus-end-directed motility of Cin8 enables its clustering near spindle poles, where it captures microtubules from the opposite spindle poles and mediates their antiparallel sliding. Therefore, this activity is critical for microtubule crosslinking and the initial separation of the spindle poles for spindle assembly [26]. Consistently, temperature-sensitive cin8-3 mutant cells exhibit impaired separation of spindle poles, and this phenotype is more pronounced in cin8-3 kip1 double mutants at high temperatures [23,27]. Cin8 and Kip1 also promote the disassembly of longer kinetochore microtubules to facilitate chromosome congression [28]. Moreover, Kip1 is involved in the spindle midzone localization of the chromosomal passenger complex for spindle disassembly in late anaphase [29]. Interestingly, cin8∆, but not kip1∆, is synthetically lethal with SAC mutants, indicating that Cin8 plays a major role in accurate chromosome segregation [27,30]. To that point, a recent study showed that Cin8 localizes to the kinetochore during metaphase, directly interacts with the Dam1 kinetochore complex, and is required to generate tension at kinetochore protein Ndc80 [31]. In another study, a significant decrease in tension during metaphase was observed in cells lacking Cin8 [32].
Given these known functions of Cin8 and Kip1, we speculated that these motor proteins might be required for tension generation and chromosome segregation. To further understand their function, we constructed a conditional cin8-AID (auxin-inducible degron) mutant to show that cells lacking Cin8 and Kip1 present defective separation of SPBs and sister kinetochores. This arrest was SAC-dependent, and interestingly, combination with tension checkpoint mutants caused an increased rate of chromosome missegregation and viability loss. We speculate that the failure of SPB separation increases the chance of tensionless syntelic chromosome attachment, which depends on functional tension checkpoint for survival. In all, our research has uncovered kinesin-5 motor proteins Cin8 and Kip1 as key players in tension generation and accurate chromosome segregation.

2. Methods

2.1. Yeast Strains, Growth, and Media

The relevant genotypes and sources of the yeast strains used in this study are listed in Supplementary Table S1. All the strains listed are isogenic to Y300, a W303 derivative, and they were constructed by tetrad dissection. Yeast cell growth conditions and synchronization were performed as described previously [33].

2.2. Generating cin8-AID Conditional Mutants

The primers used to construct the cin8-AID strain were designed as instructed [34]. The AID template plasmid used for PCR reaction in this research was modified with three Flag tags in the AID cassette (pXZ830 IAA17-3×Flag::HIS3, a gift from the Xiaolan Zhao Lab at the Sloan Kettering Institute, New York City, NY, USA) [35]. The PCR fragments were transformed into an ADH1-osTir1-9×myc-URA3 (X3338-8D) strain. Colonies were selected from HIS dropout plates, and their growth on auxin plates, as well as Cin8-AID protein level after 500 µM auxin treatment, was examined via Western blotting. The resulting cin8-AID::HIS3 ADH1-osTir1-9myc-URA3 strain was used in subsequent crosses.

2.3. Budding Index

For the indicated time points, samples were taken from the culture and fixed with 10% formaldehyde, at a final concentration of 3.7%. Cells were counted and categorized as single cell, small bud, and large bud based on the existence and size of a daughter cell. A cell was counted as large-budded when the diameter of a daughter cell was greater than half of the diameter of the mother cell. The percentage of large-budded cells out of 100 was plotted.

2.4. Plating Efficiency/Viability

A small volume of cells was 10-fold diluted and then spread onto a YPD plate. After incubation at 30 °C overnight, cell viability was examined under a microscope and categorized as viable and nonviable. Cells that formed mini-colonies were counted as viable, while nonviable cells were determined as single dead cells or a small cluster of sick cells. For each strain, more than 300 cells were counted to obtain the percentage of viable cells.

2.5. Western Blotting

Yeast cells (1 mL) were collected by centrifugation, and the cell pellets were resuspended in 200 μL of 0.1 M NaOH. After incubation at room temperature for 5 min, the sample was centrifuged, and the pellets were resuspended in 100 μL 1 × SDS protein loading buffer. The protein samples were then boiled for 5 min and resolved by 8% SDS–PAGE. After probing for anti-myc (9E10, Covance Research Products, Inc., Denver, PA, USA), anti-Flag (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and anti-Pgk1 antibodies (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA), followed by horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), the protein levels were detected with enhanced chemiluminescence (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA). A Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA, USA) ChemiDoc imaging system was used to image blots.

2.6. Quantification of Pds1 Protein Levels

The relative levels of Pds1 protein for Western blots were quantified with ImageJ. The intensity of Pds1 and Pgk1 protein bands for each time point was measured in arbitrary units. The ratio of Pds1 intensity to Pgk1 was then determined. The time point with the highest ratio was set as 1, and each time point was normalized to this. The resulting numbers were then plotted on a line graph to show the change of relative Pds1 protein levels during the cell cycle.

2.7. Cytological Techniques

For fluorescence microscopy, collected yeast cells were fixed with 3.7% formaldehyde for 5 min and then washed once with water. Cells were then resuspended in 1 × PBS (pH 7.2) for the examination of fluorescence signals, using a microscope with a 60× objective (BZ-X800 from Keyence, Itasca, IL, USA). Images were taken with appropriate channels for mCherry, GFP, and brightfield and z-stacks were created with the stack set to 0.2 µm. BZ-X800 software was used to create composites.

2.8. Statistical Analysis

The results from fluorescence microscopy and budding index experiments were determined by counting 100 cells for each yeast strain, with three experimental repeats. The results from viability experiments were determined by counting 300 colonies with three experimental repeats. We then performed either a Wilcoxon rank sum test or a non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA and determined the p-values. The exact test used is indicated in the figure legends. Statistical significance was determined when p < 0.05 (*) and is denoted as such.

3. Results

3.1. Construction of cin8-AID Conditional Mutant

To study the function of kinesin-5 motor proteins Cin8 and Kip1 in chromosome segregation, we generated a conditional cin8-AID mutant. When the AID cassette is fused with a protein of interest, this cassette targets the fused protein for degradation in the presence of auxin [34,36]. We constructed the cin8-AID mutant by transforming PCR-amplified DNA fragments containing AID-Flag into yeast cells, which was inserted after the C-terminus of the endogenous CIN8 gene in the budding yeast genome via recombination. The Tir1 F-box protein was also introduced into cin8-AID yeast strains [35]. The presence of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA/auxin) would cause rapid poly-ubiquitination of Cin8-AID by SCFTir1 E3 ubiquitin ligase and the subsequent degradation by the proteasome [34]. To verify the cin8-AID strain, we first examined the degradation of Cin8-AID in the presence of auxin. This AID cassette contains a Flag tag, so the levels of Cin8 were analyzed in asynchronous cin8-AID cells after incubation in the presence of 500 μM auxin via Western blotting with anti-Flag antibody. The results showed a decrease in Cin8 protein levels after release into auxin medium for just 20 min, with nearly full clearance of the Cin8 protein after 40 min (Figure 1A).
Budding yeast contains two kinesin-5 motor proteins, Cin8 and Kip1. Cin8 has a predominant function in chromosome attachment because the cin8∆, but not the kip1∆, mutant shows synthetic lethality with SAC mutants. In addition, cin8∆ and kip1∆ mutants are synthetically lethal [30,31,37]. Because Cin8 depletion by AID was expected to cause lethality in kip1∆ cells, we also constructed cin8-AID in a kip1∆ background and confirmed the clearance of Cin8 protein after auxin addition (Figure 1A). The cin8-AID kip1∆ grew similarly to wild-type (WT) cells on yeast extract–peptone–dextrose (YPD) plates but failed to grow on a plate supplemented with 500 μM auxin (Figure 1B); such a result is consistent with previous observations [29]. Thus, the synthetic lethality between cin8-AID and kip1∆ in the presence of auxin further confirmed the efficient Cin8-AID degradation induced by auxin. We also observed 49% viability loss in cin8-AID kip1∆ cells after 6 h of incubation in auxin medium, compared to only a 5% decrease in cin8-AID single mutant, which is a statistically significant difference (Figure 1C). Furthermore, we observed an accumulation of large-budded cells in cin8-AID kip1∆ mutants in the presence of auxin, indicating halted cell-cycle progression (Figure 1D).

3.2. The Absence of Both Cin8 and Kip1 Arrests Cells at Metaphase with Unseparated Kinetochore Clusters and SPBs

We first examined the cell-cycle progression in WT, cin8-AID, and cin8-AID kip1∆ cells. After G1 release into medium containing 500 μM auxin, WT cells showed normal progression through the cell cycle, as indicated by the increase and decrease of large-budded cells during cell cycle, while cin8-AID and cin8-AID kip1∆ maintained high numbers of large-budded cells at later time points, with the cin8-AID kip1∆ double mutants showing a stronger phenotype (Figure 2A). We also analyzed Pds1/Securin level in these synchronized cells. Pds1 protein is the anaphase inhibitor in budding yeast, and its degradation by the ubiquitin–proteasome system indicates SAC silencing and anaphase entry [38,39]. In WT cells, Pds1 levels showed an increase after G1 release, followed by a decrease, indicating anaphase onset (Figure 2B). The cin8-AID single mutants showed normal Pds1 increase after G1 release but delayed Pds1 degradation. The Pds1 levels in cin8-AID kip1∆ cells, however, remained persistent beyond the initial increase after G1 release, thus indicating that the absence of both Cin8 and Kip1 prevents anaphase entry (Figure 2B). The levels of Pds1 at each time point relative to the Pgk1 loading control were plotted, and the results further support the increased Pds1 stability in cin8-AID and cin8-AID kip1∆ cells (Figure 2C).
To further determine the underlying mechanism of the anaphase entry delay in cin8-AID kip1∆ mutant cells, we constructed strains containing GFP-marked kinetochore protein Mtw1 and mCherry-labeled SPB protein Spc110 to visualize kinetochore separation and spindle elongation. WT cells showed normal cell-cycle progression, as indicated by an increase followed by a decrease in large-budded cells after G1 release into auxin media. However, many more cin8-AID and cin8-AID kip1∆ cells remained large-budded at later time points (Figure 2D), which is similar to the cell-cycle kinetics shown in Figure 2A. After release into auxin media for 100 min, 95% of WT cells showed normal separation of both Mtw1 kinetochore clusters and SPBs into each daughter cell, and only 2% of cells showed unseparated kinetochores and SPBs (Figure 2E,F). In clear contrast, at the same time point, 91% of cin8-AID kip1∆ cells showed unseparated kinetochore clusters and SPBs. This number was similar at 120 min, indicating a tight metaphase arrest (Figure 2E,F). This is consistent with the known function of kinesin-5 motor proteins in SPB separation [23,27,40,41]. For cin8-AID single mutant cells, 100 min after release from G1 arrest, 79% showed metaphase arrest with one Mtw1/SPB cluster, and this number decreased to 73% at 120 min, exhibiting a less severe phenotype than cin8-AID kip1∆ cells (Figure 2E,F). This result indicates that Kip1 is still able to promote the separation of SPBs and sister kinetochores in some cells when Cin8 is absent, but the absence of both Cin8 and Kip1 blocks kinetochore/SPB separation almost completely.

3.3. Cin8-AID Mutants Show Chromosome Missegregation in the Absence of the SAC

The presence of detached chromosomes or the absence of tension on sister kinetochores activates the SAC to prevent anaphase entry [2]. Mad1 is a component of the SAC, and mad1∆ mutant cells are able to enter anaphase, even in the presence of incorrect chromosome attachment [5]. We reasoned that mad1∆ would alleviate the metaphase arrest caused by a possible defect in chromosome attachment and/or tension generation in cin8-AID mutants, resulting in chromosome missegregation and viability loss. To test this idea, we first examined the growth of cin8-AID mad1∆ strains in the presence of auxin. As expected, cin8-AID mad1∆ cells displayed a clear growth defect on plates containing 500 μM auxin compared to either cin8-AID or mad1∆ alone, thus suggesting synthetic lethality (Figure 3A).
To test if the absence of SAC in cin8-AID mad1∆ cells causes chromosome missegregation, we constructed a cin8-AID mad1∆ strain containing GFP-marked centromere of chromosome IV (CEN4-GFP) and Spc110-mCherry that marks SPBs [42]. We chose to use GFP-marked CEN4 over Mtw1 to examine chromosome segregation because kinetochore clustering in S. cerevisiae during cell division would make it difficult to detect the low frequency of chromosome missegregation, if any, using strains with Mtw1-GFP [43]. Strikingly, the loss of the SAC in cin8-AID mad1∆ mutant cells resulted in a statistically significant increase (23%) in chromosome missegregation after incubation in auxin medium for 3 h, as evidenced by the presence of a cell body with two CEN4-GFP dots and one SPB (Figure 3B,C). There is, however, partial spindle pole body separation in cin8-AID mad1∆ cells, thus suggesting some spindle function in these mutants. This mirrors a previous study that showed that SAC was required to prevent premature SPB separation when spindle function was impaired [27]. Consistently, cin8-AID mad1∆ cells showed much less viability (13%) compared to cin8-AID single mutant (81%) or mad1∆ single mutant (97%) after auxin exposure for 3 h (Figure 3D).
We further examined chromosome segregation in synchronized cin8-AID mad1∆ cells treated with auxin. WT and mad1∆ single mutants demonstrated typical cell-cycle progression, while cin8-AID cells showed prolonged presence of large-budded cells, suggesting a cell-cycle delay. However, the delay was partially suppressed by mad1∆ (Figure 3E). After G1 release into auxin medium for 105 min to follow chromosome segregation, the majority of cin8-AID single mutant cells showed unseparated CEN4-GFP dots (73%) (Figure 3F,G). However, 19% of cin8-AID mad1∆ cells showed chromosome missegregation at 105 min, as evidenced by the presence of two CEN4-GFP dots and one SPB in one single cell body. The difference between cin8-AID mad1∆ cells and cin8-AID cells is, therefore, statistically significant (Figure 3F,G). We also acknowledge that cin8-AID mutant cells classified with normal chromosome segregation often do not achieve full SPB separation as in WT cells, and this is likely due to loss of motor protein-dependent spindle elongation. In any case, these results indicate a chromosome attachment defect in Cin8-depleted cells that is dependent on the SAC for survival.

3.4. Cin8 and Kip1 Work Cooperatively to Promote Faithful Chromosome Segregation

We showed that the loss of the SAC suppressed the metaphase arrest in cin8-AID cells, as evidenced by the budding index. Compared to cin8-AID, cin8-AID kip1∆ mutant cells exhibit a more pronounced defect in kinetochore/SPB separation (Figure 2). To test if loss of the SAC also abolishes the cell-cycle arrest of cin8-AID kip1∆ we first examined cell-cycle progression in synchronized cin8-AID kip1∆ cells, both with and without SAC, in the presence of auxin. We found that the loss of the SAC in cin8-AID kip1∆ mad1∆ cells resulted in a decrease in large buds at later time points, which is indicative of cell-cycle progression (Figure 4A). To analyze anaphase entry, we examined Pds1 levels in these cells after G1 release into auxin media. The Western blot results indicated normal Pds1 degradation in WT and mad1∆ cells and persistent Pds1 levels in cin8-AID kip1∆ cells. However, in cin8-AID kip1∆ mad1∆ cells, the Pds1 levels were high at 60 min after G1 release, but an obvious decrease was detected after that time point (Figure 4B). The kinetics of Pds1 degradation in these cells is reflected by the quantification of relative Pds1 levels, as this indicates an almost complete abolishment of Pds1 accumulation in cin8-AID kip1∆ cells by mad1∆ (Figure 4C). Taken together, these results support the conclusion that mad1∆ abolishes the metaphase arrest in cin8-AID kip1∆ mutants and allows for anaphase entry, which is consistent with a previous report [27].
We further examined chromosome segregation in cin8-AID kip1∆ cells in the absence of the SAC. In contrast to the cin8-AID single mutant, which showed partial metaphase arrest, almost all cin8-AID kip1∆ cells arrested at metaphase with no CEN4-GFP segregation after incubation of asynchronous cells in the presence of auxin for 3 h (Figure 4D,E). This indicates the redundant role of Cin8 and Kip1 in spindle formation and further chromosome segregation. Interestingly, after 180 min in auxin, cin8-AID kip1∆ cells presented with Spc110-mCherry and CEN4-GFP signals displaced from the bud neck (Figure 4D). A previous report showed that loss of Cin8 caused unbalanced number of astral microtubules from the two SPBs, resulting in a nuclear positioning defect. Cells lacking Kip1 showed a less dramatic but similar phenotype [44]. Moreover, the loss of the SAC in cin8-AID kip1∆ mad1∆ cells caused significant CEN4-GFP missegregation (27%) (Figure 4D,E), compared to 23% for cin8-AID mad1∆ cells after 3 h of auxin treatment (Figure 3B,C). In addition, only 9% of cin8-AID kip1∆ mad1∆ cells were viable after incubation in the presence of auxin for 3 h, but 84% of cin8-AID kip1∆ cells were viable (Figure 4F). Therefore, complete metaphase arrest in cin8-AID kip1∆ cells can also be abolished by SAC mutant mad1∆, resulting in significant chromosome missegregation and viability loss.

3.5. The Absence of Cin8 Leads to Tensionless Chromosome Attachment

Previous studies indicate that Cin8 likely promotes tension generation at sister kinetochores [31,32]. In the absence of tension, the phosphorylation of kinetochore protein Dam1 by Ipl1 kinase prevents the cell from premature anaphase entry. Mutation of three Ipl1 phosphorylation sites on Dam1 (S257A, S265A, and S292A) in dam1-3A allows the cell to prematurely enter anaphase in the presence of tensionless attachments [12,13]. It is possible that the anaphase entry delay displayed in cin8-AID is triggered by tensionless attachment and requires Dam1 phosphorylation. To test this idea, we first examined the growth of cin8-AID dam1-3A cells on auxin plates. The cin8-AID dam1-3A showed a severe growth defect compared to either cin8-AID or dam1-3A single mutant (Figure 5A). We then followed cell-cycle progression in cin8-AID and cin8-AID dam1-3A after G1 release into auxin media. In cin8-AID cells, we observed a relatively persistent high number of large-budded cells at the later time points. However, cin8-AID dam1-3A cells showed an obvious decrease in large-budded cells, indicating anaphase entry (Figure 5B). In examining Pds1 levels in these cells, we noted that cin8-AID cells showed clearly stabilized Pds1 levels compared to WT cells, but the Pds1 levels dropped in cin8-AID dam1-3A cells at later time points during the cell cycle (Figure 5C,D). Therefore, phospho-deficient Dam1 abolishes the anaphase entry delay in cin8-AID cells, at least partially based on the Pds1 protein level and budding index. Because dam1-3A mutant cells show checkpoint defect in response to tensionless chromosome attachment but not chromosome detachment [13], this result indicates the presence of tensionless attachments in cells lacking Cin8.
If the tensionless attachment in cin8 mutants relies on Dam1 phosphorylation to prevent anaphase entry, then abolishment of this phosphorylation will result in chromosome missegregation. To test this idea, we visualized chromosome segregation in cin8-AID dam1-3A cells with CEN4-GFP and Spc110-mCherry. After incubation in auxin for 3 h, 43% of cin8-AID cells displayed a single CEN4-GFP dot, and no CEN4-GFP missegregation was observed (Figure 6A,B). In clear contrast, 18% of cin8-AID dam1-3A cells showed CEN4-GFP missegregation after auxin exposure for 3 h (Figure 6A,B). Not surprisingly, cin8-AID dam1-3A cells exhibited greater viability loss (19% viable cells) than cin8-AID single mutant (82% viable cells) after 3 h of incubation in the presence of auxin (Figure 6C).
We also analyzed the genetic interaction of cin8-AID with temperature-sensitive mutant ipl1-321, as functional Ipl1 is also required for metaphase arrest in response to tensionless attachment [10]. The cin8-AID ipl1-321 cells grew poorly on auxin plates, even at the permissive temperature 25 °C, compared to each single mutant (Figure 7A). We suspected that ipl1-321 would also suppress the anaphase entry delay in cin8-AID cells. We previously showed the loss of tension checkpoint function of ipl1-321 at 25 °C [13,22]. After following the cell-cycle progression in these strains at 25 °C, a clear alleviation of the accumulation of large-budded cells in cin8-AID by ipl1-321 was observed (Figure 7B). Strikingly, a nearly complete suppression of Pds1 stabilization in cin8-AID ipl1-321 cells was also observed (Figure 7C,D). Therefore, in combination with our results from dam1-3A (Figure 6), we conclude that a defective tension checkpoint in cells with depleted Cin8 causes premature anaphase entry and viability loss. Taken together, these results support the role of Cin8 in tension generation, which is a prerequisite for chromosome segregation. It is likely that the delayed SPB separation in cin8 mutants increases the chance of tensionless syntelic attachment, which depends on the tension checkpoint to prevent anaphase entry and chromosome missegregation (Figure 7E).

4. Discussion

Establishment of chromosome bipolar attachment is essential for the faithful segregation of sister chromatids into two daughter cells. The SAC monitors the mistakes in chromosome–microtubule attachment and the lack of tension at kinetochores to prevent anaphase onset. Cin8 and Kip1 are kinesin-5 proteins responsible for mitotic spindle assembly and chromosome segregation [23,45]. The synthetic lethality between cin8∆ and SAC mutants indicates the essential role of Cin8 in proper chromosome–microtubule attachment, which could be secondary to the function of Cin8 in spindle assembly [30]. However, the precise function of Cin8/Kip1 in accurate chromosome segregation remains obscure. Here, we present evidence showing the critical role of Cin8/Kip1 in tension generation by using a conditional cin8-AID mutant. The phospho-deficient dam1-3A mutant shows a checkpoint defect in response to tensionless syntelic attachment, in which sister kinetochores are attached by spindle microtubules from the same spindle pole, but this mutant shows the competent checkpoint in response to chromosome detachment [13]. Interestingly, we found that dam1-3A partially abolished the anaphase entry delay in cells lacking Cin8, causing chromosome missegregation and viability loss. Consistently, mutation in Ipl1, the kinase for Dam1, also alleviates the anaphase entry delay in cells lacking Cin8. These results suggest the presence of tensionless chromosome attachment in cin8 mutant cells, which depends on Ipl1-mediated Dam1 phosphorylation to delay anaphase entry. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that both detached and tensionless chromosome attachments are present in cin8 or cin8 kip1 mutant cells.
Recent evidence shows metaphase kinetochore localization of Cin8, and that the Ndc80 and Dam1 kinetochore subcomplexes are required for this localization [31]. In contrast to other kinetochore subcomplexes, the Dam1 complex first associates with microtubules, and its subsequent interaction with the Ndc80 complex secures kinetochore–microtubule interaction [46,47]. One possibility is that the Cin8 motor protein moves the Dam1 complex toward the microtubule plus end to facilitate its interaction with the Ndc80 complex. If that is the case, a decrease in association of the Dam1 complex with the kinetochore is expected. Indeed, this decrease was detected in cik1 and kar3 motor mutants, wherein the frequency of syntelic attachment is increased [13,48]. However, the relationship between the decreased kinetochore association of the Dam1 complex and syntelic attachment remains unclear. In addition, Cin8 recruits protein phosphatase PP1 to the kinetochore [31], but the role of Cin8–PP1 in chromosome attachment remains unclear.
We found that the depletion of both Cin8 and Kip1 led to the defective assembly of the metaphase spindle, as indicated by the unseparated SPBs. This observation is consistent with previous observations [23,27]. In addition, anaphase spindles that do elongate in cin8 kip1 cells have been described as short, and they will break prematurely [29]. One open question is whether the spindle defect contributes to the tensionless attachment in cin8 kip1 mutants. One possible consequence of the closely located SPBs is that the microtubules from two spindle poles originated from almost the same direction, thus likely increasing the chance of syntelic attachment (Figure 7E). This could explain synthetic lethality between cin8-AID and tension checkpoint mutants ipl1-321 and dam1-3A, as well as the chromosome missegregation in cin8 dam1-3A cells. Indeed, a previous study suggested that SPB separation promotes chromosome bipolar attachment and, therefore, faithful chromosome segregation [8], but further experiments are required to confirm this possibility in cin8 kip1 mutants. It is also possible that Cin8 and Kip1 motor proteins stabilize bipolar attachment and/or destabilize syntelic attachment in a SPB separation-independent manner.
We previously showed that partially the elongated spindle structure in S-phase cells compromises kinetochore–microtubule attachment [40]. Therefore, the tight regulation of spindle length is critical for the efficient establishment of correct chromosome attachment. First, an elongated spindle ensures bipolar attachment due to the opposite orientation of microtubules from the two spindle poles but decreases the capability of kinetochore capture due to the longer distance between kinetochores and SPBs. In contrast, a short spindle facilitates kinetochore capture but increases the frequency of syntelic attachment. Our results suggest the important role of different motor proteins in the regulation of spindle length and chromosome segregation.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/cells11142144/s1. Table S1. The list of yeast strains used in this study.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, D.S. and Y.W.; data curation, D.S. and A.H.; formal analysis, D.S. and Y.W.; funding acquisition, Y.W.; investigation, D.S., A.H. and Y.W.; methodology, D.S. and A.H.; project administration, Y.W.; resources, Y.W.; validation, D.S.; visualization, D.S.; writing—original draft, D.S. and A.H.; writing—review and editing, Y.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by NIH, grant number R01GM121786.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

No new data were created or analyzed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the yeast community at Florida State University for reagents and helpful suggestions. We thank Xiaolan Zhao for providing yeast strains and plasmids for the construction of AID yeast strains. A.H. was supported by the College of Medicine summer research fellowship. We thank Terra Bradley for editing this manuscript. This work was supported by R01GM121786 from NIH to Yanchang Wang.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Lew, D.J.; Burke, D.J. The spindle assembly and spindle position checkpoints. Ann. Rev. Genet. 2003, 37, 251–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Wang, Y.; Jin, F.; Higgins, R.; McKnight, K. The current view for the silencing of the spindle assembly checkpoint. Cell Cycle 2014, 13, 1694–1701. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  3. Hardwick, K.G.; Weiss, E.; Luca, F.C.; Winey, M.; Murray, A.W. Activation of the budding yeast spindle assembly checkpoint without mitotic spindle disruption. Science 1996, 273, 953–956. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  4. Hoyt, M.A.; Totis, L.; Roberts, B.T.S. cerevisiae genes required for cell cycle arrest in response to loss of microtubule function. Cell 1991, 66, 507–517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Li, R.; Murray, A.W. Feedback control of mitosis in budding yeast. Cell 1991, 66, 519–531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Gorbsky, G.J. The spindle checkpoint and chromosome segregation in meiosis. FEBS J. 2015, 282, 2471–2487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  7. Lara-Gonzalez, P.; Pines, J.; Desai, A. Spindle assembly checkpoint activation and silencing at kinetochores. Semin. Cell. Dev. Biol. 2021, 117, 86–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Indjeian, V.B.; Murray, A.W. Budding yeast mitotic chromosomes have an intrinsic bias to biorient on the spindle. Curr. Biol. 2007, 17, 1837–1846. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  9. Dewar, H.; Tanaka, K.; Nasmyth, K.; Tanaka, T.U. Tension between two kinetochores suffices for their bi-orientation on the mitotic spindle. Nature 2004, 428, 93–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Biggins, S.; Murray, A.W. The budding yeast protein kinase Ipl1/Aurora allows the absence of tension to activate the spindle checkpoint. Genes Dev. 2001, 15, 3118–3129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  11. Indjeian, V.B.; Stern, B.M.; Murray, A.W. The centromeric protein Sgo1 is required to sense lack of tension on mitotic chromosomes. Science 2005, 307, 130–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  12. Cheeseman, I.M.; Anderson, S.; Jwa, M.; Green, E.M.; Kang, J.; Yates, J.R., 3rd; Chan, C.S.; Drubin, D.G.; Barnes, G. Phospho-regulation of kinetochore-microtubule attachments by the Aurora kinase Ipl1p. Cell 2002, 111, 163–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  13. Jin, F.; Wang, Y. The signaling network that silences the spindle assembly checkpoint upon the establishment of chromosome bipolar attachment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2013, 110, 21036–21041. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  14. Keating, P.; Rachidi, N.; Tanaka, T.U.; Stark, M.J. Ipl1-dependent phosphorylation of Dam1 is reduced by tension applied on kinetochores. J. Cell. Sci. 2009, 122, 4375–4382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  15. Jin, F.; Bokros, M.; Wang, Y. The phosphorylation of a kinetochore protein Dam1 by Aurora B/Ipl1 kinase promotes chromosome bipolar attachment in yeast. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 11880. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  16. Tien, J.F.; Umbreit, N.T.; Gestaut, D.R.; Franck, A.D.; Cooper, J.; Wordeman, L.; Gonen, T.; Asbury, C.L.; Davis, T.N. Cooperation of the Dam1 and Ndc80 kinetochore complexes enhances microtubule coupling and is regulated by aurora B. J. Cell. Biol. 2010, 189, 713–723. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  17. Pinsky, B.A.; Kung, C.; Shokat, K.M.; Biggins, S. The Ipl1-Aurora protein kinase activates the spindle checkpoint by creating unattached kinetochores. Nat. Cell. Biol. 2006, 8, 78–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Tanaka, T.U.; Rachidi, N.; Janke, C.; Pereira, G.; Galova, M.; Schiebel, E.; Stark, M.J.; Nasmyth, K. Evidence that the Ipl1-Sli15 (Aurora kinase-INCENP) complex promotes chromosome bi-orientation by altering kinetochore-spindle pole connections. Cell 2002, 108, 317–329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Page, B.D.; Satterwhite, L.L.; Rose, M.D.; Snyder, M. Localization of the Kar3 kinesin heavy chain-related protein requires the Cik1 interacting protein. J. Cell. Biol. 1994, 124, 507–519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Sproul, L.R.; Anderson, D.J.; Mackey, A.T.; Saunders, W.S.; Gilbert, S.P. Cik1 targets the minus-end kinesin depolymerase kar3 to microtubule plus ends. Curr. Biol. 2005, 15, 1420–1427. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  21. Tanaka, K.; Mukae, N.; Dewar, H.; van Breugel, M.; James, E.K.; Prescott, A.R.; Antony, C.; Tanaka, T.U. Molecular mechanisms of kinetochore capture by spindle microtubules. Nature 2005, 434, 987–994. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Jin, F.; Liu, H.; Li, P.; Yu, H.G.; Wang, Y. Loss of function of the cik1/kar3 motor complex results in chromosomes with syntelic attachment that are sensed by the tension checkpoint. PLoS Genet. 2012, 8, e1002492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Hoyt, M.A.; He, L.; Loo, K.K.; Saunders, W.S. Two Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinesin-related gene products required for mitotic spindle assembly. J. Cell. Biol. 1992, 118, 109–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Tytell, J.D.; Sorger, P.K. Analysis of kinesin motor function at budding yeast kinetochores. J. Cell. Biol. 2006, 172, 861–874. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  25. Roostalu, J.; Hentrich, C.; Bieling, P.; Telley, I.A.; Schiebel, E.; Surrey, T. Directional switching of the kinesin Cin8 through motor coupling. Science 2011, 332, 94–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  26. Shapira, O.; Goldstein, A.; Al-Bassam, J.; Gheber, L. A potential physiological role for bi-directional motility and motor clustering of mitotic kinesin-5 Cin8 in yeast mitosis. J. Cell. Sci. 2017, 130, 725–734. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  27. Chiroli, E.; Rancati, G.; Catusi, I.; Lucchini, G.; Piatti, S. Cdc14 inhibition by the spindle assembly checkpoint prevents unscheduled centrosome separation in budding yeast. Mol. Biol Cell. 2009, 20, 2626–2637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Gardner, M.K.; Bouck, D.C.; Paliulis, L.V.; Meehl, J.B.; O’Toole, E.T.; Haase, J.; Soubry, A.; Joglekar, A.P.; Winey, M.; Salmon, E.D.; et al. Chromosome congression by Kinesin-5 motor-mediated disassembly of longer kinetochore microtubules. Cell 2008, 135, 894–906. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  29. Ibarlucea-Benitez, I.; Ferro, L.S.; Drubin, D.G.; Barnes, G. Kinesins relocalize the chromosomal passenger complex to the midzone for spindle disassembly. J. Cell. Biol. 2018, 217, 1687–1700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  30. Tong, A.H.; Lesage, G.; Bader, G.D.; Ding, H.; Xu, H.; Xin, X.; Young, J.; Berriz, G.F.; Brost, R.L.; Chang, M.; et al. Global mapping of the yeast genetic interaction network. Science 2004, 303, 808–813. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  31. Suzuki, A.; Gupta, A.; Long, S.K.; Evans, R.; Badger, B.L.; Salmon, E.D.; Biggins, S.; Bloom, K. A Kinesin-5, Cin8, Recruits Protein Phosphatase 1 to Kinetochores and Regulates Chromosome Segregation. Curr. Biol. 2018, 28, 2697–2704. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Mukherjee, S.; Sandri, B.J.; Tank, D.; McClellan, M.; Harasymiw, L.A.; Yang, Q.; Parker, L.L.; Gardner, M.K. A Gradient in Metaphase Tension Leads to a Scaled Cellular Response in Mitosis. Dev. Cell 2019, 49, 63–76.e10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  33. Bokros, M.; Sherwin, D.; Kabbaj, M.H.; Wang, Y. Yeast Fin1-PP1 dephosphorylates an Ipl1 substrate, Ndc80, to remove Bub1-Bub3 checkpoint proteins from the kinetochore during anaphase. PLoS Genet. 2021, 17, e1009592. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Nishimura, K.; Kanemaki, M.T. Rapid Depletion of Budding Yeast Proteins via the Fusion of an Auxin-Inducible Degron (AID). Curr. Protoc. Cell. Biol. 2014, 64, 20.9.1–20.9.16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Peng, X.P.; Lim, S.; Li, S.; Marjavaara, L.; Chabes, A.; Zhao, X. Acute Smc5/6 depletion reveals its primary role in rDNA replication by restraining recombination at fork pausing sites. PLoS Genet. 2018, 14, e1007129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  36. Nishimura, K.; Fukagawa, T.; Takisawa, H.; Kakimoto, T.; Kanemaki, M. An auxin-based degron system for the rapid depletion of proteins in nonplant cells. Nat. Methods 2009, 6, 917–922. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Kotwaliwale, C.V.; Frei, S.B.; Stern, B.M.; Biggins, S. A pathway containing the Ipl1/aurora protein kinase and the spindle midzone protein Ase1 regulates yeast spindle assembly. Dev. Cell 2007, 13, 433–445. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  38. Cohen-Fix, O.; Peters, J.M.; Kirschner, M.W.; Koshland, D. Anaphase initiation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is controlled by the APC-dependent degradation of the anaphase inhibitor Pds1p. Genes Dev. 1996, 10, 3081–3093. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  39. Haluska, C.; Jin, F.; Wang, Y. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) promotes anaphase entry after DNA replication stress in budding yeast. Mol. Biol. Cell. 2021, 32, ar36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Liu, H.; Liang, F.; Jin, F.; Wang, Y. The coordination of centromere replication, spindle formation, and kinetochore-microtubule interaction in budding yeast. PLoS Genet. 2008, 4, e1000262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Straight, A.F.; Sedat, J.W.; Murray, A.W. Time-lapse microscopy reveals unique roles for kinesins during anaphase in budding yeast. J. Cell. Biol. 1998, 143, 687–694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. He, X.; Asthana, S.; Sorger, P.K. Transient sister chromatid separation and elastic deformation of chromosomes during mitosis in budding yeast. Cell 2000, 101, 763–775. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  43. Richmond, D.; Rizkallah, R.; Liang, F.; Hurt, M.M.; Wang, Y. Slk19 clusters kinetochores and facilitates chromosome bipolar attachment. Mol. Biol. Cell. 2013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. de Gramont, A.; Barbour, L.; Ross, K.E.; Cohen-Fix, O. The spindle midzone microtubule-associated proteins Ase1p and Cin8p affect the number and orientation of astral microtubules in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell Cycle 2007, 6, 1231–1241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Saunders, W.S.; Hoyt, M.A. Kinesin-related proteins required for structural integrity of the mitotic spindle. Cell 1992, 70, 451–458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Janke, C.; Ortiz, J.; Tanaka, T.U.; Lechner, J.; Schiebel, E. Four new subunits of the Dam1-Duo1 complex reveal novel functions in sister kinetochore biorientation. Embo J. 2002, 21, 181–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Li, Y.; Bachant, J.; Alcasabas, A.A.; Wang, Y.; Qin, J.; Elledge, S.J. The mitotic spindle is required for loading of the DASH complex onto the kinetochore. Genes Dev. 2002, 16, 183–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  48. Liu, H.; Jin, F.; Liang, F.; Tian, X.; Wang, Y. The Cik1/Kar3 motor complex is required for the proper kinetochore-microtubule interaction after stressful DNA replication. Genetics 2011, 187, 397–407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Cells 11 02144 g001 550
Figure 1. The construction of cin8-AID strains. (A) Cin8-AID is degraded in the presence of auxin. The cin8-AID-3×Flag (3946-2-3, referred to as cin8-AID hereafter) and cin8-AID kip1∆ (3750-3-2) cells were grown in YPD medium to mid-log phase at 30 °C. Auxin (500 μM) was added into half of the cell cultures, and cells were harvested every 20 min. Cin8-AID protein levels were detected after Western blotting with anti-Flag antibody. Pgk1, loading control. (B) cin8-AID kip1∆ double mutants grow poorly in the presence of auxin. Saturated cells of wild-type (WT), kip1∆ (YBL063W), cin8∆ (YEL061C), and cin8-AID kip1∆ (3750-3-2) were 10-fold serially diluted onto YPD plates, both with and without 500 μM auxin. Growth was analyzed after a 2-day incubation at 30 °C. (C) The viability of cin8-AID and cin8-AID kip1∆ cells after growth in auxin. The cin8-AID (3946-2-3) and cin8-AID kip1∆ (3750-3-2) cells were grown in YPD medium at 30 °C to mid-log phase, and then 500 μM auxin was added into the cultures. Cells were collected at 0 and 6 h and spread onto YPD plates to examine plating efficiency. Cells that formed mini-colonies after overnight incubation at 30 °C were counted as viable. At least 300 cells were counted for each strain for the percentage of viable cells. The experiment was repeated three times, and statistical significance determined by * p < 0.05, using Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA. (D) The accumulation of large-budded cells. Cells with the indicated genotypes were grown in the presence of auxin and collected at 2 h intervals to count budding index. A cell was counted as large-budded when the diameter of a daughter cell was greater than half of the diameter of the mother cell. Here shows the average percentage of large-budded cells from three independent experiments.
Figure 1. The construction of cin8-AID strains. (A) Cin8-AID is degraded in the presence of auxin. The cin8-AID-3×Flag (3946-2-3, referred to as cin8-AID hereafter) and cin8-AID kip1∆ (3750-3-2) cells were grown in YPD medium to mid-log phase at 30 °C. Auxin (500 μM) was added into half of the cell cultures, and cells were harvested every 20 min. Cin8-AID protein levels were detected after Western blotting with anti-Flag antibody. Pgk1, loading control. (B) cin8-AID kip1∆ double mutants grow poorly in the presence of auxin. Saturated cells of wild-type (WT), kip1∆ (YBL063W), cin8∆ (YEL061C), and cin8-AID kip1∆ (3750-3-2) were 10-fold serially diluted onto YPD plates, both with and without 500 μM auxin. Growth was analyzed after a 2-day incubation at 30 °C. (C) The viability of cin8-AID and cin8-AID kip1∆ cells after growth in auxin. The cin8-AID (3946-2-3) and cin8-AID kip1∆ (3750-3-2) cells were grown in YPD medium at 30 °C to mid-log phase, and then 500 μM auxin was added into the cultures. Cells were collected at 0 and 6 h and spread onto YPD plates to examine plating efficiency. Cells that formed mini-colonies after overnight incubation at 30 °C were counted as viable. At least 300 cells were counted for each strain for the percentage of viable cells. The experiment was repeated three times, and statistical significance determined by * p < 0.05, using Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA. (D) The accumulation of large-budded cells. Cells with the indicated genotypes were grown in the presence of auxin and collected at 2 h intervals to count budding index. A cell was counted as large-budded when the diameter of a daughter cell was greater than half of the diameter of the mother cell. Here shows the average percentage of large-budded cells from three independent experiments.
Cells 11 02144 g001
Cells 11 02144 g002 550
Figure 2. The cin8-AID kip1∆ mutants show defects in cell cycle and spindle formation. (A) Budding index. G1-arrested WT (JBY649), cin8-AID (3946-2-3), and cin8-AID kip1∆ (3889-3-1) cells with Pds1-18myc were released into 30 °C YPD medium containing 500 μM auxin. The α-factor was added back after 40 min release to block the following cell cycle. Samples were collected every 20 min to count the budding index. Here shows the average of large-budded cells after G1 release from three independent experiments. (B) Accumulation of anaphase inhibitor Pds1 in cin8-AID mutants treated with auxin. The cells in (A) were collected every 20 min to prepare protein samples. Western blotting was performed with anti-myc antibody. Pgk1, loading control. (C) Quantification of Pds1 levels. The relative Pds1 levels from the Western blotting results in (B) were plotted. Quantification of Pds1 levels is described in the Methods section. (D) cin8-AID and cin8-AID kip1∆ cells show mitotic defects. G1-arrested WT (4232-6-2), cin8-AID (4232-1-2), and cin8-AID kip1∆ (4232-7-2) cells with Mtw1-GFP and Spc110-mCherry were released into YPD, at 30 °C, containing 500 μM auxin. The α-factor was added back after 40 min to block the following cell cycle. Samples were collected every 20 min for the budding index (n = 3). (E) cin8-AID and cin8-AID kip1∆ cells display compromised kinetochore or SPB separation in the presence of auxin. The cells in (D) were collected and imaged at 100 and 120 min after G1 release to visualize the separation of kinetochore clusters (Mtw1-GFP) and SPBs (Spc110-mCherry). White arrows indicate unseparated Mtw1-GFP clusters and SPBs. Scale bar, 5 μm. The images are representative of three experimental repeats. (F) Quantification of kinetochore/SPB separation. Kinetochore/SPB separation phenotype was categorized as normal, separated SPB without Mtw1 cluster separation, or unseparated SPB and Mtw1 cluster. The experiment was repeated three times, and statistical significance was determined by * p < 0.05, using Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA.
Figure 2. The cin8-AID kip1∆ mutants show defects in cell cycle and spindle formation. (A) Budding index. G1-arrested WT (JBY649), cin8-AID (3946-2-3), and cin8-AID kip1∆ (3889-3-1) cells with Pds1-18myc were released into 30 °C YPD medium containing 500 μM auxin. The α-factor was added back after 40 min release to block the following cell cycle. Samples were collected every 20 min to count the budding index. Here shows the average of large-budded cells after G1 release from three independent experiments. (B) Accumulation of anaphase inhibitor Pds1 in cin8-AID mutants treated with auxin. The cells in (A) were collected every 20 min to prepare protein samples. Western blotting was performed with anti-myc antibody. Pgk1, loading control. (C) Quantification of Pds1 levels. The relative Pds1 levels from the Western blotting results in (B) were plotted. Quantification of Pds1 levels is described in the Methods section. (D) cin8-AID and cin8-AID kip1∆ cells show mitotic defects. G1-arrested WT (4232-6-2), cin8-AID (4232-1-2), and cin8-AID kip1∆ (4232-7-2) cells with Mtw1-GFP and Spc110-mCherry were released into YPD, at 30 °C, containing 500 μM auxin. The α-factor was added back after 40 min to block the following cell cycle. Samples were collected every 20 min for the budding index (n = 3). (E) cin8-AID and cin8-AID kip1∆ cells display compromised kinetochore or SPB separation in the presence of auxin. The cells in (D) were collected and imaged at 100 and 120 min after G1 release to visualize the separation of kinetochore clusters (Mtw1-GFP) and SPBs (Spc110-mCherry). White arrows indicate unseparated Mtw1-GFP clusters and SPBs. Scale bar, 5 μm. The images are representative of three experimental repeats. (F) Quantification of kinetochore/SPB separation. Kinetochore/SPB separation phenotype was categorized as normal, separated SPB without Mtw1 cluster separation, or unseparated SPB and Mtw1 cluster. The experiment was repeated three times, and statistical significance was determined by * p < 0.05, using Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA.
Cells 11 02144 g002
Cells 11 02144 g003 550
Figure 3. In absence of the SAC, cin8 mutants lose viability. (A) Elimination of the SAC causes growth defect in cin8 mutant cells. WT, mad1∆ (4327-9-2), cin8-AID (3946-2-3), and cin8-AID mad1∆ (4236-1-3) cells were 10-fold serially diluted onto YPD plates, both with and without 500 μM auxin. Growth was analyzed after a 2-day incubation at 30 °C. (B) Elimination of the SAC results in chromosome missegregation in cin8 mutants. WT (4244-3-4), mad1∆ (4327-9-2), cin8-AID (4244-2-1), and cin8-AID mad1∆ (4236-1-3) cells containing CEN4-GFP (GFP-marked centromere of chromosome IV) and Spc110-mCherry (mCherry-marked SPB protein Spc110) were grown to mid-log phase in YPD medium at 30 °C. Auxin was added at 500 μM, and pictures were taken at 0 and 180 min. Images show chromosome missegregation in a cin8-AID mad1∆ cell after incubation in auxin media for 180 min. White arrows represent the SPB and CEN4-GFP in this cell. Scale bar, 5 μm. (C) Quantification of SPB and chromosome segregation defects. CEN4-GFP and SPB segregation at 180 min was counted for the cells in (B). CEN4-GFP and SPB segregation was categorized as normal, unseparated, or missegregated. Unseparated represents the absence of two clear CEN4-GFP and SPB dots. The experiment was repeated three times, and statistical significance was determined by p < 0.05, using Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA. (D) Deficient SAC causes viability loss in cin8 cells. Cells in (B) were also collected at 180 min and spread onto YPD plates to count the plating efficiency after incubation at 30 °C overnight. The experiment was repeated three times, and statistical significance determined by a * p < 0.05, using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. (E) The kinetics of cell-cycle progression in synchronized cells lacking Cin8 and SAC. The same yeast strains listed in (B) were used in this experiment. G1-arrested cells were released into YPD, at 30 °C, containing 500 μM auxin. Samples were collected every 15 min to count the budding index. The α-factor was added back after a 40 min release to block the following cell cycle; n = 3. (F) Chromosome missegregation in synchronized cells lacking Cin8 and SAC. The same cells were also collected at 105 min after G1 release for imaging. White arrows represent SPB and CEN4-GFP in a cell showing chromosome missegregation. Scale bar, 5 μm. The pictures are representative of three experimental repeats. (G) Quantification of chromosome missegregation in synchronized cells lacking Cin8 and SAC. Segregation of CEN4-GFP and SPB at 105 min after G1 release was examined. The experiment was repeated three times and statistical significance determined by * p < 0.05, using Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA.
Figure 3. In absence of the SAC, cin8 mutants lose viability. (A) Elimination of the SAC causes growth defect in cin8 mutant cells. WT, mad1∆ (4327-9-2), cin8-AID (3946-2-3), and cin8-AID mad1∆ (4236-1-3) cells were 10-fold serially diluted onto YPD plates, both with and without 500 μM auxin. Growth was analyzed after a 2-day incubation at 30 °C. (B) Elimination of the SAC results in chromosome missegregation in cin8 mutants. WT (4244-3-4), mad1∆ (4327-9-2), cin8-AID (4244-2-1), and cin8-AID mad1∆ (4236-1-3) cells containing CEN4-GFP (GFP-marked centromere of chromosome IV) and Spc110-mCherry (mCherry-marked SPB protein Spc110) were grown to mid-log phase in YPD medium at 30 °C. Auxin was added at 500 μM, and pictures were taken at 0 and 180 min. Images show chromosome missegregation in a cin8-AID mad1∆ cell after incubation in auxin media for 180 min. White arrows represent the SPB and CEN4-GFP in this cell. Scale bar, 5 μm. (C) Quantification of SPB and chromosome segregation defects. CEN4-GFP and SPB segregation at 180 min was counted for the cells in (B). CEN4-GFP and SPB segregation was categorized as normal, unseparated, or missegregated. Unseparated represents the absence of two clear CEN4-GFP and SPB dots. The experiment was repeated three times, and statistical significance was determined by p < 0.05, using Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA. (D) Deficient SAC causes viability loss in cin8 cells. Cells in (B) were also collected at 180 min and spread onto YPD plates to count the plating efficiency after incubation at 30 °C overnight. The experiment was repeated three times, and statistical significance determined by a * p < 0.05, using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. (E) The kinetics of cell-cycle progression in synchronized cells lacking Cin8 and SAC. The same yeast strains listed in (B) were used in this experiment. G1-arrested cells were released into YPD, at 30 °C, containing 500 μM auxin. Samples were collected every 15 min to count the budding index. The α-factor was added back after a 40 min release to block the following cell cycle; n = 3. (F) Chromosome missegregation in synchronized cells lacking Cin8 and SAC. The same cells were also collected at 105 min after G1 release for imaging. White arrows represent SPB and CEN4-GFP in a cell showing chromosome missegregation. Scale bar, 5 μm. The pictures are representative of three experimental repeats. (G) Quantification of chromosome missegregation in synchronized cells lacking Cin8 and SAC. Segregation of CEN4-GFP and SPB at 105 min after G1 release was examined. The experiment was repeated three times and statistical significance determined by * p < 0.05, using Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA.
Cells 11 02144 g003
Cells 11 02144 g004 550
Figure 4. Elimination of the SAC suppresses metaphase arrest of cin8 kip1 cells. (A) mad1∆ partially suppresses the cell cycle delay in cin8 kip1 cells. G1-arrested WT (JBY649), mad1∆ (771-4-1), cin8-AID kip1∆ (3889-3-1), and cin8-AID kip1∆ mad1∆ (4003-1-3) cells containing Pds1-18myc were released into YPD, at 30 °C, containing 500 μM auxin. The α-factor was added back after 40 min release to block the following cell cycle. Samples were collected every 20 min to count budding index; n = 3. (B) mad1∆ alleviates the metaphase arrest in cin8 kip1 cells. The cells used in (A) were collected every 20 min to prepare protein samples. Western blotting was performed with anti-myc antibody to determine the level of Pds1-18myc. Pgk1, loading control. n = 3. (C) Quantification of Pds1 levels during cell cycle. The relative Pds1 levels of each strain during cell cycle were quantified by using the Western blot results in (B). (D) Elimination of the SAC results in chromosome missegregation in cin8 kip1 cells. WT (4244-3-4), cin8-AID kip1∆ (4260-2-4), and cin8-AID kip1∆ mad1∆ (4235-9-3) cells containing CEN4-GFP and Spc110-mCherry were grown to mid-log phase in YPD medium at 30 °C. Auxin was added at 500 μM. Samples were collected, and pictures were taken at 0 and 180 min. White arrows represent the SPB and CEN4-GFP in a cell showing chromosome missegregation. Scale bar, 5 μm. Pictures are representative from three experimental repeats. (E) Quantification of chromosome missegregation. Segregation of SPB and CEN4-GFP was counted at 180 min. Segregation of CEN4-GFP and SPB was categorized as normal, unseparated, or missegregated. Unseparated represents the absence of two clear CEN4-GFP and SPB dots. The experiment was repeated three times, and statistical significance was determined by * p < 0.05, using Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA. (F) Deficient SAC causes viability loss in cin8 kip1 cells. Cells in (D) were also collected at 180 min and spread onto YPD to count the plating efficiency after overnight incubation at 30 °C. The experiment was repeated three times, and statistical significance was determined by * p < 0.05, using the Wilcoxon rank sum test.
Figure 4. Elimination of the SAC suppresses metaphase arrest of cin8 kip1 cells. (A) mad1∆ partially suppresses the cell cycle delay in cin8 kip1 cells. G1-arrested WT (JBY649), mad1∆ (771-4-1), cin8-AID kip1∆ (3889-3-1), and cin8-AID kip1∆ mad1∆ (4003-1-3) cells containing Pds1-18myc were released into YPD, at 30 °C, containing 500 μM auxin. The α-factor was added back after 40 min release to block the following cell cycle. Samples were collected every 20 min to count budding index; n = 3. (B) mad1∆ alleviates the metaphase arrest in cin8 kip1 cells. The cells used in (A) were collected every 20 min to prepare protein samples. Western blotting was performed with anti-myc antibody to determine the level of Pds1-18myc. Pgk1, loading control. n = 3. (C) Quantification of Pds1 levels during cell cycle. The relative Pds1 levels of each strain during cell cycle were quantified by using the Western blot results in (B). (D) Elimination of the SAC results in chromosome missegregation in cin8 kip1 cells. WT (4244-3-4), cin8-AID kip1∆ (4260-2-4), and cin8-AID kip1∆ mad1∆ (4235-9-3) cells containing CEN4-GFP and Spc110-mCherry were grown to mid-log phase in YPD medium at 30 °C. Auxin was added at 500 μM. Samples were collected, and pictures were taken at 0 and 180 min. White arrows represent the SPB and CEN4-GFP in a cell showing chromosome missegregation. Scale bar, 5 μm. Pictures are representative from three experimental repeats. (E) Quantification of chromosome missegregation. Segregation of SPB and CEN4-GFP was counted at 180 min. Segregation of CEN4-GFP and SPB was categorized as normal, unseparated, or missegregated. Unseparated represents the absence of two clear CEN4-GFP and SPB dots. The experiment was repeated three times, and statistical significance was determined by * p < 0.05, using Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA. (F) Deficient SAC causes viability loss in cin8 kip1 cells. Cells in (D) were also collected at 180 min and spread onto YPD to count the plating efficiency after overnight incubation at 30 °C. The experiment was repeated three times, and statistical significance was determined by * p < 0.05, using the Wilcoxon rank sum test.
Cells 11 02144 g004
Cells 11 02144 g005 550
Figure 5. The suppression of the cell-cycle delay in cin8 cells by tension checkpoint mutant dam1-3A. (A) dam1-3A is synthetically lethal with cin8-AID in the presence of auxin. WT (JBY649), dam1-3A (2425-7-2), cin8-AID (4332-5-4), and cin8-AID dam1-3A (4332-13-2) cells with Pds1-18myc were 10-fold serially diluted onto YPD plates, both with and without 500 μM auxin. Growth was analyzed after a 2-day incubation at 30 °C. (B) dam1-3A partially suppresses the cell-cycle delay in cin8-AID. The yeast strains listed in (A) were arrested in G1 and then released into 30 °C YPD containing 500 μM auxin. The α-factor was added back after 40 min release to block the following cell cycle. Cells were collected every 20 min to count the budding index; n = 3. (C) dam1-3A mutation suppresses the metaphase arrest in cin8 cells. The yeast cells in (B) were collected every 20 min to prepare protein samples. Western blotting was performed with anti-myc antibody to determine Pds1 protein levels. Pgk1, loading control. Pictures are representative of three experimental repeats. (D) Quantification of Pds1 levels. The relative Pds1 levels of each strain during cell cycle were quantified by using the Western blotting results from (C). Quantification of Pds1 levels is described in the Methods section.
Figure 5. The suppression of the cell-cycle delay in cin8 cells by tension checkpoint mutant dam1-3A. (A) dam1-3A is synthetically lethal with cin8-AID in the presence of auxin. WT (JBY649), dam1-3A (2425-7-2), cin8-AID (4332-5-4), and cin8-AID dam1-3A (4332-13-2) cells with Pds1-18myc were 10-fold serially diluted onto YPD plates, both with and without 500 μM auxin. Growth was analyzed after a 2-day incubation at 30 °C. (B) dam1-3A partially suppresses the cell-cycle delay in cin8-AID. The yeast strains listed in (A) were arrested in G1 and then released into 30 °C YPD containing 500 μM auxin. The α-factor was added back after 40 min release to block the following cell cycle. Cells were collected every 20 min to count the budding index; n = 3. (C) dam1-3A mutation suppresses the metaphase arrest in cin8 cells. The yeast cells in (B) were collected every 20 min to prepare protein samples. Western blotting was performed with anti-myc antibody to determine Pds1 protein levels. Pgk1, loading control. Pictures are representative of three experimental repeats. (D) Quantification of Pds1 levels. The relative Pds1 levels of each strain during cell cycle were quantified by using the Western blotting results from (C). Quantification of Pds1 levels is described in the Methods section.
Cells 11 02144 g005
Cells 11 02144 g006 550
Figure 6. Tension checkpoint mutant dam1-3A causes chromosome missegregation in cells with depleted Cin8. (A) Images showing chromosome missegregation in cin8 dam1-3A mutants. WT (4244-3-4), cin8-AID (4244-2-1), dam1-3A (4330-7-4), and cin8-AID dam1-3A (4244-6-3) cells containing CEN4-GFP and Spc110-mCherry were grown to mid-log phase in YPD medium at 30 °C. Auxin was added to a final concentration of 500 μM. Pictures were taken at 0 and 180 min to visualize CEN4-GFP and Spc110-mCherry. White arrows represent SPB and CEN4-GFP in a cell showing chromosome missegregation. Scale bar, 5 μm. Pictures are representative from three experimental repeats. (B) The segregation of CEN4-GFP and SPBs. Segregation of CEN4-GFP and SPB was categorized as normal, unseparated, or missegregated. This experiment was repeated three times, and statistical significance was determined by * p < 0.05, using Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA. (C) Viability loss in cin8-AID dam1-3A mutants after incubation in the presence of auxin. Cells in (B) were also collected at 180 min and spread onto YPD, and the plating efficiency was examined after overnight incubation at 30 °C. The experiment was repeated three times, and statistical significance was determined by * p < 0.05, using the Wilcoxon rank sum test.
Figure 6. Tension checkpoint mutant dam1-3A causes chromosome missegregation in cells with depleted Cin8. (A) Images showing chromosome missegregation in cin8 dam1-3A mutants. WT (4244-3-4), cin8-AID (4244-2-1), dam1-3A (4330-7-4), and cin8-AID dam1-3A (4244-6-3) cells containing CEN4-GFP and Spc110-mCherry were grown to mid-log phase in YPD medium at 30 °C. Auxin was added to a final concentration of 500 μM. Pictures were taken at 0 and 180 min to visualize CEN4-GFP and Spc110-mCherry. White arrows represent SPB and CEN4-GFP in a cell showing chromosome missegregation. Scale bar, 5 μm. Pictures are representative from three experimental repeats. (B) The segregation of CEN4-GFP and SPBs. Segregation of CEN4-GFP and SPB was categorized as normal, unseparated, or missegregated. This experiment was repeated three times, and statistical significance was determined by * p < 0.05, using Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA. (C) Viability loss in cin8-AID dam1-3A mutants after incubation in the presence of auxin. Cells in (B) were also collected at 180 min and spread onto YPD, and the plating efficiency was examined after overnight incubation at 30 °C. The experiment was repeated three times, and statistical significance was determined by * p < 0.05, using the Wilcoxon rank sum test.
Cells 11 02144 g006
Cells 11 02144 g007 550
Figure 7. Functional Ipl1 kinase is required for the cell-cycle delay in cin8 mutants. (A) cin8-AID ipl1-321 double mutants show growth defect on plates containing auxin. Saturated WT (JBY649), ipl1-321 (2715-6-4), cin8-AID (4332-5-4), and ipl1-321 cin8-AID (4338-8-1) cells containing Pds1-18myc were 10-fold serially diluted onto YPD plates, both with and without 500 μM auxin. Growth was analyzed after a 2-day incubation at 25 °C and 1-day incubation at 37 °C. (B) ipl1-321 suppresses the cell cycle delay in cin8 cells. G1-arrested WT (JBY649), ipl-321 (2715-6-4), cin8-AID (4332-5-4), and cin8-AID ipl1-321 (4333-8-1) cells containing Pds1-18myc were released into YPD at 25 °C containing 500 μM auxin. After 60 min release, α-factor was added back to block the following cell cycle. Samples were collected every 30 min to count budding index (n = 3). (C) ipl1-321 mutation suppresses the metaphase arrest in cin8 cells. The yeast cells in (B) were also collected every 30 min to prepare protein samples. Western blotting was performed with anti-myc antibody to determine Pds1 protein levels. Pgk1 was used as the loading control. (D) Quantification of Pds1 levels. The relative Pdsl levels were quantified by using the Western blotting results from (C). (E) A model showing the role of kinesin-5 motor Cin8 in chromosome segregation.
Figure 7. Functional Ipl1 kinase is required for the cell-cycle delay in cin8 mutants. (A) cin8-AID ipl1-321 double mutants show growth defect on plates containing auxin. Saturated WT (JBY649), ipl1-321 (2715-6-4), cin8-AID (4332-5-4), and ipl1-321 cin8-AID (4338-8-1) cells containing Pds1-18myc were 10-fold serially diluted onto YPD plates, both with and without 500 μM auxin. Growth was analyzed after a 2-day incubation at 25 °C and 1-day incubation at 37 °C. (B) ipl1-321 suppresses the cell cycle delay in cin8 cells. G1-arrested WT (JBY649), ipl-321 (2715-6-4), cin8-AID (4332-5-4), and cin8-AID ipl1-321 (4333-8-1) cells containing Pds1-18myc were released into YPD at 25 °C containing 500 μM auxin. After 60 min release, α-factor was added back to block the following cell cycle. Samples were collected every 30 min to count budding index (n = 3). (C) ipl1-321 mutation suppresses the metaphase arrest in cin8 cells. The yeast cells in (B) were also collected every 30 min to prepare protein samples. Western blotting was performed with anti-myc antibody to determine Pds1 protein levels. Pgk1 was used as the loading control. (D) Quantification of Pds1 levels. The relative Pdsl levels were quantified by using the Western blotting results from (C). (E) A model showing the role of kinesin-5 motor Cin8 in chromosome segregation.
Cells 11 02144 g007
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Sherwin, D.; Huetteman, A.; Wang, Y. Yeast Kinesin-5 Motor Protein CIN8 Promotes Accurate Chromosome Segregation. Cells 2022, 11, 2144. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11142144

AMA Style

Sherwin D, Huetteman A, Wang Y. Yeast Kinesin-5 Motor Protein CIN8 Promotes Accurate Chromosome Segregation. Cells. 2022; 11(14):2144. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11142144

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sherwin, Delaney, Abigail Huetteman, and Yanchang Wang. 2022. "Yeast Kinesin-5 Motor Protein CIN8 Promotes Accurate Chromosome Segregation" Cells 11, no. 14: 2144. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11142144

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop