Canahmet Boz*
Mehmet Dinç- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Türkiye
The aim of this study is to examine the methodological orientations in game addiction studies in Turkey between 2019 and 2022 in a holistic way and to present suggestions for new literature studies. For this purpose, only articles written in Turkish language were reviewed on Google Scholar. Open-access quantitative studies between 2019 and 2022 were included in our study. As a result, 69 out of 257 studies were found to comply with the predetermined criteria. The number of participants in these 69 studies, with a total sample size of 26,415, varies between 60 and 987. Almost half of the studies sample group is children (n = 36). The majority of the studies examine the relationship between academic achievement, familial and social relationship problems, gaming behavior and game addiction in children and adolescents. It was found that gaming addiction was higher in male students compared to female students, especially between the ages of 14–15. Among children, male students play digital games more than girls, and they mostly prefer action-adventure, war, and racing games. Previous studies have concluded that the use of consoles and smartphones in adolescents and young adults has a high impact on digital game addiction. In the light of the findings, it is suggested that empirical studies on game addiction should be addressed with different aspects using new literature studies.
Introduction
While technological devices and the internet are used as a facilitating tool in many aspects of life, their use for games and entertainment has become quite widespread. It is found that digital games, which have users in almost every segment of the society, are widespread especially among young people (1). In this respect, some individuals may lose control over gaming to the extent that it becomes problematic (2). In the 11th revision of the International Disease Classification (ICD-11), gaming disorder is defined as a gaming behavior model characterized by loss of control over gaming (3). According to the diagnosis, it has been stated that the occurrence of 5 of the following 9 items in the last 12 months can be mainly evaluated in the diagnosis. These criteria are: (1) Constantly dealing with internet games mentally. (2) The emergence of withdrawal symptoms when internet games are not accessible. (3) Willingness to spend longer periods gaming and increased tolerance. (4) Unsuccessful attempts to control the gaming behavior. (5) Loss of interest in old hobbies and entertainment due to playing internet games. (6) To continue the games excessively despite the problems that arise. (7) Lying to his/her family, therapist and environment about the duration of playing internet games. (8) Playing internet games to escape or get rid of negative emotional states (such as guilt, anxiety). (9) To jeopardize or give up an important relationship, education or job opportunity to play internet games.
When we take look at the prevalence of playing games around the world, on average, 51% of Europeans play video games, whereas 59% of them use smartphones or tablets while playing video games (4). The rate of gaming disorder in Europe is reported to be between 1 and 10% (5–8). In addition, in a study conducted among young people in East and Southeast Asian countries, the prevalence of gaming disorder was found to be around 10–15% (9). In a study conducted in Switzerland in 2015, 15% of individuals between the ages of 15–34 (10); 14% of adults in Republic of Korea (11) and 17% of participants in a study conducted with secondary school students in Iran (12) were found to develop gaming disorders.
According to the Gaming in Turkey Game/E-Sports Agency’s Game Sector in Turkey 2020 Report, 79% of adults in Turkey play digital games (13). According to a comprehensive study conducted throughout Turkey in 2019, the rate of individuals with a high risk of digital game addiction was found to be 32%. In addition, it has been stated that individuals between the ages of 18–23 living in Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia regions have a higher risk (14). Considering the data, an increased risk of game addiction is seen. In this vein, the importance of the study is that gives direction to new research by examining the previous literature on game addiction in Turkey.
In this study, it was aimed to examine the variables, methodological trends and analysis methods of digital game addiction studies conducted in Turkey between 2019 and 2022 (July 2022). In this context, the questions of our study are determined as follows.
1. What are the methodologies used in digital game addiction studies?
2. What are the characteristics of the samples in digital game addiction studies?
3. What are the data analysis methods in digital game addiction studies?
4. What are the variables in digital game addiction studies and what are the variables that are effective and are not effective?
Method
Search strategies
The study data (“Game Addiction” and “GA”), (“Digital Game Addiction” and “DGA”), (“Internet Game Addiction” and “IGA”), (“Computer Game Addiction” and “CGA”) terms were only reviewed in the literature by marking the “Search in Turkish pages” option on Google Scholar. The study data were collected only from the research data written in Turkish language. For this reason, no search was made through the Web of Science database. Studies published between 2019 and July 2022 were examined. Previously, there was a systematic review study on digital game addictions by Şimşek and Yılmaz (15) between 2010 and 2018. For this reason, it was decided that the date range of our study will cover the period between 2019 and 2022.
Study selection
After the literature review, a total of 257 open-access articles, papers and thesis studies were found. The thesis and paper studies were not included in the study because they did not undergo a double-blind review process. After the procedure, a total of 69 articles were found to comply with the following criteria (Figure 1):
Figure 1. Diagram showing the information flow through the review: the number of records identified, included, and excluded.
1. Published between 2019 and July 2022,
2. A quantitative research article,
3. Published in Turkish language (It is aimed to contribute to the international literature), and
4. Open access.
Data analysis
In systematic analysis, basic information about the study is analyzed in accordance with the purpose of the study (16). All the studies collected were numbered and listed as publication title, sampling type, sample group, sample size, study variables and analysis type with a table on Microsoft Excel. After the listing, the studies to be included were determined by considering the predetermined criteria. After the analysis procedures were completed, the findings were presented according to the methodological trends in digital game addiction studies and research questions related to digital game addiction.
Results
Methodological trends in digital game addiction studies
As seen in Table 1, the titles of 69 publications, sample group, sample size and study variables are specified.
Table 1. Methodological trends in digital game addiction studies.
As a result of the literature review, there are 69 studies that meet the criteria. The total sample size of 69 studies was 26,415. Many different types of samples were used, and the number of participants in the studies varied between 60 and 987. Most of the studies have studied large sample groups. The sample group of almost half of the studies consisted of children (n = 36). The remaining sample groups consisted of studies with adolescents or those involving adolescents (n = 21) and studies with young adults or those involving young adults (n = 15).
Data collection tools used to measure game addiction levels are presented in Table 2. In these studies, valid and reliable scales were utilized. Especially since 2020, new scales have been developed and started to be widely used with the concept of game addiction finding more place in the literature. The Computer Game Addiction Scale for Children and the Digital Gaming Addiction Scale for Children are among the commonly used scales. In the 16 study “Computer Game Addiction Scale for Children,” in 16 study “Digital Game Addiction Scale for Children,” in the 14 study “Digital Game Addiction Scale,” in the 9 study “Game Addiction Scale for Adolescents,” in the 5 study “Online Gaming Addiction Scale,” in the 4 study “Digital Gaming Addiction Scale for University Students,” in the 2 study “Internet Gaming Disorder Scale Short Form” and in the 2 study “Gaming Addiction Scale” was used.
Table 2. Scales used in relation to game addiction.
Children and adolescents have a higher risk of gaming addiction. However, it was found that gaming addiction was higher in male students compared to female students, especially between the ages of 14–15 (in the 24 study). It was concluded that the levels of digital game addiction and aggression were high in children whose gaming duration was not restricted by parents. Among children, male students play digital games more than girls, and they mostly prefer action-adventure, war, and racing games. As children’s digital game addiction increases, their subjective well-being, and self-efficacy levels tend to decrease. Studies conducted with children have demonstrated that social anxiety significantly affects computer game addiction in children. In addition, it can be purported that computer game addiction and the tendency to violence in children may increase with the prolonged playing of violent computer games. Similarly, studies conducted with children have shown that most of the children play games from mobile devices; most students play games at home; they mostly prefer educational games, and they usually play games while traveling and in their spare time.
It was observed that adolescents who played excessive digital games had lower levels of self-control. In addition, it has been revealed that adolescents watching violent movies have higher levels of game addiction. Moreover, previous studies have concluded that the use of consoles and smartphones in adolescents and young adults has a high impact on digital game addiction.
It has also been observed that anxiety can lead to digital game addiction in young adults and those with aggressive behaviors have a higher risk of game addiction. When the duration of playing digital games before and during the pandemic in young adults was compared, it was found that this duration increased significantly during the pandemic, that digital games were played mostly by phone, and that the pandemic process increased the rate of playing war strategy games. According to a study conducted with young adults, it was found that males had a higher risk of being addicted to digital games than females, that 58% of university students chose mobile platforms to play digital games, that the most preferred game genre was First-Person Shooter (FPS) genre (31%), and that 80.7% of the students participated in the study had low-risk and risky scores in terms of addiction.
Discussion
In this study, the studies conducted in the literature were reviewed in order to present new ideas and draw a road map for the studies on game addiction in Turkey. When the studies on game addictions are examined, it is seen that the studies conducted in certain areas make the literature saturated.
According to previous studies, digital game addiction has been shown to have a negative effect on physical and psychological health, well-being, functionality, work, school and private life (93–95). When the literature was examined, it was seen that gaming addiction had negative effects on children and adolescents’ academic achievement, family life and social relations in parallel with our systematic review (96–98). On the other hand, as in children and adolescents, there are negative effects of game addiction in adults (99–101). Considering the studies conducted with adults, it is noteworthy that there are few studies conducted with adults in Turkey. The majority of the studies studied children and adolescents. The effects of game addiction on adults need to be further examined in Turkey.
Considering the studies conducted, it is of great importance to select the correct and appropriate sample although the selected sample sizes are sufficient (102). In the majority of the studies, it was observed that more easily accessible sample groups were selected. As the sample size increases, it is seen that the statistical significance increases especially in correlational studies. For this reason, it is important that the studies designed have randomization and control groups in order to obtain more qualified results. When the studies were examined, it was seen that they recruited the participants with random sampling method. In addition, these studies should be supported by regression studies, beyond correlation studies. In order to obtain more accurate and generalizable data, experimental studies with control groups and random assignment should be designed.
When the variables and results discussed in these studies were examined, it was seen that correlational analyzes were used for variables such as gender, age, parental education status, having a computer, grade level, academic achievement, and the ages of the participants. These variables are also widely discussed in the global literature. When the studies were examined, it was determined that males were more addicted to digital games or riskier than females in terms of gender. Literature shows that boys are more interested in computer games than girls, that the level of game addiction was higher than girls, and that they were more exposed to the effects of computer games—all of which are in line with the findings of the current research (103–105). Similarly, considering the previous studies, it was observed that children and adolescents who perceived that they had social support had a lower risk of game addiction. When the global literature is examined, it is seen that social support reduces game addiction levels as it positively affects psychosocial well-being (106, 107).
As a result, this study has made suggestions on the elements to be considered in the digital game addiction studies conducted in Turkey. During the assessment process of this study, new studies were conducted in accordance with some of the suggestions in the discussions of this study. Especially in children and adolescents, there are studies examining the relationship between academic achievement, familial and social relationship problems, gaming behavior and game addiction. However, there is still a need for studies that are supported by quantitative methods that will provide an in-depth understanding of addiction, and whose methodologies are clear and appropriate. Finally, it can be suggested to future empirical studies to address different dimensions of digital game addiction with new literature studies.
Limitation of study
This study has various limitations. Firstly, the study is limited to the studies conducted in Turkey between certain years and reviewed in certain databases. In the preparation phase of the study, studies conducted until 2022 were addressed. Finally, only quantitative data were included in the study.
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Author contributions
MD drafted the initial version of the manuscript and provided the comments. CB collected the data and analyzed the data. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
1. Gentile, D. Pathological video-game use among youth ages 8 to 18: a national study. Psychol Sci. (2009) 20:594–602. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02340.x
2. Hellman, M, Schoenmakers, TM, Nordstrom, BR, and van Holst, RJ. Is there such a thing as online video game addiction? A cross-disciplinary review. Addict Res Theory. (2013) 21:102–12. doi: 10.3109/16066359.2012.693222
3. WHO. International classification of diseases for mortality and morbidity statistics (11th revision). Geneva: WHO (2018).
4. ISFE. Key Facts 2019. Trends and data. ISFE (2020). Available at: https://www.isfe.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/ISFE-final-1.pdf
5. Haagsma, MC, Pieterse, ME, and Peters, O. The prevalence of problematic video gamers in the Netherlands. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. (2012) 15:162–8. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2011.0248
6. Müller, KW, Janikian, M, Dreier, M, Wölfling, K, Beutel, ME, Tzavara, C, et al. Regular gaming behavior and internet gaming disorder in European adolescents: results from a cross-national representative survey of prevalence, predictors, and psychopathological correlates. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. (2015) 24:565–74. doi: 10.1007/s00787-014-0611-2
7. Przybylski, AK, Weinstein, N, and Murayama, K. Internet gaming disorder: investigating the clinical relevance of a new phenomenon. Am J Psychiatr. (2017) 174:230–6. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16020224
8. Rehbein, F, Kliem, S, Baier, D, Mößle, T, and Petry, NM. Prevalence of internet gaming disorder in German adolescents: diagnostic contribution of the nine DSM-5 criteria in a state-wide representative sample. Addiction. (2015) 110:842–51. doi: 10.1111/add.12849
9. Achab, S., Meuli, V., Deluze, J., Thorens, G., Rothern, S., Khazaal, Y., et al. (2015). Challenges and trends of identification and treatment of disorders associated with problematic use of internet. Public Health Implications of Excessive Use of the Internet, Computers, Smartphones and Similar Electronic Devices, pp. 31–59.
10. Saunders, JB, Hao, W, Long, J, King, DL, Mann, K, Fauth-Bühler, M, et al. Gaming disorder: its delineation as an important condition for diagnosis, management, and prevention. J Behav Addict. (2017) 6:271–9. doi: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.039
11. Kim, NR, Hwang, SS-H, Choi, J-S, Kim, D-J, Demetrovics, Z, Király, O, et al. Characteristics and psychiatric symptoms of internet gaming disorder among adults using self-reported DSM-5 criteria. Psychiatry Investig. (2016) 13:58–66. doi: 10.4306/pi.2016.13.1.58
12. Zamani, E, Kheradmand, A, Cheshmi, M, Abedi, A, and Hedayati, N. Comparing the social skills of students addicted to computer games with normal students. Addict Health. (2010) 2:59–65.
13. Gaming in Turkey-Oyun ve Spor Ajansı. (2020). Türkiye oyun sektörü raporu. Available at: https://www.gaminginturkey.com/turkiye-oyun-sektoru-raporu-2019.pdf
14. Ünübol, H., and Sayar, G. H. TURBAHAR-Türkiye Bağımlılık Risk Profili Ve Ruh Sağlığı Haritası Proje Sonuç Raporu. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Yayınları. (2019).
15. Şimşek, E, and Yılmaz, TK. Türkiye’de yürütülen dijital oyun bağımlılığı çalışmalarındaki yöntem ve sonuçların sistematik incelemesi. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi. (2020) 28:1851–66. doi: 10.24106/kefdergi.3920
16. Peters, MDJ, Godfrey, CM, Khalil, H, McInerney, P, Parker, D, and Soares, CB. Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews. JBI Evid Implement. (2015) 13:141–6. doi: 10.1097/XEB.0000000000000050
17. Göymen, R, and Tuncay, A. Akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ve oyun bağımlılığı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Online J Technol Addict Cyberbullying. (2019) 6:36–52.
18. Güvendi, B, Demir, GT, and Keskin, B. Ortaokul öğrencilerinde dijital oyun bağımlılığı ve saldırganlık. OPUS Int J Soc Res. (2019) 11:1194–217. doi: 10.26466/opus.547092
19. Taş, İ, and Güneş, Z. 8-12 yaş arası çocuklarda bilgisayar oyun bağımlılığı, aleksitimi, sosyal anksiyete, yaş ve cinsiyetin incelenmesi. Derg Klin Psikiyatri. (2019) 22:83–92. doi: 10.5505/kpd.2018.17894
20. Kılıç, KM. Ergenlerde dijital oyun bağımlılığı, zorbalık bilişleri ve empati düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiler. İlköğretim Online (Elektronik). (2019) 18:549–62. doi: 10.17051/ilkonline.2019.562015
21. Taş, İ., and Sevinç, H. Çocuklarda aleksitimi, bilgisayar oyun bağımlılığı ve empatik eğilim arasındaki ilişki: bir yapısal eşitlik modellemesi. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi. (2019) 6:271–288. doi: 10.31682/ayna.518450
22. Bedir, D, Erhan, SE, and Akkuş, Y. Bilgisayar Oyun Bağımlılığı Sporcuların Psikolojik Becerilerini Etkiler Mi? Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. (2019) 21:40–9.
23. Baysan, Ç, Eş, AÇ, and Tezer, M. Ergenlerin dijital oyun bağımlılığının okulda öznel iyi oluş açısından incelenmesi. Anadolu Psikiyatr Derg. (2019) 20:17–20. doi: 10.5455/apd.302644849
24. Orman, NK, and Arıcak, OT. Aşırı dijital oyun oynama davranışında anne tutumu ve benlik kontrolünün etkisi. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri ve Psikoloji Dergisi. (2019) 1:40–2. doi: 10.35365/ctjpp.19.special1.11
25. Tanrıverdi, M, and Yekelenga, S. Genç Yetişkinlerde Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığının Sağlıklı Yaşam Parametreleri Üzerine Etkisi. Bağımlılık Dergisi. (2019) 20:224–31.
26. Taş, İ. Ergenlerde İnternette Amaçsız Gezinme ile Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı Arasındaki İlişki: Anksiyetenin Aracı Etkisi. Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. (2019):335–350.
27. Yalaki, Z, and Taşar, MA. Ergenlerde çevrimiçi oyun oynama özellikleri akran zorbalığına yol açıyor mu? Ege Tıp Dergisi. (2019) 58:336–43. doi: 10.19161/etd.660982
28. Yeşildal, M, Dömbekci, HA, and Erişen, MA. Çevirimiçi Oyun Bağımlılığı Ve Saldırganlık Üzerine Bir Araştırma A Research On Onlıne Gamıng Addıctıon And Aggressıon. Journal. (2019) 12.
29. Hazar, Z. Investigation of the relationship between self-efficacy belief levels and digital game dependence of children who do and who do not do sports Spor yapan ve yapmayan çocukların dijital oyun bağımlılığı ile öz yeterlik inanç düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. J Hum Sci. (2019b) 16:315–25. doi: 10.14687/jhs.v16i1.5663
30. Korkmaz, Ö, and Korkmaz, Ö. Ortaokul öğrencilerinin oyun bağımlılık düzeyleri, oyun alışkanlıkları ve tercihleri. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. (2019) 20:798–812. doi: 10.17679/inuefd.505200
31. Can, HC, and Demir, GT. Sporcuların ve e-spor oyuncularının dijital oyun bağımlılığı ve dijital oyun bağımlılığına ilişkin farkındalık düzeyleri. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. (2020) 5:364–84. doi: 10.31680/gaunjss.770600
32. Soyöz-Semerci, ÖU, and Balcı, EV. Lise öğrencilerinde dijital oyun bağımlılığı üzerine bir alan araştırması: Uşak örneği. J Humanit Tourism Res. (2020) 10:538–67. doi: 10.14230/johut869
33. Hazar, K, Özpolat, Z, and Hazar, Z. Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı Düzeylerinin Çeşitli Değişkenlere Göre İncelenmesi (Niğde İli Örneği). SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. (2020) 18:225–34. doi: 10.33689/spormetre.647313
34. Dinçer, B, and Kolan, Hİ. Ortaokul öğrencilerinin bilgisayar oyun bağımlılığı düzeyleri ile sorumluluk davranışı arasındaki ilişki. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi. (2020) 28:2319–30. doi: 10.24106/kefdergi.833550
35. Sallayici, Z, and Yöndem, Z. Çocuklarda bilgisayar oyun bağımlılığı düzeyi ile davranış problemleri arasındaki ilişki. Bağımlılık Dergisi. (2020) 21:13–23.
36. Aksel, N, and Enver, S. Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı, Öz Denetimi ve Sosyal Eğilimleri. Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi. (2020) 10:436–44.
37. Gökbulut, B. Ortaokul öğrencilerinin akran zorbalığı ve dijital oyun bağımlılığı arasındaki ilişki. Karaelmas Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi. (2020) 8:89–100.
38. Aksoy, AB, and Bursa, GY. Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Bilgisayar Oyun Bağımlılığı İle Benlik Algıları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. (2020) 56:206–26. doi: 10.21764/maeuefd.605304
39. Baysak, E, Yertutanol, FDK, Şahiner, İV, and Candansayar, S. Çevrimiçi oyun oynayanların sosyodemografik özellikleri ve oyun bağımlılığının bazı psikososyal etmenlerle ilişkisi. Derg Klin Psikiyatri. (2020) 23:196–203. doi: 10.5505/kpd.2020.10337
40. Çevık, C, Örsal, Ö, Cığercı, Y, and Özyürek, P. İlköğretim 3. ve 4. Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Bilgisayar Oyun Bağımlılığı ile Şiddete Eğilimleri Arasındaki İlişki•. Koç Üniversitesi Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi. (2020) 17:322–7. doi: 10.5222/HEAD.2020.76259
41. Cengiz, S, Peker, A, and Demiralp, C. Djital Oyun Bağımlılığının Yordayıcısı Olarak Mutluluk. Online Journal of Technology Addiction and Cyberbullying. (2020) 7:21–34.
42. Talan, T, and Kalınkara, Y. Ortaokul öğrencilerinin dijital oyun oynama eğilimlerinin ve bilgisayar oyun bağımlılık düzeylerinin incelenmesi: Malatya ili örneği. J Instruct Technol Teach Educ. (2020) 9:1–13.
43. Tutar, Ö. F., Kırtepe, A., and Nacar, E. Spor bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin bilgisayar oyun bağımlılığı düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Turkish Studies - Social. (2020) 15:3197–3206. doi: 10.47356/TurkishStudies.46080
44. Küçük, Y, and Çakır, R. Ortaokul öğrencilerinin dijital oyun bağımlılıklarının çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Turk J Primary Educ. (2020) 5:133–54.
45. Arıkan, G, and Öztürk, A. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu Öğrencilerinin Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi (Güneydoğu Anadolu Örneği). Spor Eğitim Dergisi. (2020) 4:157–68.
46. Eyimaya, AÖ, Uğur, S, Sezer, TA, and Tezel, A. İlkokul dördüncü sınıf öğrencilerinde dijital oyun bağımlılığının uyku ve diğer bazı değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. J Turk Sleep Med. (2020) 2:83–90. doi: 10.4274/jtsm.galenos.2020.30502
47. Temiz, E, Korkmaz, Ö, and Çakır, R. Meslek lisesi öğrencilerinin dijital oyun bağımlılıklarının, akıllı telefon ve bilgisayar bağımlılıkları çerçevesinde incelenmesi. Türkiye Bilimsel Araştırmalar Dergisi. (2020) 5:117–33.
48. Seval, A, and Gültekin, M. Bilgisayar Oyun Bağımlılığının Ailedeki Koruyucu Etkenler ve Kişisel Özellikler Açısından İncelenmesi. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. (2020) 9:1508–20. doi: 10.33206/mjss.592332
49. Lermi, U, and Nüket, A. Ortaokul Öğrencilerinde Bilgisayar Oyun Bağımlılığının Ebeveyn Davranışları Açısından İncelenmesi. İZÜ Eğitim Dergisi. (2020) 2:122–36. doi: 10.46423/izujed.749654
50. Akkaya, FH, Tutgun-Ünal, A, and Tarhan, N. Y Kuşağının Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığının İncelenmesi. Online J Technol Addict Cyberbull. (2020) 8:1–22.
51. Kestane, M, and İlgar, MZ. İlköğretim Çağındaki Öğrencilerin Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığının Bazı Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi. Biruni Sağlık ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi (BSEBD). (2020).
52. Öztürk, İŞ, and Dalaman, O. İlkokul Öğrencilerinin Bilgisayar Oyun Bağımlılık Düzeylerinin Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi. J Hist School (JOHS). (2020) 49:4148–69. doi: 10.29228/Joh.45501
53. Kostak, MA, and Kocaaslan, ENUR. Hastanede Yatarak Tedavi Gören 6-12 Yaş Çocuklarda Bilgisayar Oyunları Bağımlılık Düzeyleri•. Koç Üniversitesi Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi. (2020) 17:231–7. doi: 10.5222/HEAD.2020.68736
54. Canseven, A, Nalçakan, GR, Varol, R, and Saracaloğlu, AS. Çocukların Dijital Bağımlılığı ile Bazı Koordinatif ve Kondisyonel Yetileri Arasındaki İlişkisi. Int J Sport Exerc Train Sci (IJSETS). (2020) 7:127–37. doi: 10.18826/useeabd.1016613
55. Gülbetekin, E, Güven, E, and Tuncel, O. Adolesanların Dijital oyun bağımlılığı ile fiziksel aktivite tutum ve davranışlarını etkileyen faktörler. Bağımlılık Dergisi. (2021) 22:148–60. doi: 10.51982/bagimli.866578
56. Yeliz, S, Yayan, YÖ, and Yayan, EH. COVİD-19 Sürecinde Çocukların Oyun Bağımlılığı Düzeylerinin Uyku ve Akademik Başarılarına Etkisi. Bağımlılık Dergisi. (2021) 22:447–54. doi: 10.51982/bagimli.930996
57. Özcan, K, and Çelik, SB. Motivasyonel görüşme tekniğine dayalı psiko-eğitim programının lise öğrencilerinin çevrimiçi oyun bağımlılığı düzeylerine etkisi. Ondokuz Mayis Univ J Educ Faculty. (2021) 40:257–74. doi: 10.7822/omuefd.759822
58. Hazar, Z, and Ekici, F. Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı ile Zorbalık Bilişleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. (2021) 26:1–15.
59. Orak, ME, Hanifi, Ü, and Yılmaz, E. Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi. (2021) 6:279–92. doi: 10.25307/jssr.961293
60. Şahin, D, and Kahraman, ÖG. Okul Dönemi Çocuklarının Bilgisayar Oyun Bağımlılığı İle Davranış Problemleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Milli Eğitim Dergisi. (2021) 50:13–28. doi: 10.37669/milliegitim.682086
61. Marufoğlu, S, and Kutlutürk, S. Ortaokul öğrencilerinde dijital oyun bağımlılığının fiziksel aktivite ve uyku alışkanlıklarına etkisi. Bağımlılık Dergisi. (2021) 22:114–22. doi: 10.51982/bagimli.817756
62. Çakır, Y, and Turan, N. Adölesanlarda Teknolojik Oyun Bağımlılığı İle Karakter Gelişimi Arasındaki İlişki. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. (2021) 13:270–80. doi: 10.18863/pgy.986936
63. Ayla, K. Adölesanlarda Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığının Mutluluk ve Yaşamın Anlamına Etkisi. Bağımlılık Dergisi. (2021) 22:297–304. doi: 10.51982/bagimli.902685
64. Özdemir, M, and Karaboğa, MT. Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Dijital Oyun Bağımlılıkları ve Sosyal Eğilimleri/Middle School Students’ Digital Game Addictions and Social Tendencies. E-Uluslararası Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi. (2021) 12:17–35.
65. Karataş, B. Pandemi Sürecinde Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin Dijital Oyun Bağımlılıklarının İncelenmesi. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. (2021) 23:195–207.
66. Kaymak, EH, Birgin, FN, Tekeli, G, Gökçe, KÜT, Akgün, H, Bakla, H, et al. Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Öğrencilerinde Çevrimiçi Oyun Bağımlılığının Stres, Anksiyete, Depresyon ve Başarı Üzerine Etkisi. Batı Karadeniz Tıp Dergisi. (2021) 5:33–43. doi: 10.29058/mjwbs.835101
67. İçen, B, and Uysal, G. İlköğretim birinci kademe öğrencilerinin sanal oyun bağımlılık düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. Mersin Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. (2021) 14:532–44. doi: 10.26559/mersinsbd.856867
68. Yağci, A, and Yalaki, Z. Ergenlerde Çevrimiçi Oyun Bağımlılığının Algılanan Stres Düzeyi ve Algılanan Sosyal Destek ile Arasındaki İlişki. Çocuk Dergisi. (2021) 21:166–74. doi: 10.26650/jchild.2021.2.892293
69. Sezgin, E, Ekiz, MA, and Sevim, KIR. Genç ve Yetişkinlerde Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığına İlişkin Farkındalık Düzeyi. Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. (2021) 2:87–97.
70. Oğuz, KOÇ, Boduroğlu, E, Gezici, S, and Ekinay, H. Niğde İli Ortaokul ve Lise Öğrencileri Oyun Bağımlılık Düzeylerinin Demografik Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi. Turkish Journal of. Educ Stud. (2021) 8:26–46. doi: 10.33907/turkjes.773027
71. Arzu, K. Ergenlerde Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığının Bazı Sosyodemografik Değişkenlere Göre İncelenmesi. Yeni Medya Elektronik Dergisi. (2021) 6:1–12. doi: 10.17932/IAU.EJNM.25480200.2022/ejnm_v6i1001
72. İbrahim, TAŞ, Karacaoğlu, D, Akpınar, İ, and Yasemin, TAŞ. Ergenlerde Aile Yaşam Doyumu ile Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Online J Technol Addict Cyberbull. (2022) 9:28–42.
73. Yavuz, O, and Çınar, SE. Ergenlerde İnternette Oyun Bağımlılığı Düzeyi ve Algılanan Sosyal Destek Arasındaki İlişkide Oyun Süresinin ve İşlevsel Olmayan İnanışın Aracı Rolü. Bağımlılık Dergisi. (2022) 23:1–60. doi: 10.51982/bagimli.969479
74. Tuncay, B, and Göger, B. Ergenlerde Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı ve Uyku Kalitesi Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. J Turk Sleep Med. (2022) 9:79–84. doi: 10.4274/jtsm.galenos.2021.52207
75. Aküzüm, C, Baran, E, and Çelebi, S. Okul Öncesi Dönemde Ebeveyn Tutumları ile Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı Eğilimi Arasındaki İlişki. Electronic Turkish Studies. (2022) 17:427–58. doi: 10.7827/TurkishStudies.61958
76. Kavlak, M, Sarılır, Aİ, and Tönbol, B. Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı Yalnızlığı Tetikler Mi? Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Ereğli Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. (2022) 4:1–13. doi: 10.51119/ereegf.2022.18
77. Duran, E. Covid-19 Döneminde Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Oyun Bağımlılığı, Kişilik Özellikleri ve Stresle Başaçıkma Tarzları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Int Soc Mentality Res Thinkers J. (2022) 60:988–94. doi: 10.29228/smryj.62252
78. Aslan, H, Başcıllar, M, and Karataş, K. Ergenlerde Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı ile Sosyal Beceriler Arasındaki İlişki. Bağımlılık Dergisi. (2022) 23:1. doi: 10.51982/bagimli.1033761
79. Üstündağ, A. Çocukların Sosyal Medya, Akıllı Telefon ve Oyun Bağımlılığı Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Bağımlılık Dergisi. (2022) 23:1. doi: 10.51982/bagimli.955243
80. Gürsu, O, and Özçelik, MF. Ergenlik Döneminde Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı Ve Dindarlık İlişkisi. Çukurova Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (ÇÜİFD). (2022) 22:199–216. doi: 10.30627/cuilah.1092685
81. Deniz, G, Aydın, S, and Odabaş, D. Ankara İl Merkezindeki Ortaokul ve Lise Öğrencilerinin Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı ve Anne Baba Tutumlarının İncelenmesi. Halk Sağlığı Hemşireliği Dergisi. (2022) 4:43–55. doi: 10.54061/jphn.1045517
82. Dag, YS, Yayan, YO, and Yayan, EH. Cocuklarin Bilgisayar Oyun Bagimliliklari: Kronotip Uyku/computer game addictions of children: Chronotype sleep. J Turk Sleep Med. (2022) 9:73–8. doi: 10.4274/jtsm.galenos.2021.83703
83. Bingöl, T, and Halime, E. Ergenlerde Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığının Boş Zaman Can Sıkıntısı Tarafından Yordanması. Trakya Eğitim Dergisi. (2022) 12:110–8. doi: 10.24315/tred.876441
84. Kayhan, O, and Sabah, S. Sedanter ve Spor Yapan Öğrencilerin Dijital Oyun Bağımlılık Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. Amasya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. (2022) 11:111–20.
85. Aksu, MH, Yığman, F, and Ekici, E. İnternette Oyun Oynama Bozukluğu Belirtileri Olan Genç Erişkinlerde Agresyon ve Başa Çıkma Stratejileri. Sağlık Bilimlerinde Değer. (2022) 12:199–202. doi: 10.33631/sabd.1108620
86. Horzum, MB, Ayas, T, and Balta Çakir, Ö. Çocuklar için bilgisayar oyun bağımlılığı ölçeği. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi. (2008) 3:76–88.
87. Hazar, Z, and Hazar, M. Digital Game Addiction Scale for Children Çocuklar İçin Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı Ölçeği. J Hum Sci. (2017) 14:203–16. doi: 10.14687/jhs.v14i1.4387
88. Yalçın Irmak, A, and Erdoğan, S. Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı Ölçeği Türkçe formunun geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği. Anatol J Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg. (2015) 16:10–18. doi: 10.5455/apd.170337
89. Ilgaz, H. Ergenler için oyun bağımlılığı ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlama çalışması. İlköğretim Online. (2015) 14:874–84. doi: 10.17051/io.2015.75608
90. Kaya, AB. Çevrimiçi oyun bağımlılığı ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması (Master’s thesis, Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü). (2013).
91. Arıcak, OT, Dinç, M, Yay, M, and Griffiths, MD. İnternet oyun oynama bozukluğu ölçeği kısa formunun (İOOBÖ9-KF) Türkçe geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Addicta Turkish J Addictions. (2018) 5:615–36. doi: 10.15805/addicta.2019.6.1.0027
92. Akın, A, Usta, F, Başa, E, and Özçelik, B. Oyun bağımlılığı ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. (2016) 20:223–32.
93. Bell, V, Bishop, DVM, and Przybylski, AK. The debate over digital technology and young people. BMJ. (2015) 351:h3064. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h3064
94. Dahl, D, and Bergmark, KH. Persistence in problematic internet use—a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Sociol. (2020) 5:30. doi: 10.3389/fsoc.2020.00030
95. King, D, and Delfabbro, P. Internet Gaming Disorder: Theory, Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention. Cambridge, MA: Elsevier Academic Press (2018).
96. Aziz, N, Nordin, MJ, Abdulkadir, SJ, and Salih, MMM. Digital addiction: systematic review of computer game addiction impact on adolescent physical health. Electronics. (2021) 10:996. doi: 10.3390/electronics10090996
97. Hazar, Z. An analysis of the relationship between digital game playing motivation and digital game addiction among children. Asian J Educ Train. (2019a) 5:31–8. doi: 10.20448/journal.522.2019.51.31.38
98. Rosendo-Rios, V, Trott, S, and Shukla, P. Systematic literature review online gaming addiction among children and young adults: a framework and research agenda. Addict Behav. (2022) 129:107238. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107238
99. Mathews, CL, Morrell, HER, and Molle, JE. Video game addiction, ADHD symptomatology, and video game reinforcement. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. (2019) 45:67–76. doi: 10.1080/00952990.2018.1472269
100. Safarina, N, and Halimah, L. Self-control and online game addiction in early adult gamers. J Phys Conf Ser. (2019) 1375:012094. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1375/1/012094
101. Stockdale, L, and Coyne, SM. Video game addiction in emerging adulthood: cross-sectional evidence of pathology in video game addicts as compared to matched healthy controls. J Affect Disord. (2018) 225:265–72. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.045
102. Kupper, LL, and Hafner, KB. How appropriate are popular sample size formulas? Am Stat. (1989) 43:101–5.
103. Chang, E, and Kim, B. School and individual factors on game addiction: a multilevel analysis. Int J Psychol. (2020) 55:822–31. doi: 10.1002/ijop.12645
104. Galán, JG, Pérez, CL, and López, JÁM. Exploratory study on video game addiction of college students in a pandemic scenario. J New Approach Educ Res. (2021) 10:330–46. doi: 10.7821/naer.2021.7.750
105. Zhao, H, Li, X, Zhou, J, Nie, Q, and Zhou, J. The relationship between bullying victimization and online game addiction among Chinese early adolescents: the potential role of meaning in life and gender differences. Child Youth Serv Rev. (2020) 116:105261. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105261
106. Moge, CE, and Romano, DM. Contextualising video game engagement and addiction in mental health: the mediating roles of coping and social support. Heliyon. (2020) 6:e05340. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05340
Keywords: game addiction, digital game addiction, internet game addiction, online game addiction, systematic review
Citation: Boz C and Dinç M (2023) Examination of game addiction studies conducted in Turkey: A systematic review study. Front. Psychiatry 14:1014621. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1014621
Edited by:
Chang Qi, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, ChinaReviewed by:
Sherien Khalil, Ain Shams University, EgyptBekir Car, Council of Higher Education, Türkiye
Copyright © 2023 Boz and Dinç. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Canahmet Boz, canahmet.boz@hku.edu.tr