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Article

A New Species of Pareas (Squamata, Pareidae) from Guangxi Province, China †

by
Yanan Gong
1,2,‡,
Jiaxiang Wu
2,‡,
Song Huang
1,2,*,
Yuhao Xu
2,3,
Diancheng Yang
1,2,
Yongjin Liu
4,
Shengming Liang
2 and
Pingshin Lee
1,*
1
Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
2
Huangshan Noah Biodiversity Institute, Huangshan 245000, China
3
School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
4
Nanning Municipal Public Security Bureau, Nanning 530012, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9AFA4578-8922-4FC4-9DCB-85D37E1031E8; urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E4465624-BBAA-46E3-A6FF-565A6BBA9A84.
‡
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Animals 2023, 13(13), 2233; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13132233
Submission received: 9 June 2023 / Revised: 1 July 2023 / Accepted: 3 July 2023 / Published: 7 July 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Herpetology)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:

Simple Summary

A new species of snail-eating snake in the genus Pareas is described, from the Youjiang District, Baise City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, based on one male and three juvenile specimens. The maximum likelihood analyses based on Cytochrome b (Cyt b) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) indicated the new taxon is different from its congeners. Morphologically, the new species can be diagnosed from the other species by a combination of seven characters. The recognition of the new species brings the number of described Pareas species to 30.

Abstract

We described a new species of genus Pareas from Baise City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, based on morphological and molecular evidence. Pareas baiseensis sp. nov. is distinguished from its congeners by the combination of (1) Yellowish-brown body colouration; (2) Frontal subhexagonal to diamond-shaped with its lateral sides converging posteriorly; (3) The anterior pair of chin shields is longer than it is broad; (4) Loreal not in contact with the eye, prefrontal in contact with the eye, two or three suboculars; (5) Rows of 15–15–15 dorsal scales, five rows of mid-dorsal scales keeled at the middle of the body, one vertebral scale row enlarged; (6) 187–191 ventrals, 89–97 subcaudals, all divided, cloacal plate single; (7) Two postocular stripes, the nuchal area forming a dark black four-pointed fork collar with the middle tines shorter than the outside tines. The genetic divergence (uncorrected p-distance) between the new species and other representatives of Pareas ranged from 13.9% to 24.4% for Cytochrome b (Cyt b) and 12.1% to 25.5% for NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4). Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA gene data recovered the new species from being the sister taxon to (P. boulengeri + P. chinensis) from China.

1. Introduction

The family Pareidae Romer, 1956 (Squamata, Serpentes) encompasses four genera [1,2], respectively, namely Aplopeltura Duméril, 1853, Asthenodipsas Peters, 1864, Pareas Wagler, 1830, and Xylophis Beddome, 1878 [3,4]. The Asian snail-eating genus Pareas Wagler, 1830, is widely distributed through the Oriental zoogeographic region and is the most species-diverse genus in the Pareidae. It differs from other Pareidae genera by having 15 rows of dorsal scales at the midbody; all subcaudals divided; preocular and subocular scales present; supralabials usually not in contact with the eye; no anterior single inframaxillary, and three pairs of chin shields [4,5,6]. The morphology of snakes of the genus Pareas is highly conservative, and the morphological differences between the species are subtle and difficult to distinguish. Recent studies have demonstrated that the species diversity of the genus Pareas has been seriously underestimated [4,7,8,9]. Since 2015, based on integrative taxonomic approaches incorporating molecular analyses and morphological comparisons, twelve new species have been described, and seven species have been resurrected [4,6,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15].
During our field research in the Youjiang District, Baise City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, in November 2022, we collected four specimens of Pareas that differed from all members of the genus. Based on conclusive morphological and molecular evidence, we describe them as a new species.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Sampling

The four individuals of snail-eating snakes (one male, three juveniles) were collected from Daleng Township, Youjiang District, Baise City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, in November 2022. The collected specimens were fixed in approximately 95% ethanol and subsequently transferred to 75% ethanol for permanent storage. Liver tissue samples were preserved separately in 95% ethanol. The specimens examined in the present study were preserved and deposited at Anhui Normal University Museum (ANU).

2.2. Morphological Examination

Referring to the following literature, Dowling 1951, Vogel 2015, Wang et al., 2020, and Poyarkov et al., 2022 [4,6,11,16], a total of 21 morphological characters in four specimens of the new species were examined (Table 1). Morphological measurements (all in mm) included: snout-vent length (SVL); tail length (TaL); total length (TL); relative tail length (TaL/TL); head length from snout tip to jaw angles (HL); maximal head width (HW); and eye diameter (ED). Meristic characteristics evaluated were the number of dorsal scale rows counted at one head length behind head (ASR), at mid-body (MSR), namely at SVL/2, and at one head length before vent (PSR); number of enlarged vertebral scale rows (VSE); number of keeled dorsal scale rows at midbody (KMD); number of ventral scales (VEN); number of subcaudal scales (SC); number of cloacal plates (CP); number of supralabials (SL); number of infralabials (IL); number of anterior temporals (At); number of posterior temporals (Pt); number of loreals (LOR); number of preoculars (Preoc); number of suboculars (SoO); and number of postoculars (PoO). We recorded the values for paired head characteristics on both sides of the head (in a left/right order). We measured body and tail lengths with a measuring tape (to the nearest of 1 mm); all other measurements were taken using an electronic slide caliper (to the nearest 0.1 mm).

2.3. Molecular Phylogeny

Total genomic DNA was extracted from an ethanol-preserved liver or muscle tissue using Tissue DNA Kits (Takara Biotechnology (Dalian) Co., Ltd., Dalian, China). We amplified the fragments of cytochrome b (cyt b; primer L14910, H16064; Queiroz et al., 2002) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4; primer ND4F, ND4LEUR; Salvi et al. 2013) mtDNA genes, using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) [17,18]. The PCR products were sequenced at Shanghai Map Biotech Co., Ltd. The raw sequences were stitched using SeqMan in the DNAstar software package [19]. In addition to sequences of 26 species of the genus Pareas, six outgroup taxa [3,4,11,19,20,21,22,23,24] were downloaded from GenBank (Details on taxonomy, localities, GenBank accession numbers in Table 1) and aligned with the newly generated sequences using the software MEGA X [25].
A maximum likelihood (ML) tree was reconstructed using RaxML v7.2.6 using the GTRGAMMA model with 1000 ultrafast bootstrap (BS) replicates [26,27]. We also calculated the pairwise distances (p-distances) among ingroup taxa using the neighbour-joining method in MEGA X [25,28].
The electronic version of this article in Portable Document Format (PDF) will represent a published work according to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), and hence the new names contained in the electronic version are effectively published under that Code from the electronic edition alone. This published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in ZooBank, the online registration system for the ICZN. The ZooBank LSIDs (Life Science Identifiers) can be resolved, and the associated information can be viewed through any standard web browser by appending the LSID to the prefix http://zoobank.org/ (accessed on 8 June 2023). The LSID for this publication is urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:73634CF1-1ACA-4C07-B8A2-3929E2306558.

3. Results

3.1. Phylogenetic Relationship

The newly generated sequences of Cyt b and ND4 genes of four specimens shared one haplotype for each gene. The sequences were submitted to GenBank (accession numbers, OQ054328 for Cyt b, OQ054329 for ND4). The p-distances based on fragments of Cyt b between the new species and other species of the genus Pareas varied from 13.9% (Pareas boulengeri) to 24.4% (Pareas carinatus) (Table 2), and those of ND4 varied from 12.1% (Pareas boulengeri) to 25.5% (Pareas berdmorei) (Table 3). Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA data recovered the new species to be the sister taxon to (P. boulengeri + P. chinensis) from China (Figure 1). Combined with morphological data, the specimens from Baise, Guangxi, China, are considered to be a new species.

3.2. Taxonomic Account

Pareas baiseensis sp. nov. WU, GONG, HUANG, and XU
http://zoobank.org/984D3880-9849-46DB-A488-7D6542478AB7 (accessed on 8 June 2023)
Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4
Holotype. ANU20220011 (collection number HSR22185), an adult male (Figure 2A), was found in the Daleng Township, Youjiang District, Baise City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China (23.73521N, 106.39544E (DD); ca 781 m a.s.l.). The specimen was collected by Jiaxiang Wu and Yongjin Liu on 25 November 2022 and deposited at Anhui Normal University Museum.
Paratypes. ANU20220012 (collection number HSR22186), juvenile; ANU20220013 (collection number HSR22188, Figure 2B), juvenile; ANU20220014 (collection number HSR22189), juvenile, all with the same collecting information as the holotype.

3.3. Diagnosis

Pareas baiseensis sp. nov. is distinguished from all other Pareas by a combination of the following characteristics: (1) Yellow-brown body colouration; (2) Frontal subhexagonal to diamond-shaped with its lateral sides converging posteriorly; (3) The anterior pair of chin shields is longer than it is broad; (4) The loreal is not in contact with the eye, prefrontal in contact with the eye, two or three suboculars; (5) Rows of 15–15–15 dorsal scales, five rows of mid-dorsal scales keeled at the middle of the body, one vertebral scale row enlarged; (6) 187–191 ventrals, 89–97 subcaudals, all divided, cloacal plates single; (7) Two postocular stripes, the nuchal area forming a dark black four-pointed fork collar with the middle tines shorter than the outside tines.

3.4. Comparisons

Pareas baiseensis sp. nov. differs from P. margaritophorus, P. macularius, P. modestus and P. andersonii by having a light brown dorsum with irregular dark bands (vs. uniform grey to black to dark colouration, and with bicolored spots in P. margaritophorus, P. macularius and P. andersonii); 9/9 infralabials (vs. 7–8 infralabials); one vertebral scale row enlarged (vs. not enlarged); a higher number of ventrals (187–191 vs. 133–173); and a higher number of subcaudals (89–97 vs. 35–54). [4,6,7,8,28,29].
Pareas baiseensis sp. nov. differs from P. nigriceps, P. niger, and P. stanleyi by two or three suboculars (vs. one or suboculars fused with postoculars); the dorsal surface of the head is light brown with dark brown spots (vs a large black area on the back of the head); nuchal area forming a dark black four-pointed fork collar with the middle tines shorter than the outside tines. (vs. nuchal area no collar); 9/9 infralabials (vs. 7 or 8 infralabials); a higher number of ventrals (187–191 vs. 151–184); and a higher number of subcaudals (89–97 vs. 48–77) [4,6,7,9,29,30,31].
Pareas baiseensis sp. nov. differs from P. abros, P. kuznetsovorum, P. temporalis, P. berdmorei, P. nuchalis and P. carinatus by frontal subhexagonal with lateral sides converging posteriorly (vs. frontal hexagonal with lateral sides parallel to body axis); and the anterior pair of chin shields is longer than it is broad (vs. anterior pair of chin shields broader than long or slightly longer) [4,6,7,20,29,30,31,32].
Pareas baiseensis sp. nov. differs from P. vindumi, P. victorianus, and P. monticola by the loreal not contacting the eye (vs. the loreal contacting the eye); two or three suboculars (vs. one or suboculars fused with postoculars); five slightly keeled dorsal scale rows at midbody (vs. smooth or 7–11 keeled dorsal scale rows at midbody); and the nuchal area forming a dark black four-pointed fork collar with the middle tines shorter than the outside tines. (vs. nuchal area no collar) [6,7,10,29].
Pareas baiseensis sp. nov. differs from P. hamptoni, P. kaduri, P. geminatus, P. xuelinensis, P. komaii, P. atayal, P. iwasakii, and P. formosensis by nuchal area forming a dark black four-pointed fork collar with the middle tines shorter than the outside tines. (vs. nuchal area no collar); five slightly keeled dorsal scale rows at midbody (vs. smooth or 5–13 keeled dorsal scale rows at midbody); and two or three suboculars (vs. one or suboculars fused with postoculars) [6,7,9,10,11,12,29,30,31,32,33,34].
Pareas baiseensis sp. nov. differs from Pareas dulongjiangensis by the nuchal area forming a dark black four-pointed fork collar with the middle tines shorter than the outside tines (vs. two brownish-black longitudinal stripes running on each side of the neck leaving a pale central portion); the loreal not contacting the eye (vs. loreal contacting the eye); absence of preoculars (vs. preoculars being present); two or three suboculars (vs. suboculars fused with postoculars); a higher number of ventrals (187–191 vs. 182); and a higher number of subcaudals (89–97 vs. 76) [13].
Pareas baiseensis sp. nov. differs from Pareas tigerinus by the dorsal surface of the head, which is light brown with dark brown spots (vs. dorsal surface of head solid black or reddish-brown); two anterior temporals (vs. one anterior temporal); two or three suboculars (vs. suboculars fused with postoculars); a higher number of ventrals (187–191 vs. 160–171); and a higher number of subcaudals (89–97 vs. 62–64) [14].
Pareas baiseensis sp. nov. differs from Pareas yunnanensis by the dorsal surface of the head, which is light brown with dark brown spots (vs. dorsal surface of head is black); sides of the head with two lateral postorbital stripes (vs. no or one or two indistinct large black spots on each side of the head, no stripe on each side of the head); a higher number of infralabials (9 vs. 6–8); five slightly keeled dorsal scale rows at midbody (vs. 5–7 rows of middorsal scales keeled on the middle part of the body); a higher number of ventrals (187–191 vs. 169–175); and a higher number of subcaudals (89–97 vs. 59–65) [13].
Pareas baiseensis sp. nov. differs from P. chinensis by five slightly keeled dorsal scale rows at midbody (vs. smooth or seven keeled dorsal scale rows at midbody); one vertebral scale row enlarged (vs. three vertebral scale rows enlarged); two or three suboculars (vs. one subocular); nuchal area forming a dark black four-pointed fork collar with the middle tines shorter than the outside tines. (vs. nuchal area no collar); a higher number of ventrals (187–191 vs. 169–180); and a higher number of subcaudals (89–97 vs. 69–76) [4,6,7,9,29,35].
Pareas baiseensis sp. nov. differs from P. boulengeri by the loreal not contacting the eye (vs. the loreal contacting the eye); one vertebral scale row enlarged (vs. not enlarged); five slightly keeled dorsal scale rows at midbody (vs. smooth); two or three suboculars (vs. suboculars fused with postoculars); nuchal area forming a dark black four-pointed fork collar with the middle tines shorter than the outside tines. (vs. nuchal area no collar); a higher number of ventrals (187–191 vs. 164–187); and a higher number of subcaudals (89–97 vs. 63–78) [4,6,9,29,36].

3.5. Description of Holotype

An adult male, SVL 428 mm, TaL 151 mm, TL 579 mm, TaL/TL ratio 0.26; body slender, compressed; head elongate, clearly distinct from neck; snout round in dorsal view; eye slightly enlarged, pupil vertical and slightly elliptical; rostral slightly visible in dorsal view; frontal subhexagonal to diamond-shaped with its lateral sides converging posteriorly; nasal scale single; two prefrontals large, in contact with the eye; single loreal not in contact with the eye; temporals 2 + 3/3 + 3; 1/1 supraocular; 1/1 preocular; 4/4 suboculars; 1/1 postoculars; 8/8 supralabial scales; 9/9 infralabials; 191 (+1 preventral) ventrals; 15–15–15 dorsal scale rows, five rows of mid-dorsal scales keeled at the middle of the body; 97 subcaudals; cloacal plate single (Table 4).
Colouration: In life, the dorsal surface of the head is light brown with dark brown spots. The dorsum is brown with dark-brown speckling, and there are 34 irregular black cross-bands on the lateral sides of the body from neck to vent. The ventral is creamish–yellow with a few small black spots, the background colour gradually darkens to the rear, and the subcaudal scales are light brown. The sides of the head have two lateral postorbital stripes: the upper stripe extends from the temporal area backward extension to the dorsal scales of the neck, where it joins a large black collar around the nape, forming a dark black Ψ-shaped chevron pattern overall; the lower stripe extends backwards past the 9th supralabial, and at the throat contacting the four-pointed fork collar with the middle tines shorter than the outside tines. There are two black lines on the back of the parietal that extend back to the neck, with two lateral postorbital stripes; together, they form a dark black four-pointed fork collar.
In the preserved state, the colouration still resembles the specimen in life, but the dorsum colour fades to yellowish-brown (Figure 3 and Figure 4).

3.6. Variation

Measurements and scalation features of the type series (n = 4) are presented in Table 4. There is a certain variation observed in the number of ventrals, subcaudals, and temporals: ventrals (187–190, n = 4); subcaudals (89–96, n = 4); temporals (2 + 2, 2 + 3, 2 + 4, n = 4). Numerous irregular black cross-bands on the lateral sides of the body from neck to vent (32–40 bands, n = 4). The coloration features among the members of the type series were very similar.

3.7. Distribution

This species is currently only known from onelocality, Daleng Township, Youjiang District, Baise City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. We found the snakes between 10:00 pm to 1:00 am after light rain in November 2022. The habitat environment was a well-preserved subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest at elevations of 750–790 m.

4. Discussion

The phylogenetic results of Poyarkov et al. (2022) support the genus Pareas sensu lato being divided into two subgenera (Pareas sensu stricto and Eberhardtia) and six species groups; the subgenus Pareas sensu stricto includes two species groups (P. carinatus and P. nuchalis groups), the subgenus Eberhardtia includes four species groups (P. chinensis, P. hamptoni, P. monticola and P. margaritophorus groups). The members of the subgenus Eberhardtia differ from the members of the subgenus Pareas by the following combination of morphological characters: frontal subhexagonal to diamond-shaped with its lateral sides converging posteriorly; the anterior pair of chin shields is longer than it is broad; a single thin elongated subocular; and the ultrastructure of dorsal scales not ravine-like, having pore and arc structures, with arcs connecting to each other forming characteristic lines [4,8,37,38,39]. Our phylogenetic results support Pareas baiseensis sp. nov. belongs to the P. chinensis species groups in the subgenus Eberhardtia, but Pareas baiseensis sp. nov. have two or three suboculars, which is inconsistent with the diagnostic characteristic of subgenus Eberhardtia. Therefore, we propose deleting the diagnostic characteristic of a single thin elongated subocular.
The discovery of Pareas baiseensis sp. nov. increases the number of species of the P.chinensis species group to four species (Pareas baiseensis sp. nov., P.boulengeri, P. stanleyi, P.chinensis) in China. Among them, P.boulengeri is the most widely distributed, which is distributed in Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan, Chongqing, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian, Shaanxi, and Gansu. P. stanleyi is distributed in Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hunan and Guangxi; The distribution of P.chinensis in China is limited to the western and southern marginal mountains of the Sichuan Basin [6,7,14,15]; Pareas baiseensis sp. nov. is currently known only from the locality investigated, but Baise City is close to the borders of Yunnan and Vietnam, and this species may also occur in these adjacent areas.
The description of Pareas baiseensis sp. nov. from southern China brings the total number of recognized Pareas species to 30, of which 24 occur in China [2,4,14,15]. The genus Pareas has an ancient origin and poor migration ability, and the morphological difference between different species are subtle [9,21,40,41,42]; a large range of intensive sampling is helpful in discovering cryptic species, especially for some widely distributed types with unclear internal relationships, so sampling should be increased.

5. Conclusions

A new species of Pareas, Pareas baiseensis sp. nov., is described based on four specimens collected from the Youjiang District, Baise City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, since Baise City is close to the borders of Yunnan and Vietnam and this species may also occur in these adjacent areas. However, their discovery is largely accidental, which makes it difficult for us to make accurate judgments on the distribution and population status of this new species. Further investigations will be necessary to assess the distribution and population status of this species.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Y.G., J.W., P.L. and Y.X.; methodology, all authors; data curation, Y.G., D.Y., Y.L. and J.W.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.G. and S.H.; writing—review and editing, Y.G., P.L. and S.H.; visualization, P.L., Y.L., S.L. and D.Y.; supervision, S.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Postdoctoral Research Program of the Department of Human Resources and Social Security of Anhui Province (2020B422), Doctoral Research Starting Foundation of Anhui Normal University (752017), National Natural Science Foundation of China (31471968, 32001222).

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study received ethical review and approval from the Animal Ethics Committees at Anhui Normal University (project number AHNU-ET2021025). All sampling and procedures involving live snakes were performed in accordance with the Wild Animals Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China and approved by the Animal Ethics Committees at Anhui Normal University (project number AHNU-ET2021025).

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Ruyi Huang, Jing Yu, Yi Zhang, Zhangbo Cui and Xinge Wang for their help in the study. We are also grateful for the anonymous reviewers’ useful and constructive comments on our manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Animals 13 02233 g001 550
Figure 1. The maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic relationship trees based on concatenated Cyt b and ND4 fragments. Numbers near each node indicate the bootstrap support (The branch where the P. baiseensis sp. nov. is located is marked in red).
Figure 1. The maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic relationship trees based on concatenated Cyt b and ND4 fragments. Numbers near each node indicate the bootstrap support (The branch where the P. baiseensis sp. nov. is located is marked in red).
Animals 13 02233 g001
Animals 13 02233 g002 550
Figure 2. Pareas baiseensis sp. nov. in life. (A) Holotype male (ANU20220011); (B) Paratype juvenile (ANU20220014).
Figure 2. Pareas baiseensis sp. nov. in life. (A) Holotype male (ANU20220011); (B) Paratype juvenile (ANU20220014).
Animals 13 02233 g002
Animals 13 02233 g003 550
Figure 3. Holotype male (ANU20220011) of Pareas baiseensis sp. nov. in preservative. Right (A), Left (B), Ventral (C), Dorsal (D) views of the head.
Figure 3. Holotype male (ANU20220011) of Pareas baiseensis sp. nov. in preservative. Right (A), Left (B), Ventral (C), Dorsal (D) views of the head.
Animals 13 02233 g003
Animals 13 02233 g004 550
Figure 4. Dorsal (A) Vntral (B) views of the preserved holotype of Pareas baiseensis sp. nov. (ANU 20220011).
Figure 4. Dorsal (A) Vntral (B) views of the preserved holotype of Pareas baiseensis sp. nov. (ANU 20220011).
Animals 13 02233 g004
Table
Table 1. Samples used for molecular phylogenetic analysis in this study.
Table 1. Samples used for molecular phylogenetic analysis in this study.
NoSpecimen IDSpeciesLocalitycyt bND4
1ANU000220008 = HSR22185Pareas baiseensis sp. nov.Baise, Guangxi, ChinaOQ054329OQ054328
2ANU000220009 = HSR22186Pareas baiseensis sp. nov.Baise, Guangxi, ChinaOQ054329OQ054328
3ANU000220010 = HSR22188Pareas baiseensis sp. nov.Baise, Guangxi, ChinaOQ054329OQ054328
4ANU000220011 = HSR22189Pareas baiseensis sp. nov.Baise, Guangxi, ChinaOQ054329OQ054328
5NMNS 05618P. komaiiTaiwan, Taitung, LijiaKJ642185MW287056
6NMNS 05625P. komaiiTaiwan, HualienMZ712215MZ712240
7NMNS 05655P. iwasakiiJapan, Okinawa, IshigakiKJ642160—
8NMNS 05654P. iwasakiiJapan, Okinawa, IriomoteMZ712216—
9NMNS 05594P. atayalTaiwan, Taoyuan, BeihengKJ642124MW287041
10CAS 235254P. victorianusMyanmar, Chin, Nat Ma Taung N.P.MW438300MW438302
11KIZ 014167P. monticolaChina, Tibet (Xizang), MotuoMK135109MK805374
12ZMMU R-16631P. monticolaMyanmar, Sagaing, Ban MaukMW438296MW438301
13CAS235359P. andersoniiMyanmar, Chin, Nat Ma Taung N.P.MT968772MW287040
14ZMMU R-16628P. maculariusLaos, Xaisomboun, Long TienMT968770MZ712241
15ZMMU R-16629P. maculariusMyanmar, Sagaing, Ban MaukMT968771MW287057
16MZMU1293P. modestusIndia, Mizoram, Aizawl, TanhrilMT968773—
17ZMMU R-13451P. margaritophorusVietnam, Binh Puoc, Bu Gia Map N.P.KJ642195MW287058
18ZMMU NAP-09759P. margaritophorusThailand, Ratchaburi, Suan PhuengMZ712217MZ712243
19KIZ 09966P. boulengeriChina, Hubei, JiannanJF827678JF827656
20GP 2923P. boulengeriChina, Guizhou, JiangkouMK135090 MK805355
21CIB 010140P. chinensisChina, Sichuan, TianquanJF827691JF827669
22HM 2007-S001P. stanleyiChina, Guangxi, GuilinJN230704JN230705
23CAS 248147P. vindumiMyanmar, Kachin, LukpwiMW287080MW287059
24CHS 656P. nigricepsChina, Yunnan, Gaoligongshan N.R.MK201455—
25BNHS 3575P. kaduriIndia, Arunachal Pradesh, Lohit, Kamlang W.S.MT188734—
26BNHS 3574P. kaduriIndia, Arunachal Pradesh, Lohit, Kamlang W.S.MW026190—
27ZMMU NAP-09088P. hamptoniVietnam, Lao Cai, Bat XatMW287079MW287053
28YPX 18219P. hamptoniMyanmar, KachinMK135077MK805342
29ZMMU R-16478P. geminatusThailand, Chiang MaiMW287074MW287050
30KIZ-XL1P. xuelinensisChina, Yunnan, Lancang, XuelinMW436709—
31NMNS 05637P. formosensisTaiwan, NantouMW287060MW287042
32ZMMU R-16333P. formosensisVietnam, Gia Lai, Kon Chu Rang N.R.MW287066MW287048
33 GP 4122 P. nigerChina, Yunnan, KunmingMK135084 MK805349
34AUP 01573P. berdmorei berdmoreiThailand, Chiang MaiMZ712218MZ712244
35ZMMU R-13753-2P. berdmorei unicolorVietnam, Dong Nai, Ma Da N.R. MZ712224MZ712250
36ZMMU R-16802P. kuznetsovorumVietnam, Phu Yen, Song Hinh MZ712232MZ712258
37CAS 247982P. carinatus tenasserimicusMyanmar, Tanintharyi, Yaephyu MZ712233MZ712259
38KIZ 011972P. carinatusMalaysia (peninsular)MK135111MK805376
39ZMMU R-16393P. abrosVietnam, Quang Nam, Song Thanh N.P. MZ712235MZ712262
40ZMMU R-14788P. abrosVietnam, Thua Thien-Hue, A Roang MZ712237MZ712264
41ZMMU R-13656P. temporalisVietnam, Lam Dong, Cat Loc MZ712238MZ712265
42FK 2626P. nuchalisBrunei, Brunei Darussalam, Belait MZ603794U49311
43LSUHC 7248Aplopeltura boaMalaysia, Sabah, SepilokKC916746U49312
44FMNH 241296Asthenodipsas laevisMalaysia, Penang, Pulau PinangKX660468KX660596
45LSUHC 9098Asthenodipsas lasgalenensisMalaysia, Pahang, Fraser’s HillKC916755MZ712267
46FMNH 273617Asthenodipsas borneensisMalaysia, Sarawak, Kelabit Highlands, BarioKX660469KX660597
47BNHS 3376Xylophis captainiIndiaMK340914MK340912
48BNHS 3582Xylophis perrotetiIndiaMN970042MN970046
Table
Table 2. Uncorrected p-distance based on a fragment of Cyt b among the genus Pareas.
Table 2. Uncorrected p-distance based on a fragment of Cyt b among the genus Pareas.
123456789101112131415
1. P. baiseensis sp. nov.—
2. P. komaii0.194–0.2000.017
3. P. iwasakii0.192–0.1940.078–0.0830.010
4. P. atayal0.205 0.085–0.0930.069–0.072—
5. P. victorianus0.189 0.187–0.1920.194–0.1980.194 —
6. P. monticola0.203–0.2060.180–0.1870.174–0.1800.174–0.1780.144–0.1520.040
7. P. andersonii0.207 0.194–0.1950.199–0.2050.201 0.209 0.191–0.192—
8. P. macularius0.187–0.1940.181–0.1940.191–0.1970.189–0.1930.192–0.1930.173–0.1760.135–0.1450.114
9. P. modestus0.194 0.176–0.1800.191–0.1940.180 0.192 0.182–0.1880.117 0.102–0.118—
10. P. margaritophorus0.200–0.2050.186–0.1930.185–0.1950.188–0.1920.208–0.2120.193–0.1970.151–0.1590.135–0.1460.139–0.1410.047
11. P. boulengeri0.139–0.1410.178–0.1810.173 0.181 0.193 0.185–0.1880.198 0.183–0.1860.191–0.1930.190–0.1920.002
12. P. chinensis0.146 0.181–0.1850.177–0.1810.187 0.176 0.182–0.1860.192 0.176–0.1790.188 0.187–0.1920.089–0.090—
13. P. stanleyi0.160 0.172–0.1770.182–0.1870.191 0.190 0.189–0.1940.206 0.186–0.1940.194 0.188–0.1940.155 0.153 —
14. P. vindumi0.192 0.150 0.145–0.1480.149 0.176 0.178–0.1820.207 0.189–0.1910.194 0.195–0.1980.182 0.175 0.192 —
15. P. nigriceps0.169 0.162 0.159–0.1610.157 0.191 0.188–0.1910.188 0.183–0.1930.164 0.178–0.190.169 0.162 0.190 0.123 —
16. P. kaduri0.196–0.2070.155–0.1640.149–0.1560.147–0.1590.186–0.1930.189–0.1940.203–0.2120.200–0.2100.192–0.1950.199–0.2150.192–0.2020.188–0.1990.202–0.2080.125–0.1350.097–0.104
17. P. hamptoni0.184–0.1870.141–0.1470.134–0.1390.139 0.182–0.1830.186–0.1890.214 0.188–0.1940.194 0.192–0.2000.166–0.1690.181 0.183–0.1840.115–0.1160.125–0.126
18. P. geminatus0.200 0.152–0.1530.135–0.1390.142 0.192 0.194–0.1980.219 0.192–0.1990.206 0.199–0.2020.169–0.1700.187 0.193 0.122 0.132
19. P. xuelinensis0.201 0.147 0.133–0.1380.137 0.186 0.194–0.1970.213 0.195–0.1980.202 0.196–0.2000.165–0.1660.185 0.192 0.124 0.125
20. P. formosensis0.189–0.1950.147–0.1540.133–0.1480.145–0.1490.175–0.1840.188–0.2000.212–0.2140.193–0.2010.198–0.2030.192–0.1960.165–0.1730.171–0.1810.193–0.1950.115–0.1200.125–0.133
21. P. niger0.187 0.146–0.1490.133–0.1380.142 0.176 0.187–0.1900.207 0.189–0.1910.188 0.196–0.1980.174–0.1750.176 0.194 0.110 0.126
22. P. berdmorei0.227–0.2300.235–0.2400.230–0.2450.230–0.2360.220–0.2240.212–0.2230.231–0.390.216–0.2270.233–0.2370.228–0.2410.231–0.2320.233–0.2480.249–0.2500.238–0.2420.224–0.229
23. P. kuznetsovorum0.235 0.239–0.2410.236–0.2410.229 0.226 0.221–0.2250.233 0.216–0.2220.238 0.227–0.2320.220–0.2220.230 0.249 0.231 0.239
24. P. carinatus0.229–0.2430.236–0.2420.231–0.2450.229–0.2360.226–0.2280.223–0.2270.225–0.2370.216–0.2280.237–0.2450.226–0.2420.216–0.2210.227–0.2310.243–0.2440.238–0.2430.229–0.231
25. P. abros0.243–0.2440.228–0.2320.225–0.2330.226–0.2270.242–0.2440.227–0.2290.234–0.2350.246–0.2420.231–0.2320.241–0.2500.233–0.2340.238 0.255–0.2570.244–0.2450.232–0.236
26. P. temporalis0.239 0.240 0.227–0.2340.234 0.246 0.218–0.2310.233 0.231–0.2330.231 0.242–0.2480.224–0.2250.219 0.242 0.251 0.241
161718192021222324252627
1. P. baiseensis sp. nov.
2. P. komaii
3. P. iwasakii
4. P. atayal
5. P. victorianus
6. P. monticola
7. P. andersonii
8. P. macularius
9. P. modestus
10. P. margaritophorus
11. P. boulengeri
12. P. chinensis
13. P. stanleyi
14. P. vindumi
15. P. nigriceps
16. P. kaduri0.015
17. P. hamptoni0.125–0.1360.005
18. P. geminatus0.139–0.1510.083–0.084—
19. P. xuelinensis0.133–0.1410.078–0.0820.027 —
20. P. formosensis0.128–0.1410.072–0.0740.087–0.0960.080–0.0880.041
21. P. niger0.122–0.1320.056–0.0600.076 0.073 0.071–0.079—
22. P. berdmorei0.242–0.2510.227–0.2460.245–0.2550.244–0.2510.241–0.2480.230–0.2360.071
23. P. kuznetsovorum0.228–0.2330.230–0.2310.247 0.243 0.230–0.2320.223 0.121–0.125—
24. P. carinatus0.221–0.2440.231–0.2320.237–0.2420.237–0.2410.233–0.2400.229–0.2330.130–0.1490.128–0.1330.080
25. P. abros0.248–0.2570.231–0.2360.231–0.2320.230–0.2310.231–0.2360.226–0.2270.208–0.2180.206–0.2090.216–0.2300.015
26. P. temporalis0.249–0.2520.237–0.2380.248 0.246 0.234–0.2400.236 0.203–0.2090.196 0.194–0.1970.127–0.132—
27. P. nuchalis0.253–0.260.250 0.264 0.260 0.240–0.2480.254 0.210 0.203 0.206–0.20.212–0.210.201 —
Table
Table 3. Uncorrected p-distance based on a fragment of ND4 among the genus Pareas.
Table 3. Uncorrected p-distance based on a fragment of ND4 among the genus Pareas.
12345678910111213141516171819202122
1. P. baseensis sp. nov—
2. P. komaii0.208—
3. P. atayal0.2020.076—
4. P. victorianus0.1840.1890.183—
5. P. monticola0.186–0.1930.205–0.2110.189–0.1980.127–0.1390.056
6. P. andersonii0.1800.1950.1890.1830.186–0.194—
7. P. macularius0.186–0.1890.201–0.2070.195–0.1960.196–0.2040.195–0.2150.1200.103
8. P. margaritophorus0.1890.201–0.2100.196–0.2010.189–0.2010.193–0.2130.139–0.1470.147–0.1530.071
9. P. boulengeri0.1210.1900.1840.1800.178–0.1810.1790.181–0.1960.177–0.187—
10. P. chinensis0.1220.1920.0210.1840.174–0.1840.1820.193–0.2010.190–0.2080.101—
11. P. stanleyi0.1620.1860.1950.1940.192–0.2000.1790.179–0.1830.195–0.2040.1480.166—
12. P. vindumi0.1480.1420.1390.1540.174–0.1750.1610.1780.172–0.1840.1560.1570.165—
13. P. hamptoi0.174–0.1770.172–0.1750.1630.169–0.1750.177–0.1860.1890.196–0.2040.189–0.2010.178–0.1810.1650.2040.128–0.1310.006
14. P. geminatus0.1780.1720.1600.1720.183–0.1920.1790.186–0.2070.199–0.2080.1810.1810.1970.1340.053–0.056—
15. P. formosensis0.1710.157–0.1740.156–0.1710.174–0.1830.190–0.2050.188–0.1980.199–0.2110.195–0.2010.189–0.1990.174–0.1830.189–0.1940.123–0.1390.076–0.1000.082–0.1070.051
16. P. niger0.1800.1620.1600.1840.189–0.1980.1880.195–0.2040.184–01860.1770.1710.1910.1360.089–0.0910.1010.082–0.101—
17. P. berdmorei0.242–0.2550.2240.211–0.2210.211–0.2300.204–0.2160.203–0.2120.225–0.2340.213–0.2270.215–0.2270.224–0.2280.236–0.2390.201–0.2130.205–0.2150.207–0.2180.208–0.2220.222–0.2300.066
18. P. kuznetsovorum0.2280.2130.2110.2150.195–0.2020.2140.216–0.2370.202–0.2190.1990.2180.2240.1930.1890.1980.187–0.2190.2130.140–0.142—
19. P. carinatus0.224–0.2310.211–0.2160.210–0.2110.205–0.2070.204–0.2180.229–0.2300.230–0.2420.211–0.2180.210–0.2210.227–0.2280.224–0.2250.198–0.2040.196–0.21002101–0.2110.198–0.2270.199–0.2130.137–0.1500.144–0.1510.053
20. P. abros0.218–0.2210.219–0.2220.2240.2020.205–0.2190.202–0.2030.221–0.2240.205–0.2160.211–0.2150.211–0.2150.216–0.2180.1930.193–0.1960.1840.186–0.2070.199–0.2020.177–0.1990.2010.189–0.2010.003
21. P. temporalis0.2080.1960.1990.1810.186–0.1960.1980.2180.195–0.2080.2020.1870.2010.1870.1950.1870.193–0.2010.1810.186–0.1950.1900.189–0.1920.095–0.098—
22. P. nuchalis0.2280.2360.2330.2340.208–0.2100.1970.221–0.2330.211–0.2340.2220.2240.2280.1990.207–0.2100.2020.198–0.2150.2110.178–0.1810.1950.187–0.1890.172–0.1750.172—
Table
Table 4. Measurements (mm) and pholidosis for the holotype and paratypes of Pareas baiseensis sp. nov.; for abbreviations, see the Section 2.
Table 4. Measurements (mm) and pholidosis for the holotype and paratypes of Pareas baiseensis sp. nov.; for abbreviations, see the Section 2.
Voucher NumberANU2022008
(Holotype)		ANU2022009
(Paratype)		ANU2022010
(Paratype)		ANU2022011
(Paratype)
collection
number		HSR22185HSR22186HSR22188HSR22189
SEXmalejuvenilejuvenilejuvenile
SVL428174171185
TaL151565167
TL579230222252
TaL/TL0.260.240.230.27
HL19.611.110.912.3
HW10.66.26.06.5
ED4.12.62.62.5
ASR15151515
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MDPI and ACS Style

Gong, Y.; Wu, J.; Huang, S.; Xu, Y.; Yang, D.; Liu, Y.; Liang, S.; Lee, P. A New Species of Pareas (Squamata, Pareidae) from Guangxi Province, China. Animals 2023, 13, 2233. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13132233

AMA Style

Gong Y, Wu J, Huang S, Xu Y, Yang D, Liu Y, Liang S, Lee P. A New Species of Pareas (Squamata, Pareidae) from Guangxi Province, China. Animals. 2023; 13(13):2233. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13132233

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gong, Yanan, Jiaxiang Wu, Song Huang, Yuhao Xu, Diancheng Yang, Yongjin Liu, Shengming Liang, and Pingshin Lee. 2023. "A New Species of Pareas (Squamata, Pareidae) from Guangxi Province, China" Animals 13, no. 13: 2233. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13132233

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