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Examination Of The Impact Of Zeybek Dances On Elderly People In Terms Of Their Falling Efficiency and Mobility

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 18 - 27, 27.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.32706/tusbid.1296385

Abstract

In this study, it was aimed to examine the effects of 12-week zeybek dance on the falling activities and mobility of the elderly. A total of 20 elderly individuals, 10 in the experimental group and 10 in the control group, living in the nursing home of Edirne Governorship, participated in the research group voluntarily. From the measurements of experimental and control group pre-test and post-test physical measurements, fall efficiency and mobility are taken respectively. In comparison of scores between (control-experiment) Mann Whitney U test; Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the pre-test and post-test scores within the group. Rosenthal's r statistics were used to calculate the effect size. A statistically significant positive difference was found between pre-test and post-test scores (p<0.05). According to the results of the research, statistically significant differences were found in the mobility and fall efficiency variables of the elderly individuals who participated in the 12-week Zeybek dance practices (p<0.05). Zeybek practices have shown that it significantly reduces fear of falling and affects mobility positively. It was concluded that the effect of physical inactivity on the anxiety of falling is high in the elderly. (r > 0.50).

References

  • Akgör, M. (2017). Yaşlı Bireylerin Düşme Sıklığını ve Düşme Yönünden Ev İçi Çevre Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Yakın Doğu Ü. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Lefkoşa.
  • Akın, B., ve Emiroğlu, O.N. (2007). Rivermead Mobilite İndexi (RMİ) Türkçe formunun yaşlılarda geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. Türk Geriatri Dergisi, 10, 124-130.
  • Albert, P. T., Miller, S. K., Wallmann, H., Havey, R., Cross, C., Chevalia, T., Gillis, C. B., and Kodandapari, K. (2009). The effect of modified jazz dance on balance, cognition, and mood. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 21, 108-115.
  • Argiriadou, E., Mavrovouniotis, F., Mavrovouniotis, A., Mavrovounioti, C., Nikitaras, N., and Mountakis, C. (2017). Greek Traditional Dances Program and Self-Evaluated Effects and Changes in Life. World Journal of Research and Review, 5 (6), 19-24.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2011). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı (14. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Douka, S., Zilidou, V. I., Lilou, O., and Manou, V. (2019). Traditional Dance Improves the Physical Fitness and Well Being of the Elderly. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 11(75), 1-9.
  • Eyigor, S., Karapolat, H., Durmaz, B., Ibisoglu, U., and Cakir, S. (2009). A Randomized Controlled Trial of Turkish Folklore Dance on the Physical Performance, Balance, Depression and Quality of Life in Older Women. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 48, 84–88.
  • Gokkaya, N.K.O. (2009). Yaşlılık Döneminde Egzersiz: Ne Çok Az, Ne De Çok Fazla. Turkısh Journal of Physical Medicinea and Rehabilitation, 55(2), 92-94.
  • Gülbeyaz, K. (2005). Türk Halk Oyunlarının Hareket Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Im, J. Y., Bang, H.S., and Seo, D. Y. (2019). The Effect of 12 Weeks of a Combined Exercise Program on Physical Function and Hormonal Status in Elderly Korean Women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(21), 1-11.
  • Kaldırımcı, M. (2004). Darülaceze’de Kalan Yaşlılarda Sağlık Amaçlı Fiziksel Egzersizlerin Fiziksel Durum ve Depresyon Düzeyi Üzerine Etkisi. Yayımlanmamış doktoratezi, Marmara Ü. Sağlık Bilimleri Enssitüsü, İstanbul
  • Karakaya, M. G., Bilgin, S. C., Ekici, G., Köse, N., and Otman, A. S. (2009). Functional Mobility, Depressive Symptoms, Level of Independence, and Quality of Life of the Elderly Living at Home and in the Nursing Home. The Journal of Post-Acute and Long-TermCare Medicine, 10(9), 662-666.
  • Karasar, N. (2009). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi: Kavramlar, ilkeler, teknikler. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Kattenstrot, J. C., Kalisch, T., Holt, S., and Tegenthoff,M. (2013). Six months of dance intervention enhances postural, sensorimotor, and cognitive performance in elderly without affecting cardio-respiratory functions. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 5(1) 1-16.
  • Kesioğlu P, Bilgiç N, Piçakçiefe M, Uçku R (2003). İzmir Çamdibi-1 nolu Sağlık Ocağı bölgesi yaşlılarında yetersizlik ve kronik hastalık prevalansı. Turkısh Journal of Geriatrics, 6(1), 27 - 30.
  • Kim, S. H., Kim, M., Ahn, Y. B., Lim, H. K., Kang , S. G., Cho, J. h., Park, S. J., Song, S. W. (2011). Effect of dance exercise on cognitive function in elderly patients with metabolic syndrome: A pilot study. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 10, 671-678.
  • Lykesas, G., Giosos, I., Douka, S., Bakirtzoglou, P., and Chatzopoulos, D. (2019). Epistemological Assumptions About the Relationship Between Quality of Life and Dance: A Different Approach. Sport Science, 12(1), 77-82.
  • Marks, R. (2016). Narrative Review of Dance-based Exercise and Its Specific Impact on Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults. AIMS Medical Science, 3(1), 61-76.
  • Mavrovouniotis, F. H., Argiriadou, E. A., and Papaioannou, C. S. (2010). Greek Traditional Dances and Quality of Old People’s Life. Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies, 14, 209-218.
  • McNeely, M. E., Duncan, R. P., & Earhart, G. M. (2015). A Comparison of Dance Interventions in People With Parkinson Disease and Older Adults. Maturitas, 81, 10-16.
  • Noopud, P., Suputtitada, A., Khongprasert, S., & Kanungsukkasem, V. (2019). Effects of Thai Traditional Dance on Balance Performance in Daily Life Among Older Women. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 31, 961–967.
  • Nur, K. M., Susanto, T., Yunanto, R. A., Susumaningrum, L. A., & Rasni, H. (2022). Traditional Dance “Molong Kopi” for Maintaining of Health Status Among Older Adults in Long-term Care of Indonesia. Working Wtih Older People, 26(3), 238-245.
  • Ötken, N. (2002). Türk Halk Oyunlarında Kullanılan Temel Hareketlerin Tespiti ve Anatomik Analizi. Sanatta Yeterlilik Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Rasi, K. U., Patil, R., Karinkanta, S., Kannus, P., Tokola, K., Allardt, C. L., & Sievänen, H. (2015). Exercise and Vitamin D in Fall Prevention Among Older Women A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Internal Medicine, 175(5), 703-711.
  • Rosenthal, R. (1994). Parametric measures of effect size. In H. Cooper & L. V. Hedges (Eds.). Handbook of Research Synthesis (pp. 231–244). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Rosenthal, R., Rosnow, R. L. and Rubin, D. B. (2000). Contrasts and Effect Sizes in Behavioral Research: A Correlational Approach. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Serra, M. M., Angelica , C. A., Mark, P., Mochizuki, L., Greve, J. M., and Luiz , E. G. L. (2016). Balance and Muscle Strength in Elderly Women Who Dance Samba. Plos One, 11(12), 1-9. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166105
  • Şen, G., & Erol, S. (2018). Huzurevinde Yaşayan Yaşlı Bireylerin Düşme Korkusunu Azaltmada Güvenli Hareket ve . Sağlık Bilimleri ve Meslekleri Dergisi, 5(3), 387-396.
  • Tinetti, M. E., Richman, D., & Lynda, P. (1990). Falls efficacy as a measure of fear of falling. PubMed, 45(6), 239-243.
  • Tomczak, M. ve Tomczak, E. (2014). The need to report effect size estimates revisited. An overview of some recommended measures of effect size. Trends in Sport Sciences. 1(21): 19-25.
  • Ulus, Y., Durmuş, D., Akyol, Y., Terzi, Y., Bilgisi, A., and Kuru, Ö. (2011). Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Falls Efficacy Scale International (FES-I) in community-dwelling older persons. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 54, 429-433.
  • Ural, A., Kılıç, İ., (2011) Bilimsel Araştırma Süreci ve SPSS ile Veri Analizi. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Vaccaro, M. G., Izzo, G., Ilacqua, A., Migliaccio, S., Baldari, C., Guidett, L., Lenzi, A., Quattrone, A., Aversa, A., and Emerenzian, G. P. (2019). Characterization of the Effects of a Six-Month Dancing asApproach for Successful Aging. International Journal of Endocrinology, 1-7. doi:10.1155/2019/2048391.
  • Wong, R. M., Chong, K. C., Law, S. W., Ho, W. T., Li, J., Chui, C. S., Chow, S. K. H., and Cheung, W. H. (2020). The effectiveness of exercises on fall and fracture prevention amongst community elderlies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Orthopaedic Translation, 24, 58-65.
  • Wu , W. L., Wei, T. S., Chen, S. K., Chang, J. J., Guo, L. Y., & Lin, H. T. (2010). The effect of Chinese Yuanji-Dance on dynamic balance and the associated attentional demands in elderly adults . Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 9, 119-126.
  • Zilidou, V. I., Frantzidis, C. A., Romanopoulou, E. D., Paraskevopoulos, E., Douka, S., and Bamidis, P. D. (2018). Fuctional Re-Organization of Cortical Networks of Senior Citizens After a 24-Week Traditional Dance Program. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 10(422), 1-14.

Yaşlılarda Zeybek Oyunlarının Düşme Etkinliği ve Mobiliteleri Üzerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 18 - 27, 27.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.32706/tusbid.1296385

Abstract

Bu araştırmada, 12 haftalık zeybek oyunlarının yaşlıların düşme etkinlikleri ve mobiliteleri üzerine etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma grubuna, Edirne Valiliği huzurevinde yaşayan, 10 deney grubu, 10 kontrol grubu olmak üzere toplam 20 yaşlı birey gönüllü katılım göstermiştir. Deney ve kontrol grubu ön test ve son test fiziksel ölçümlerinden sırasıyla; düşme etkinliği ve mobilite alınmıştır. Bağımsız gruplar arası puanların karşılaştırılmasında Mann Whitney U testinden; grup içinde ön test ve son test puanlarının karşılaştırılmasında Wilcoxon işaretli sıralar testinden yararlanılmıştır. Etki büyüklüğünün hesaplanmasında Rosenthal’in r istatistiği kullanılmıştır. Deney grubu ve kontrol grubu ön test - son test puanları arasında istatistiksel olarak pozitif yönde anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Araştırma sonucuna göre 12 haftalık Zeybek oyunu çalışmalarına katılan yaşlı bireylerin mobilite ve düşme etkinliği değişkenlerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılıklara rastlanmıştır (p<0,05). Zeybek çalışmalarının düşme endişesinde anlamlı düzeyde azalttığı ve mobiliteyi pozitif yönde etkilediği ortaya konmuştur.Yaşlılarda fiziksel aktivitesizliğin düşme endişesi üzerindeki etkisinin yüksek olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır (r > 0,50).

References

  • Akgör, M. (2017). Yaşlı Bireylerin Düşme Sıklığını ve Düşme Yönünden Ev İçi Çevre Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Yakın Doğu Ü. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Lefkoşa.
  • Akın, B., ve Emiroğlu, O.N. (2007). Rivermead Mobilite İndexi (RMİ) Türkçe formunun yaşlılarda geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. Türk Geriatri Dergisi, 10, 124-130.
  • Albert, P. T., Miller, S. K., Wallmann, H., Havey, R., Cross, C., Chevalia, T., Gillis, C. B., and Kodandapari, K. (2009). The effect of modified jazz dance on balance, cognition, and mood. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 21, 108-115.
  • Argiriadou, E., Mavrovouniotis, F., Mavrovouniotis, A., Mavrovounioti, C., Nikitaras, N., and Mountakis, C. (2017). Greek Traditional Dances Program and Self-Evaluated Effects and Changes in Life. World Journal of Research and Review, 5 (6), 19-24.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2011). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı (14. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Douka, S., Zilidou, V. I., Lilou, O., and Manou, V. (2019). Traditional Dance Improves the Physical Fitness and Well Being of the Elderly. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 11(75), 1-9.
  • Eyigor, S., Karapolat, H., Durmaz, B., Ibisoglu, U., and Cakir, S. (2009). A Randomized Controlled Trial of Turkish Folklore Dance on the Physical Performance, Balance, Depression and Quality of Life in Older Women. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 48, 84–88.
  • Gokkaya, N.K.O. (2009). Yaşlılık Döneminde Egzersiz: Ne Çok Az, Ne De Çok Fazla. Turkısh Journal of Physical Medicinea and Rehabilitation, 55(2), 92-94.
  • Gülbeyaz, K. (2005). Türk Halk Oyunlarının Hareket Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Im, J. Y., Bang, H.S., and Seo, D. Y. (2019). The Effect of 12 Weeks of a Combined Exercise Program on Physical Function and Hormonal Status in Elderly Korean Women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(21), 1-11.
  • Kaldırımcı, M. (2004). Darülaceze’de Kalan Yaşlılarda Sağlık Amaçlı Fiziksel Egzersizlerin Fiziksel Durum ve Depresyon Düzeyi Üzerine Etkisi. Yayımlanmamış doktoratezi, Marmara Ü. Sağlık Bilimleri Enssitüsü, İstanbul
  • Karakaya, M. G., Bilgin, S. C., Ekici, G., Köse, N., and Otman, A. S. (2009). Functional Mobility, Depressive Symptoms, Level of Independence, and Quality of Life of the Elderly Living at Home and in the Nursing Home. The Journal of Post-Acute and Long-TermCare Medicine, 10(9), 662-666.
  • Karasar, N. (2009). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi: Kavramlar, ilkeler, teknikler. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Kattenstrot, J. C., Kalisch, T., Holt, S., and Tegenthoff,M. (2013). Six months of dance intervention enhances postural, sensorimotor, and cognitive performance in elderly without affecting cardio-respiratory functions. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 5(1) 1-16.
  • Kesioğlu P, Bilgiç N, Piçakçiefe M, Uçku R (2003). İzmir Çamdibi-1 nolu Sağlık Ocağı bölgesi yaşlılarında yetersizlik ve kronik hastalık prevalansı. Turkısh Journal of Geriatrics, 6(1), 27 - 30.
  • Kim, S. H., Kim, M., Ahn, Y. B., Lim, H. K., Kang , S. G., Cho, J. h., Park, S. J., Song, S. W. (2011). Effect of dance exercise on cognitive function in elderly patients with metabolic syndrome: A pilot study. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 10, 671-678.
  • Lykesas, G., Giosos, I., Douka, S., Bakirtzoglou, P., and Chatzopoulos, D. (2019). Epistemological Assumptions About the Relationship Between Quality of Life and Dance: A Different Approach. Sport Science, 12(1), 77-82.
  • Marks, R. (2016). Narrative Review of Dance-based Exercise and Its Specific Impact on Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults. AIMS Medical Science, 3(1), 61-76.
  • Mavrovouniotis, F. H., Argiriadou, E. A., and Papaioannou, C. S. (2010). Greek Traditional Dances and Quality of Old People’s Life. Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies, 14, 209-218.
  • McNeely, M. E., Duncan, R. P., & Earhart, G. M. (2015). A Comparison of Dance Interventions in People With Parkinson Disease and Older Adults. Maturitas, 81, 10-16.
  • Noopud, P., Suputtitada, A., Khongprasert, S., & Kanungsukkasem, V. (2019). Effects of Thai Traditional Dance on Balance Performance in Daily Life Among Older Women. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 31, 961–967.
  • Nur, K. M., Susanto, T., Yunanto, R. A., Susumaningrum, L. A., & Rasni, H. (2022). Traditional Dance “Molong Kopi” for Maintaining of Health Status Among Older Adults in Long-term Care of Indonesia. Working Wtih Older People, 26(3), 238-245.
  • Ötken, N. (2002). Türk Halk Oyunlarında Kullanılan Temel Hareketlerin Tespiti ve Anatomik Analizi. Sanatta Yeterlilik Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Rasi, K. U., Patil, R., Karinkanta, S., Kannus, P., Tokola, K., Allardt, C. L., & Sievänen, H. (2015). Exercise and Vitamin D in Fall Prevention Among Older Women A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Internal Medicine, 175(5), 703-711.
  • Rosenthal, R. (1994). Parametric measures of effect size. In H. Cooper & L. V. Hedges (Eds.). Handbook of Research Synthesis (pp. 231–244). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Rosenthal, R., Rosnow, R. L. and Rubin, D. B. (2000). Contrasts and Effect Sizes in Behavioral Research: A Correlational Approach. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Serra, M. M., Angelica , C. A., Mark, P., Mochizuki, L., Greve, J. M., and Luiz , E. G. L. (2016). Balance and Muscle Strength in Elderly Women Who Dance Samba. Plos One, 11(12), 1-9. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166105
  • Şen, G., & Erol, S. (2018). Huzurevinde Yaşayan Yaşlı Bireylerin Düşme Korkusunu Azaltmada Güvenli Hareket ve . Sağlık Bilimleri ve Meslekleri Dergisi, 5(3), 387-396.
  • Tinetti, M. E., Richman, D., & Lynda, P. (1990). Falls efficacy as a measure of fear of falling. PubMed, 45(6), 239-243.
  • Tomczak, M. ve Tomczak, E. (2014). The need to report effect size estimates revisited. An overview of some recommended measures of effect size. Trends in Sport Sciences. 1(21): 19-25.
  • Ulus, Y., Durmuş, D., Akyol, Y., Terzi, Y., Bilgisi, A., and Kuru, Ö. (2011). Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Falls Efficacy Scale International (FES-I) in community-dwelling older persons. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 54, 429-433.
  • Ural, A., Kılıç, İ., (2011) Bilimsel Araştırma Süreci ve SPSS ile Veri Analizi. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Vaccaro, M. G., Izzo, G., Ilacqua, A., Migliaccio, S., Baldari, C., Guidett, L., Lenzi, A., Quattrone, A., Aversa, A., and Emerenzian, G. P. (2019). Characterization of the Effects of a Six-Month Dancing asApproach for Successful Aging. International Journal of Endocrinology, 1-7. doi:10.1155/2019/2048391.
  • Wong, R. M., Chong, K. C., Law, S. W., Ho, W. T., Li, J., Chui, C. S., Chow, S. K. H., and Cheung, W. H. (2020). The effectiveness of exercises on fall and fracture prevention amongst community elderlies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Orthopaedic Translation, 24, 58-65.
  • Wu , W. L., Wei, T. S., Chen, S. K., Chang, J. J., Guo, L. Y., & Lin, H. T. (2010). The effect of Chinese Yuanji-Dance on dynamic balance and the associated attentional demands in elderly adults . Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 9, 119-126.
  • Zilidou, V. I., Frantzidis, C. A., Romanopoulou, E. D., Paraskevopoulos, E., Douka, S., and Bamidis, P. D. (2018). Fuctional Re-Organization of Cortical Networks of Senior Citizens After a 24-Week Traditional Dance Program. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 10(422), 1-14.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sports Medicine, Sports Training
Journal Section Araştırma Makalesi
Authors

Sevinç Serin Yaman 0000-0001-5081-1299

Emine İner This is me 0000-0002-5974-2047

Publication Date June 27, 2023
Submission Date May 12, 2023
Acceptance Date June 25, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Serin Yaman, S., & İner, E. (2023). Examination Of The Impact Of Zeybek Dances On Elderly People In Terms Of Their Falling Efficiency and Mobility. Türkiye Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 18-27. https://doi.org/10.32706/tusbid.1296385
AMA Serin Yaman S, İner E. Examination Of The Impact Of Zeybek Dances On Elderly People In Terms Of Their Falling Efficiency and Mobility. Türkiye Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. June 2023;7(1):18-27. doi:10.32706/tusbid.1296385
Chicago Serin Yaman, Sevinç, and Emine İner. “Examination Of The Impact Of Zeybek Dances On Elderly People In Terms Of Their Falling Efficiency and Mobility”. Türkiye Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 7, no. 1 (June 2023): 18-27. https://doi.org/10.32706/tusbid.1296385.
EndNote Serin Yaman S, İner E (June 1, 2023) Examination Of The Impact Of Zeybek Dances On Elderly People In Terms Of Their Falling Efficiency and Mobility. Türkiye Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 7 1 18–27.
IEEE S. Serin Yaman and E. İner, “Examination Of The Impact Of Zeybek Dances On Elderly People In Terms Of Their Falling Efficiency and Mobility”, Türkiye Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 18–27, 2023, doi: 10.32706/tusbid.1296385.
ISNAD Serin Yaman, Sevinç - İner, Emine. “Examination Of The Impact Of Zeybek Dances On Elderly People In Terms Of Their Falling Efficiency and Mobility”. Türkiye Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 7/1 (June 2023), 18-27. https://doi.org/10.32706/tusbid.1296385.
JAMA Serin Yaman S, İner E. Examination Of The Impact Of Zeybek Dances On Elderly People In Terms Of Their Falling Efficiency and Mobility. Türkiye Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2023;7:18–27.
MLA Serin Yaman, Sevinç and Emine İner. “Examination Of The Impact Of Zeybek Dances On Elderly People In Terms Of Their Falling Efficiency and Mobility”. Türkiye Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 7, no. 1, 2023, pp. 18-27, doi:10.32706/tusbid.1296385.
Vancouver Serin Yaman S, İner E. Examination Of The Impact Of Zeybek Dances On Elderly People In Terms Of Their Falling Efficiency and Mobility. Türkiye Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2023;7(1):18-27.


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