Teaching staff of women’s gymnasiums in 1870—1917: numerical composition and financial situation (using the example of Perm province)
Larisa V. Arkhangelskaya, Researcher, Candidate for a Degree
Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia, arhangellar@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4035-1441
Abstract
The article considers the formation of teaching corps of women’s gymnasiums of the Ministry of Public Education on the territory of the Perm province. The analysis made it possible to determine the level of provision of Russian school education with personnel, the dynamics of the gender structure and the number of personnel in these institutions from 1870 to the beginning of the 20th century. It is noted that the development of women’s secondary schools depended on the number of high school teachers. The reasons for the shortage of own teachers in women’s schools (underfunding from the treasury, the scarcity of own funds) and ways out of it are shown. The gradual admission of women to the pedagogical service not only eliminated the shortage of personnel in secondary school, but also led to the predominance of women among the teaching staff of the region under consideration. Along with staffing issues in the context of reforming the system of secondary education in the early 20th century the issues of improving the qualifications of the teaching and educational staff of women’s gymnasiums, demanding from them a high educational qualification were resolved. The measures taken by the educational department contributed to raising the status of both the teaching staff and the women’s gymnasiums themselves.
Arkhangelskaya L. V. Teaching staff of women’s gymnasiums in 1870—1917: numerical composition and financial situation (using the example of Perm province). Vestnik of Orenburg State Pedagogical University. Electronic Scientific Journal, 2024, no. 1 (49), pp. 211—226. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32516/2303-9922.2024.49.11.
1. Antonova Yu. V. Zhenshchiny-uchitelya Tul’skoi gubernii v kontse XIX — nach. XX v. [Female teachers of the Tula province at the end of the 19th — beginning of the 20th centuries]. Istoricheskaya i sotsial’no-obrazovatel’naya mysl’ — Historical and Socio-Educational Idea, 2012, no. 3, pp. 13—18. (In Russian)
2. Budrin V. I. Pyatidesyatiletie sushchestvovaniya Ekaterinburgskoi muzhskoi gimnazii [Fiftieth anniversary of the Yekaterinburg Men’s Gymnasium]. Yekaterinburg, Tip. V. N. Alekseeva Publ., 1911. 154 p. (In Russian)
3. Vsepoddanneishii otchet za 1904 god [The Most Submissive Report of 1904]. St. Petersburg, Senatskaya tipografiya Publ., 1906. 726, 92 p. (In Russian)
4. Vsepoddanneishii otchet za 1911 god [The Most Submissive Report of 1911]. St. Petersburg, Senatskaya tipografiya Publ., 1913. 80, 251 p. (In Russian)
5. Vysochaishie poveleniya [Highest commands]. Tsirkulyar Orenburgskogo uchebnogo okruga, 1900, no. 8, pp. 243. (In Russian)
6. Vyaz’mitinov M. N. Sistema material’nogo obespecheniya i pooshchreniya prepodavatelei i uchitelei v obrazovatel’nykh uchrezhdeniyakh imperatorskoi Rossii [System of material support and encouragement of lecturers and teachers in educational institutions of imperial Russia]. Vestnik Ul’yanovskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta, 2017, no. 2 (78), pp. 4—14. (In Russian)
7. Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Permskogo kraya [State Archives of the Perm Territory] (GAPK). F. 33. Op. 1. D. 36.
8. GAPK. F. 34. Op. 1. D. 16.
9. GAPK. F. 35. Op. 1. D. 103.
10. GAPK. F. 42. Op. 1. D. 604.
11. Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Sverdlovskoi oblasti [State Archive of the Sverdlovsk Region] (GASO). F. 4. Op. 1. D. 193.
12. GASO. F. 70. Op. 1. D. 7.
13. GASO. F. 458. Op. 1. D. 27.
14. GASO. F. 458. Op. 1. D. 105.
15. Goncharov Yu. M. Sotsial’no-pravovoi status i material’noe polozhenie uchitelei gimnazii v Rossii v XIX v. [Socio-legal status and financial standing of gymnasium teachers in Russia in the 19th century]. Nauka i shkola — Science and School, 2011, no. 5, pp. 129—135. (In Russian)
16. Doklady Irbitskoi uezdnoi zemskoi upravy XXXIV ocherednomu Irbitskomu zemskomu sobraniyu 1902/1903 gg. [Reports of the Irbit district zemstvo council to the XXXIV regular Irbit zemstvo assembly of 1902/1903]. Irbit, 1903. (In Russian)
17. Zubkov I. V. Zemskie shkoly, gimnazii i real’nye uchilishcha (1890—1916 gody) [Zemstvo schools, gymnasiums and real schools (1890—1916)]. Raspisanie peremen. Ocherki istorii obrazovatel’noi i nauchnoi politiki v Rossiiskoi imperii — SSSR (konets 1880-kh — 1930-e gody) [Schedule of changes. Essays on the history of educational and scientific policy in the Russian Empire — USSR (late 1880s — 1930s)]. Moscow, NLO Publ., 2012, pp. 150—235. (In Russian)
18. Zubkov I. V. Rossiiskoe uchitel’stvo: povsednevnaya zhizn’ prepodavatelei zemskikh shkol, gimnazii i real’nykh uchilishch 1870—1916 [Russian teaching: the daily life of teachers of zemstvo schools, gymnasiums and real schools 1870—1916]. Moscow, Novyi khronograf Publ., 2010. 528 p. (In Russian)
19. Zubkov I. V. Uchitelya srednikh i nachal’nykh shkol v kontse XIX — nachale XX v. [The teachers of primary and secondary school in the end of the XIX — beginning XX centuries]. Vestnik Rossiiskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Ser. Istoriya Rossii — RUDN Journal of Russian History, 2006, no. 3, pp. 95—99. (In Russian)
20. Iz “Ob’’yasnitel’noi zapiski k smete ministra narodnogo prosveshcheniya na 1916 god” [From the “Explanatory Note to the Estimates of the Minister of Public Education for 1916”]. Zhurnal Ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniya, 1916, no. 7, pp. 74—75. (In Russian)
21. Izvlechenie iz Vsepoddanneishego otcheta ministra narodnogo prosveshcheniya za 1875 god [Extract from the Most Submissive Report of the Minister of Public Education for 1875]. Zhurnal Ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniya, 1877, no. 9, pp. 71. (In Russian)
22. Izvlechenie iz Vsepoddanneishego otcheta ministra narodnogo prosveshcheniya za 1892 god [Extract from the Most Submissive Report of the Minister of Public Education for 1892]. St. Petersburg, Tip. Imp. Akad. nauk Publ., 1897. VIII, 342, 61 p. (In Russian)
23. Izvlechenie iz Vsepoddanneishego otcheta ministra narodnogo prosveshcheniya za 1901 god [Extract from the Most Submissive Report of the Minister of Public Education for 1901]. St. Petersburg, Senatskaya tip. Publ., 1903. [4], V, 641, [1], 104 p. (In Russian)
24. Isakova E. G. Obrazovatel’nyi uroven’ prepodavatel’nits zhenskikh gimnazii i progimnazii Zapadno-Sibirskogo uchebnogo okruga (konets XIX — nachalo XX v.) [Educational level of teachers in women’s gymnasiums and pro-gimnasiums in the Western‑Siberian school district (in the late XIX — early XX centuries)]. Izvestiya Altaiskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta — Izvestiya of Altai State University, 2012, no. 4/2 (76), pp. 92—95. (In Russian)
25. Istoricheskii ocherk narodnogo obrazovaniya v Orenburgskom uchebnom okruge za pervoe 25-letie ego sushchestvovaniya (1875—1899). Vyp. 2 [Historical sketch of public education in the Orenburg educational district for the first 25 years of its existence (1875—1899). Iss. 2]. Orenburg, Tip. I. I. Evfimovskogo-Mirovitskogo Publ., 1901. 522 p. (In Russian)
26. Kamyshlov [Kamyshlov]. Permskie gubernskie vedomosti. 1898, no. 112, pp. 3—4.
27. Kungurskii gorodskoi arkhiv [Kungur city archive] (KGA). F. 587. Op. 1. D. 6.
28. KGA. F. 587. Op. 1. D. 40.
29. KGA. F. 587. Op. 1. D. 66.
30. Koshina O. V. Dinamika vovlechennosti zhenshchin v sferu obrazovaniya na territorii Mordovii vo vtoroi polovine XIX — nachale XX veka [Women’s involvement in the field of education in Mordovia in the second half of the 19]. Vestnik Nizhegorodskogo universiteta im. N. I. Lobachevskogo — Vestnik of Lobachevsky University of Nizhny Novgorod, 2009, no. 4, pp. 204—209. (In Russian)
31. Mariinskaya zhenskaya gimnaziya v Permi k pyatidesyatiletnemu yubileyu: 1861—1910 [Mariinsky Women’s Gymnasium in Perm for its fiftieth anniversary: 1861—1910]. Perm, Elektro-tip. Cherdyntseva Publ., 1913. 149 p. (In Russian)
32. Mikhailova I. M. Zhenskoe obrazovanie v g. Irbite s 1775 po 1895 g. [Women’s education in Irbit from 1775 to 1895]. Irbit, Tip. V. Mikhailova Publ., 1897. 158, II p. (In Russian)
33. Mikhashchenko A. L. Kvalifikatsiya, dolzhnosti i otsenka truda pedagogov srednei shkoly Yuzhnogo Zaural’ya: dosovetskii period [Qualifications, positions and assessment of the work of secondary school teachers in the Southern Trans-Urals: pre-Soviet period]. Vestnik Kurganskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2005, no. 3, pp. 204—208. (In Russian)
34. Noveishie zakonopolozheniya i rasporyazheniya o zhenskikh srednikh uchebnykh zavedeniyakh [Latest laws and regulations regarding women’s secondary schools]. Kiev, Upr. Kievskogo ucheb. okruga Publ., 1916. [2], 59 p. (In Russian)
35. O podgotovke k prepodavaniyu gimnastiki [About preparation for teaching gymnastics]. Zhurnal Ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniya, 1910, part 29, no. 9, pp. 35—37. (In Russian)
36. Ob ustanovlenii zvaniya uchitelya srednikh uchebnykh zavedenii, ob uchrezhdenii odnogodichnykh kursov dlya podgotovleniya uchitelei i uchitel’nits srednikh uchebnykh zavedenii [On the establishment of the title of teacher of secondary educational institutions, on the establishment of one-year courses for the training of teachers and female teachers of secondary educational institutions]. Zhurnal Ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniya, 1914, no. 11, pp. 7—8.
37. Obzor deyatel’nosti ministra narodnogo prosveshcheniya za 1879, 1880 i 1881 gg. [Review of the activities of the Minister of Public Education for 1879, 1880 and 1881]. Zhurnal Ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniya, 1887, Nov., pp. 45—156. (In Russian)
38. Otchet o sostoyanii permskoi Mariinskoi zhenskoi gimnazii za 1893 grazhdanskii god [Report on the state of the Perm Mariinsky Women’s Gymnasium for the 1893 civil year]. Perm, Tip. gubernskoi zemskoi upravy Publ., 1894. 56, 46 p. (In Russian)
39. Otchet pedagogicheskogo soveta ekaterinburgskoi 1-i zhenskoi gimnazii za 1913/14 uchebnyi god [Report of the pedagogical council of the Yekaterinburg 1st women’s gymnasium for the 1913/14 academic year]. Otchet o sostoyanii ekaterinburgskoi zhenskoi gimnazii za 1913 g. [Report on the state of the Yekaterinburg women’s gymnasium for 1913]. Yekaterinburg, Tip. E. N. Ershova i Ko Publ., 1914, pp. 1—13. (In Russian)
40. Otchet pedagogicheskogo soveta permskoi Mariinskoi gimnazii za 1880 god [Report of the pedagogical council of the Perm Mariinsky gymnasium for 1880]. Permskie gubernskie vedomosti, 1880, no. 79. Stb. 401. (In Russian)
41. Otchet pedagogicheskogo soveta ekaterinburgskoi zhenskoi gimnazii za 1892/93 uchebnyi god [Report of the pedagogical council of the Yekaterinburg women’s gymnasium for the 1892/93 academic year]. Otchet o sostoyanii ekaterinburgskoi zhenskoi gimnazii za 1893 g. [Report on the state of the Yekaterinburg women’s gymnasium for 1893]. Yekaterinburg, Tip. A. P. Mernoi i E. K. Kraevoi Publ., 1894, pp. 1—16. (In Russian)
42. Pamyatnaya knizhka Orenburgskogo uchebnogo okruga za 1912 god [Memorial book of the Orenburg educational district for 1912]. Ufa, Elektr. tip.-lit. Solov’eva Publ., 1912. 556 p. (In Russian)
43. Pamyatnaya kniga Orenburgskogo uchebnogo okruga na 1915 god [Commemorative book of the Orenburg educational district for 1915]. Ufa, Elektr. tip.-lit. Solov’eva Publ., 1915. 661 p. (In Russian)
44. Permskaya zhenskaya progimnaziya: (1881—1892 gg.): kratkii ocherk [Perm women’s pro-gymnasium: (1881—1892): a brief outline]. Perm, Tip. N-kov P. F. Kamenskogo Publ., 1893. 6 p. (In Russian)
45. Piller O. Itogi zhenskogo obrazovaniya v Rossii i ego zadachi [Results of female education in Russia and its tasks]. St. Petersburg, Tip. Trenke i Fyusno Publ., 1888. 239 p. (In Russian)
46. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii (PSZRI) [Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire]. Collect. 3. Vol. 20. 1900. St. Petersburg, 1902. (In Russian)
47. PSZRI. Collect. 3. Vol. 22. Div. 1. 1902. St. Petersburg, 1904. (In Russian)
48. PSZRI. Collect. 3. Vol. 31. Div. 1. 1911. St. Petersburg, 1914. (In Russian)
49. Pravila ob ispytanii lits zhenskogo pola v znanii kursa vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii i o poryadke priobreteniya imi uchenykh stepenei i zvaniya uchitel’nitsy srednikh uchebnykh zavedenii [Rules on testing female persons in knowledge of the course of higher educational institutions and on the procedure for their acquisition of academic degrees and the title of teacher of secondary educational institutions]. Zhurnal Ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniya, 1912, no. 10, pp. 131—136. (In Russian)
50. Rasporyazheniya Ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniya [Orders of the Ministry of Public Education]. Vestnik Orenburgskogo uchebnogo okruga za 1915 god, no. 6-7, pp. 611—612. (In Russian)
51. Rasporyazheniya popechitelya Orenburgskogo uchebnogo okruga [Orders of the trustee of the Orenburg educational district]. Vestnik Orenburgskogo uchebnogo okruga za 1913 god, no. 2-3, pp. 207, 218. (In Russian)
52. Rodevich M. V. Sbornik deistvuyushchikh postanovlenii i rasporyazhenii po zhenskim gimnaziyam i progimnaziyam Ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniya [Collection of current decrees and orders for women’s gymnasiums and pro-gymnasiums of the Ministry of Public Education]. St. Petersburg, Tip. d-ra M. A. Khana Publ., 1884. [2], X, 238, [2], 88 p. (In Russian)
53. Sbornik postanovlenii i rasporyazhenii po zhenskim gimnaziyam i progimnaziyam Ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniya za 1870—1912 gody: v 3 ch. [Collection of resolutions and orders for women’s gymnasiums and pro-gymnasiums of the Ministry of Public Education for 1870—1912. In 3 parts]. Moscow, Yurid. kn. mag. “Pravovedenie” I. K. Golubeva Publ., 1912. 752 p. (In Russian)
54. Semchenkov V. K. Istoricheskii ocherk Permskoi Mariinskoi zhenskoi gimnazii za 25 let ee sushchestvovaniya (s 1861 po 1886 g.) [Historical sketch of the Perm Mariinsky Women’s Gymnasium for 25 years of its existence (from 1861 to 1886)]. Perm, 1886. 236 p. (In Russian)
55. Sobranie uzakonenii i rasporyazhenii pravitel’stva, izdavaemoe pri Pravitel’stvuyushchem Senate. 1863—1917 [A collection of government legislation and orders, published under the Government Senate. 1863—1917]. St. Petersburg, 1912. (In Russian)
56. Spisok uchebnykh zavedenii vedomstva Ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniya (krome nachal’nykh) po gorodam i seleniyam: sostavlen k 1 yanvarya 1916 g. [List of educational institutions of the Ministry of Public Education (except for primary ones) by city and village: compiled by January 1, 1916]. St. Petersburg, 1916. 222 p. (In Russian)
57. Ukolova O. S. Uchitel’stvo gorodskikh uchebnykh zavedenii [Teaching in urban educational institutions]. Professional’nye gruppy obshchestva kak aktory rossiiskoi pozdneimperskoi modernizatsii (na materialakh Urala vtoroi poloviny XIX — nachala XX v.) [Professional groups of society as actors of Russian late imperial modernization (based on materials from the Urals of the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries)]. Yekaterinburg, Bank kul’turnoi informatsii Publ., 2016. 148 p. (In Russian)
58. Khronika [Chronicle]. Vestnik vospitaniya, 1916, no. 6, pp. 80—84. (In Russian)
59. Sharkova G. A. Kvalifikatsionnyi uroven’ uchitelei srednikh obshcheobrazovatel’nykh uchebnykh zavedenii g. Moskvy v kontse XIX — nachale XX v. [The qualification level of teachers in Moscow secondary schools at the end of 19th — beginning of 20th centuries]. Vestnik Rossiiskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Ser. Istoriya Rossii — RUDN Journal of Russian History, 2006, no. 3, pp. 343—352. (In Russian)