Association Between White Blood Cells at Baseline and Treatment Failure of MTX for Ectopic Pregnancy
Si Chen
Xiao-Feng Chen
Pin Qiu2† 
Jie Gao- 1The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- 2Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate white blood cell (WBC) count as a risk factor related to methotrexate (MTX) treatment failure in patients with ectopic pregnancy (EP).
Methods: A total of 236 women diagnosed with EP and treated with a single dose of MTX were included. The exposure variable was WBC count at baseline, and the outcome was MTX treatment outcome. Both a multivariate binary logistics regression model and subgroup analysis were performed to evaluate the association between WBC and MTX non-response.
Results: WBC count was associated with the risk of treatment failure, and the odds ratio (OR) in different multivariate models was stable [minimally adjusted model: OR 1.2, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0–1.3, p = 0.008; fully adjusted model: OR 1.2, 95% CI: 1.0–1.4, p = 0.026]. For WBCs in group T3 (>8.9 × 109/L), the association between WBC count and treatment failure was significant (minimally adjusted model: OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.0–3.8, p = 0.050; fully adjusted model: OR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.1–5.6, p = 0.034). Subgroup analysis showed that in participants with regular menstruation (OR 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0–1.3), WBC count was significantly different from irregular menstruation (OR 1.8, 95% CI: 1.2–2.8); p for interaction was 0.031.
Conclusions: We found a reliable and non-linear relationship between WBC count and MTX treatment failure for EP.
Introduction
Ectopic pregnancy (EP) refers to the implantation of fertilized eggs outside the uterine cavity. Based on the 2018 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) guidelines, EP occurs in about 2% of all pregnancies and causes 2.7% of all pregnancy-related deaths (1). It is one of the main causes of hemorrhagic shock and death in pregnant women (2). With the recent increase in reproductive tract infections, tubal surgery, and assisted reproductive technology, EP has shown a progressive increase that imposes not only an economic burden but also a psychological burden on individuals, families, and society. Treatments for EP mainly include surgery and drug therapy. Compared with surgical treatment, drug therapy has the advantages of avoiding surgical complications and iatrogenic trauma as well as preserving the fallopian tubes (FT) to offer a higher chance of conception for those with fertility requirements. Drug therapy is a non-invasive, effective, safe, and low-cost therapeutic method (3). The common therapeutic drug for EP is methotrexate (MTX) (1); however, the success rate of MTX treatment in EP fluctuates between 65 and 95% (4–6). Failure of treatment can lead to rupture of the ectopic mass, rapid and continuous bleeding, and even life-threatening shock. Therefore, it is still necessary to find a predictive factor for MTX treatment, so that clinicians can evaluate the condition of EP patients more accurately and comprehensively and therefore choose more suitable treatment options for patients, in order to avoid the occurrence of critical conditions.
Infection is a substantial risk factor for EP. Histological and molecular studies have demonstrated that inflammation occurs at the site of EP (7). A previous study also indicated that inflammation-related indicators are significantly higher in patients with EP than in those with a normal intrauterine pregnancy during the same period (8).
Some studies have also found an association between inflammation-related indicators and treatment. Several inflammation-related indicators can be related to the efficacy of MTX, such as neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet–lymphocyte ratio (PLR), platelet distribution width (PDW), platelet mean volume (MPV), and platelet count (PLT) (9–11). White blood cell (WBC) count, as the most common and important test index for evaluating inflammation in clinical practice, is often measured for each patient on the first day of admission. This study set out to address the association between WBC count and the efficacy of MTX in the treatment of ectopic pregnancy because current data are sparse and conflicting. Furthermore, due to the Third Child Policy in China, the incidence of ectopic pregnancies is likely to rise; however, there has been a lack of relevant analysis based on Chinese population data to assess the association between inflammatory-related indicators and the efficacy of MTX for EP treatment.
We therefore performed a retrospective cohort study at the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Province, China, aiming to estimate the association between baseline WBC counts and the MTX treatment outcome in EP patients and to investigate whether WBC count could be a potential predictive factor for MTX treatment outcome.
Materials and Methods
Study Participants
This retrospective cohort study based on 236 patients was conducted at the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, China, from June 2016 to February 2019. The ethics committee approved the study [Approval No. ZYYECK (2018)157]. Baseline demographic characteristics were documented in the electronic record system (EDC). The diagnostic criteria of EP were based on the ACOG guidelines (1).
The inclusion and exclusion criteria in the study were as follows. Specific inclusion criteria are as follows: (1) all patients presented with vaginal bleeding or abdominal pain during early pregnancy; (2) serum β-HCG values of the patients were <4,500 IU/l; (3) transvaginal ultrasound may have identified EP but not intrauterine pregnancy. When an intrauterine or ectopic pregnancy was not identified, serial serum β-HCG measurements were performed to identify EP; (4) patients had an unruptured mass and stable hemodynamics; (5) patients who selected MTX treatment were informed of the precautions, and they closely adhered to the advice given. Exclusion criteria were (1) unstable hemodynamics; (2) patients preferred surgical management or expectant management; (3) patients were diagnosed with non-tubal pregnancy; (4) those treated with a double dose of MTX; and (5) absolute contraindications to MTX treatment, including intrauterine pregnancy, testimony of immunodeficiency, anemia of moderate to severe extent, thrombocytopenia or leukopenia, allergy to MTX, active peptic ulcer, active lung disease, hepatic dysfunction, renal dysfunction, and breastfeeding.
Measurement of WBC Count
Baseline WBC counts of all patients as measured on the day of hospitalization were considered as the exposure variable. Baseline WBC count was taken as a continuous variable and categorical variable (tertile), while aiming to evaluate a stable connection between WBC count and MTX treatment of EP. We collected 2 ml of venous blood from each patient and placed it in an EDTA-containing anticoagulant tube. The blood samples were delivered to the hospital laboratory and analyzed by an automatic hematology analyzer (BM831, Baolingman Sunshine Technology Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, China).
Outcome Variable Definition
MTX treatment failure was considered as the outcome variable. According to the ACOG guidelines (1), MXT treatment failure was defined as serum β-HCG levels that plateaued or increased between day 4 and day 7, or the patients presented with acute abdominal pain, drop in blood pressure, or even shock because of a ruptured ectopic pregnancy mass when admitted for emergency surgery.
Other Covariates in the Study
The inclusion standard of covariates for fully adjusted model performance was based on previous studies regarding the risk factors of MTX treatment failure with EP (12–17). Consequently, the following covariates were included in this study: age, BMI, smoking history, gravidity, history of spontaneous abortion, history of infertility, history of ectopic pregnancy, history of pelvic inflammation, gestational age, abdominal, vaginal bleeding, baseline β-HCG, neutrophils percentage (NEU%), hemoglobin (HGB), platelets (PLT), ectopic mass size, pelvic effusion, and the presence of yolk sac.
Treatment Protocol
Based on the relevant clinical guidelines (1), patients included in this study received MTX treatment in a single-dose protocol; the dose was an intramuscular injection of 50 mg/m2 of body surface area. The day when EP patients received MTX was considered as day 1. In order to evaluate the condition, serum β-HCG levels were measured on day 4 and day 7, and the ultrasound was performed on day 7.
Statistical Analysis
We compared variables between the successful treatment group and the failure group. Categorical variables were shown as a percentage. In this study, one-way ANOVA was used to determine any statistical differences between the means and proportions of the groups; the Kruskal–Wallis H test was used for skewed distribution; and the chi-square test was used for categorical variables. Moreover, univariate linear regression model was performed to assess the association between WBC count and MTX treatment failure in EP. In addition, as described in the STROBE statement (18), we performed non-adjusted and multivariate adjusted models simultaneously to assess the association between WBC count and MTX treatment failure. According to the guidelines, covariates which were included in the model met the following requirement: the matched odds ratio changed by at least 10% when adding the covariants in the model (19). Furthermore, subgroup analysis was performed using hierarchical linear regression models. Interactions and modifications of subgroups were assessed by the likelihood ratio test. All analyses were performed using the statistical software packages R and EmpowerStats (http://www.empowerstats.com/cn/). p < 0.05 (two-sided) was regarded statistically important.
Results
Patient Selection
A total of 989 patients diagnosed with EP were initially included in this study. Among them, 442 patients treated with surgery and 267 patients treated with expectant management were excluded. Among the remaining 280 patients, we excluded 44 patients because 30 patients were treated with double-dose MTX and 14 patients lacked relevant clinical data. Consequently, 236 patients met the inclusion and exclusion criteria of this study and were included as participants (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Study flowchart. This figure shows the procedure of patient selection.
Baseline Characteristics of Participants
The baseline characteristics of patients with EP are shown in Table 1. We compared baseline characteristics among the treatment success group and failure group and found that there were no statistically significant differences in age, BMI, gestational age, days of vaginal bleeding, days of abdominal pain, NEU%, HGB, PLT, ectopic mass size, pelvic effusion, gravidity, history of natural abortion, history of ectopic pregnancy, regular menstruation, or history of infertility. Compared with the treatment success group, patients had a significantly higher log10 baseline β-HCG, incidence of history of pelvic inflammation, and the presence of a yolk sac.
Table 1. Baseline characteristics of participants.
Univariate Analysis
The results of univariate analysis are shown in Table 2. These results showed that WBC count (OR: 1.2, 95% CI:1.0–1.3), history of pelvic inflammation (OR: 5.3, 95% CI:2.7–10.4), HCG (OR: 1.0, 95% CI:1.0–1.0), and presence of yolk sac (OR: 2.8, 95% CI:1.3–6.0) were risk factors of MTX treatment failure in EP patients. We also found that age, BMI, gravidity, history of natural abortion, history of ectopic pregnancy, history of infertility, menstrual regularity, gestational age, days of vaginal bleeding, days of abdominal pain, NEU%, HGB, PLT, ectopic mass size, and pelvic effusion were not associated with treatment failure.
Table 2. Results of univariate analysis.
Results of the Unadjusted and Adjusted Models
A univariate linear regression model was used to assess the associations between WBC count and MTX treatment failure. Consequently, we performed the crude, minimally adjusted, and fully adjusted models shown in Table 3. In the crude model, WBC count showed a positive association with treatment failure (β = 1.2, 95% CI: 1.0–1.3, p = 0.012). In the minimally adjusted model (adjusted age and BMI), the result was similar (β = 1.2, 95% CI: 1.0–1.3, p = 0.008). Furthermore, after adjustment of more covariants, including age, BMI, history of natural abortion, menstrual regularity, history of pelvic inflammation, PLT, and yolk sac, the association was still stable (β = 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1–1.4, p = 0.006).
Table 3. Relationship between WBC count and MTX treatment failure in different models.
To perform a sensitivity analysis, we transformed WBC count to a categorical variable (tertile). It should be noted that with patients in the highest tertile of baseline WBC count (>8.9 × 109/l), a significant effect was observed between an increase in WBCs and MTX treatment failure (crude model: β = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.0–3.7, p = 0.042; minimal model: β = 2.0, 95% CI: 1.0–3.8, p = 0.050; fully adjusted model: β = 2.2, 95% CI: 1.1–5.6; p = 0.034). When patients' WBCs were under 8.9 × 109/l, the association was not significant. The trend of WBCs in different adjustment strategies demonstrated that this was an independent risk factor for MTX treatment failure in EP. Furthermore, when WBCs were >8.9 × 109/l (T3 group), the increased WBC count was associated with a poor MTX treatment outcome.
Results of Subgroup Analysis
In this study, we also performed a subgroup analysis as displayed in Table 4 and Tree View as displayed in Figure 2. Subgroup analyses were performed by age (<30, ≥30 years), BMI (<23, ≥23), history of natural abortion, menstrual regularity, history of pelvic inflammation, yolk sac, and serum β-HCG (<1,500 IU/l, ≥1,500 IU/l). We found that the p-value of interaction was significant for menstrual regularity (p for interaction = 0.003). The p-values for interaction were not significant for age, BMI, history of natural abortion, menstrual regularity, history of pelvic inflammation, yolk sac, and β-HCG (p for interaction = 0.194, 0.965, 0.224, 0.552, 0.708, and 0.501). We further observed the interaction between menstrual regularity and WBC count. In patients with irregular menstruation, OR was 1.8 (1.2–2.8), while in patients with menstrual regularity, OR was 1.1 (1.0–1.3). OR values between regular and irregular menstruation were significantly different (as detected by the log-likelihood ratio test).
Table 4. Results of subgroup analysis and interaction analysis.
Figure 2. Tree View of subgroup analysis of WBC count and MTX treatment failure the tree diagram displays the results of subgroup analysis. It indicates that the test for interaction was significant for menstrual regularity (p for interaction = 0.031). In EP patients with regular menstruation, OR was 1.1 (1.0–1.3). In patients with irregular menstruation, OR was 1.8 (1.2–2.8). p for interaction was not significant in age, BMI, history of natural abortion, history of pelvic inflammation, yolk sac, and baseline HCG.
Discussion
This retrospective cohort study revealed an association between WBC count and MTX treatment failure with EP, after adjustment of potential covariants, showing that WBC count was an independent risk factor for MTX treatment failure in EP. Moreover, when converting WBC count into a categorical variable, its association with poor MTX treatment outcome still existed in group T3 (>8.9 × 109/l). This indicated that the association was non-linear, which is the highlight of the current study. In addition, we further performed subgroup analysis and found a significant interactive effect of menstrual regularity (p = 0.03).
These findings may have a positive impact on the early prediction of MTX efficacy in the treatment of EP. A WBC count and a routine checkup on admission should enable clinicians to choose more appropriate treatment options for patients with EP, thus avoiding serious complications and unnecessary economic loses.
Studies regarding associations between WBC counts and EP treatment outcome were previously limited and conflicting. We conducted a PubMed search simultaneously using “[(white blood cell [All Fields]) OR (leukocytes)] AND (ectopic pregnancy) AND (treatment).” Fifty-five related studies were retrieved from the database as of October 2020. Among these studies, only one was related to our study, which was inconsistent with our findings. The latter study (n = 153) suggested that there was no statistically significant difference in WBC counts between the MTX treatment group and the surgical treatment group (20). However, there were several disadvantages to this research, which led to the unreliability of the outcome. For example, the researchers conducted univariate analysis (Kruskal–Wallis test) which showed no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of WBCs; in addition, there were no further multivariate analyses or adjustment of any covariants. Moreover, the lack of statistical significance in univariate analysis did not truly reflect the effect of WBC count, which may have been masked by the effects of other variables.
In the current study, we not only adjusted the potential covariants reported in the previous related studies that may affect MTX treatment outcome but also converted WBC count into a categorical variable and found that WBCs in the T3 group (>8.9 × 109/l) were positively associated with poor MTX treatment outcome. Furthermore, according to the STROBE statement (18), aiming to make better use of data to reveal the underlying truth, we performed subgroup analysis and found an interaction effect on menstrual regularity. This suggested that clinicians should pay more attention to the levels of WBCs in patients with irregular menstruation.
Other inflammation-related serological indicators were found to be associated with treatment of EP. Cekmez et al. (11) report that MPV and NLR levels were higher in a successful MTX treatment group than in a failure group, suggesting that higher MPV and NLR are protective factors for success with single-dose MTX treatment. Kanmaz et al. (9) report that NLR could be used to evaluate the success of single-dose MTX administration in treating EP. Another study (9) found that both the levels of NLR and PLR were significantly higher in an FT rupture group compared with the levels of NLR and PLR in a non-rupture EP group, which suggests that inflammation markers are predictors for the risk of FT rupture. These previous studies only conducted univariate analysis while potential confounding factors were not taken into consideration. We consider that, compared to these previous studies, our study adhered more strictly to the STROBE guidelines (21). Furthermore, because we performed logistic regression analysis using WBC count as a continuous variable and categorical variable, and also performed a subgroup analysis, our results are comparatively more accurate.
EP is caused by the retention of embryos in the FT owing to impaired embryo-FT transport and alteration in the FT environment which allows an embryo to implant (22). Inflammation is one of the most important factors to affect tubal transport and the tubal microenvironment (23, 24). According to several studies, inflammation changes the molecular signals from FT tissues, induces pro-inflammatory phenotypes, induces the upregulation of cytokines that promote embryo receptivity, and provides many preimplantation signals that are recognized by blocked embryos, which results in EP (22, 25). Studies have also shown an increased expression of inflammation-related cytokines at the site of EP, such as interleukin (IL)-1 (26), IL-6 (25), IL-8 (25), secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) (8), elastase inhibitor (8), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) (27), and β-catenin (28).
Extravasation of WBCs is an important feature of the inflammatory response and is related to the development of EP. During pregnancy, WBCs play an important role in suppressing the mother's immune response to a semiallogenic fetus and limiting the invasiveness of the trophoblast (29). Embryo implantation is thought to trigger the recruitment of WBCs (30, 31), and in vitro experiments have also found an increase in the number of WBCs in the decidua tissue of women with EP (32). An additional clinical study (9) found that the total numbers of WBCs and monocytes found for ectopic pregnancies were significantly higher than those of normal intrauterine pregnancies during the same period, suggesting that the increase in WBC count is related to the development of EP. Combined with our finding that WBC count was positively associated with poor MTX treatment outcome, we subsequently inferred that the higher the WBC count, the deeper the embryo had implanted, and this resulted in a poorer treatment effect. However, the specific underlying mechanism between WBC count, inflammation, and treatment outcome of EP needs further study.
Several limitations should be considered in our study. First, all participants were recruited in China, which suggests prudence in extrapolating these results to populations with different demographic characteristics. Second, related prospective studies should be performed to strengthen the power of the evidence.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.
Ethics Statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine [No. ZYYECK(2018)157]. The data are anonymous, and the requirement for informed consent was therefore waived. Written informed consent for participation was not required for this study in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements.
Author Contributions
G-PD, SC, and X-FC: study concept and design. SC and X-FC: drafting of the manuscript and statistical analysis. X-FC, PQ, and Y-XH: data collection, clinical management, and record keeping. JG and G-PD: manuscript reviewing. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Funding
This study was supported by the Scientific Research Team Training Project of GZUCM (No. 2019KYTD202), Deng Gaopi's Famous Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance Studio Construction Project in Guangdong Province (Guangdong Traditional Chinese Medicine Office [2019] No. 5), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82174417), the Chinese Medicinal Scientific Research Project of Guangdong Province (No. 20211124), and Chinese Medicinal Scientific Research Project of Guangdong Province (No. 20211120).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's Note
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Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2021.722963/full#supplementary-material
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Keywords: ectopic pregnancy, methotrexate, white blood cell count, treatment outcome, China
Citation: Chen S, Chen X-F, Qiu P, Huang Y-X, Deng G-P and Gao J (2021) Association Between White Blood Cells at Baseline and Treatment Failure of MTX for Ectopic Pregnancy. Front. Med. 8:722963. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.722963
Received: 09 June 2021; Accepted: 10 August 2021;
Published: 10 September 2021.
Edited by:
Zaleha Abdullah Mahdy, National University of Malaysia, MalaysiaReviewed by:
Sharifah Sulaiha Syed Aznal, International Medical University, MalaysiaNazan Yurtcu, Sivas Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, Turkey
Copyright © 2021 Chen, Chen, Qiu, Huang, Deng and Gao. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Jie Gao, gjfkts@qq.com; Gao-Pi Deng, denggaopi@126.com
†These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship