Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Seismic Deformations at Archaeological Sites, in Sediments, and the Relief of Mt. Opuk, Crimea

  • Published:
Seismic Instruments Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The study of archaeological sites in the area of Mt. Opuk (southeast Crimea) allow us to outline approximately the chronology of seismic events. The revealed deformations of building structures, taken separately, and, moreover, taken together, indicate their seismogenic character. In ancient building structures and cultural layers of archaeological sites in the Mt. Opuk area, numerous ruptures were identified. Fissures found in the ash dump, fading in the layer of the end of the 2nd–3rd century CE are typical seismogenic ruptures. It is possible that this earthquake occurred at the end of the 3rd century. The traces of two earthquakes are found at the Hill A settlement. The first earthquake is reflected in systematic clockwise rotations of the submeridional walls around the vertical axis. The seismic oscillations from this earthquake were directed at an angle to the mentioned walls, along the NNE–SSW axis. The building was preserved and repaired (buttress wall at the northern face of the southern wall of room A). The second earthquake, which was stronger, caused surface rupturing and displacements in the SE part of the building, almost completely destroying it. The time when this room was destroyed dates back to the beginning of the 4th century BCE. Traces of catastrophic destruction are documented in the ruins of a citadel on the upper plateau of Mt. Opuk; the NW tower of the citadel experienced significant deformations; traces of two earthquakes are found in the barracks; the western curtain wall and the citadel wall were severely damaged. Significant seismic deformations were also studied on the so-called eastern defensive wall, which is most likely synchronous with the citadel. The citadel completely ceased to exist in the first half of the 6th century CE, possibly after a strong seismic event, which was the final one in a series of destruction of the ancient Kimmerikon infrastructure. Before the Saltovo-Mayatsk people arrived at the Kerch Peninsula, no traces of human settlements on Mt. Opuk or its vicinity were reported. The traces of two earthquakes are revealed in the manor belonging to the Saltovo-Mayatskii (Khazarian) period of the early medieval time. The first seismic event led to counterclockwise rotation of all submeridional walls of the manor around the vertical axis. This shows that the seismic impact was directed at an angle to these building elements, namely, along the NNW–SSE axis. The building was preserved; only a retaining wall was erected at the southern (outer) face of the eastern wall of the room. The second earthquake was stronger: its intense seismic shaking collapsed both repaired and retaining wall in the southern direction, from where elastic waves arrived. The manor finally perished in the 930s–940s CE. Remarkable traces of strong earthquakes are observed in the topography of Mt. Opuk. According to the collected data, the main rupture on the mountain is seismotectonic in nature; however, the offset value was intensified multifold owing to seaward slip of the rock volume. The fault is a segment of the South Kerch fault zone, which is traced along the Black Sea coast. The last seismotectonic slip dated here in the area of the ancient city of Kitaia is thought to have occurred in the 3rd century CE, or immediately thereafter. Over approximately the past 4000 years, at least three seismotectonic slips have occurred here with a total offset of 3 m or more. The minimum traced length of the activated segment is 20 km. Using the known global relationships for the parameters of seismic ruptures, the minimum magnitude of this event can be estimated at MW = 6.6–6.9.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 10.
Fig. 11.
Fig. 12.
Fig. 13.
Fig. 14.
Fig. 15.
Fig. 16.
Fig. 17.
Fig. 18.
Fig. 19.
Fig. 20.
Fig. 21.
Fig. 22.
Fig. 23.
Fig. 24.
Fig. 25.
Fig. 26.
Fig. 27.
Fig. 28.
Fig. 29.
Fig. 30.
Fig. 31.
Fig. 32.
Fig. 33.
Fig. 34.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  1. Belik, Yu.L., Korzhenkov, A.M., Kulikov, A.V., Larkov, A.S., Marahanov, A.V., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., and Rogozhin, E.A., Seismogenic deformations in the walls of the late medieval Yeni-Kale fortress in Eastern Crimea, Seism. Instrum., 2016, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 134–145. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0747923917020049

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Belousov, T.P., Paleodislocations of relief of the Mount Opuk at the south Kerch Peninsula, Vopr. Inzh. Seismol., 1991, no. 32, 187–189.

  3. Blaramberg, I.P., Notes on some places of ancient Taurica geography, Zap. Odess. O-va. Istor. Drevnostei, 1848, no. 2, pp. 1–19.

  4. Borisenko, L.S., Pustovitenko, B.G., Dublyanskii, V.N., Vakhrushev, B.A., Klyukin, A.A., Ena, A.V., and Kitin, M.A., Seismodislocations and paleoseismicity of Crimea, Seismologicheskii Byulleten’ Ukrainy za 1997 god (Seismological Bulletin of Ukraine in 1997). Simferopol: Inst. Geofiziki Nat. Acad. Nauk Ukr., 1997.

  5. Devaev, A.S. and Mordvintseva, V.I., Early cultural deposit on the upper plateau of the Mount Opuk (by materials of exploration in 2017), Bosporskii fenomen. Obshchee i osobennoe v istoriko-kul’turnom prostranstve antichnogo mira. Materialy mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii (Bosporan Phenomenon: The General and Specific in the Historical and Cultural Space of Ancient World: Theses of the Int. Sci. Conf.), Zuev, V.Yu. and Khrshanovskii, V.A., Eds., St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Gos. Univ. Promyshlennykh Tekhnol. Dizaina, 2018, vol. 2, pp. 305–310.

  6. Drevnii Kimmerik i ego okruga (Ancient Cimmeric and Its Surroundings), Golenko, V.K., Ed., Simferopol: Sonat, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Dyubryuks, P., Description of ruins and traces of ancient cities and defense works sometimes existing on the European coast of the Cimmerian Bosporus, from the entrance to the strait near the Enikal lighthouse to the Mount Opuk including, at the Black Sea, Zap. Odess. O-va. Istor. Drevnostei, 1858, no. 4, pp. 3–84.

  8. Ena, A.V., Tikhonechko, E.P., Borisenko, L.S., and Novik, N.N., Preliminary results of paleoseismic studies of the Kerch Peninsula, Dokl. Akad. Nauk Ukr. SSR, Ser. B, 1989, no. 7, pp. 9–13.

  9. Geologiya i geodinamika raiona Krymskoi AES (Geology and Geodynamics of the Crimean nuclear power stations), Gavrilenko, N.M. and Chekunov, A.V., Eds., Kiev: Naukova dumka, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Geologiya SSSR. T. 8. Krym. Chast’ 1. Geologicheskoe opisanie (Geology of the USSR. Volume 8: Krym. Part 1: Geological Description), Muratov, M.V., Ed., Moscow: Nedra, 1969.

  11. Gmyrya, L.B., Korzhenkov, A.M., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Larkov, A.S., and Rogozhin, E.A., Probable paleoseismic deformations at the Rubas archaeological site of the middle of the 6th century, South Dagestan, Geofiz. Protsessy Biosfera, 2019, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 91–103. https://doi.org/10.21455/GPB2019.3-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Golenko, V.K. and Klyukin, A.A., Current problems of historic geography of the Black Sea coast of the Kerch Peninsula, Drevnosti Bospora, 2005, vol. 8, pp. 122–141.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Khapaev, V.V., Written sources on history of the Crimean earthquakes of the antique and medieval periods, Uch. Zap. Tavrich. Nat. Univ., Ser. Istor., 2008, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 3–15.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Klyukin, A.A., Seismodislocations of Kerch Peninsula, Seismologicheskii Byulleten’ Ukrainy za 1992 god (Seismological Bulletin of Ukraine in 1992), Simferopol: Inst. Geofiziki Nat. Acad. Nauk Ukr., 1992.

  15. Klyukin, A.A., Nature and variety of factors of environment of territory of the Opuk Nature Reserve, Sb. Nauchn. Tr. Gos. Nikitsk. Bot. Sada, 2006, vol. 126, pp. 8–22.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Klyukin, A.A. and Golenko, V.K., Geomorphology of the Mount Opuk, Drevnii Kimmerik I ego okruga (Ancient Cimmeric and Its Surroundings), Golenko, V.K., Ed., Simferopol: Sonat, 2006, pp. 15–22.

  17. Korjenkov, A.M. and Mazor, E., Seismogenic origin of the ancient Avdat ruins, Negev Desert, Israel, Nat. Hazards, 1998, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 193–226. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026488932377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Korjenkov, A.M. and Mazor, E., The features of the earthquake damage patterns of ancient city ruins in the Negev desert, Israel, Geotectonics, 2013, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 52–65. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016852113010032

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Korzhenkov, A.M. and Mazor, E., Structural reconstruction of seismic events: ruins of ancient cities as fossil seismographs, Sci. New Technol., 1999, no. 1, pp. 62–74.

  20. Korzhenkov, A.M. and Mazor, E., Structural reconstruction of seismic events: ruins of ancient cities as fossil seismographs, Izv. Nat. Akad. Nauk Resp. Kaz., Ser. Obshchestv. Nauk, 2001, no. 1, pp. 108–125.

  21. Korzhenkov, A.M., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., and Lar’kov, A.S., Seismic deformations in the ancient city Ilurat, Priroda, 2016a, no. 10, pp. 30–38.

  22. Korzhenkov, A.M., Deev, E.V., Luzhanskii, D.V., Abdieva, S.V., Agatova, A.R., Mazeika, I.V., Men’shikov, M.Yu., Rogozhin, E.A., Rodina, S.N., Rodkin, M.V., Sorokin, A.A., Fortuna, A.B., Charimov, T.A., Shen, D., and Yudakhin, A.S., Strong medieval earthquake in the Northern Issyk-Kul Lake region (Tien Shan): Results of paleoseismological and archeoseismological studies, Geofiz. Protsessy Biosfera, 2016b, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 43–63. https://doi.org/10.21455/GPB2016.4-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Korzhenkov, A.M., Kol’chenko, V.A., Luzhanskii, D.V., Abdieva, S.V., Deev, E.V., Mazeika, I.V., Rogozhin, E.A., Rodina, S.N., Rodkin, M.V., Fortuna, A.B., Charimov, T.A., and Yudakhin, A.S., Archaeoseismological studies and structural position of the medieval earthquakes in the South of the Issyk-Kul depression (Tien Shan), Izv., Phys. Solid Earth, 2016c, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 218–232. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1069351316020087

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Korzhenkov, A.M., Lomakin, D.A., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Lar’kov, A.S., Marakhanov, A.V., and Rogozhin, E.A., On traces of strong late-medieval earthquakes at Uzbek Madrasah-Mosque Complex (Staryi Krum Town), Geofiz. Protsessy Biosfera, 2017a, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 5–28. https://doi.org/10.21455/GPB2017.3-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Korzhenkov, A.M., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Lar’kov, A.S., Marakhanov, A.V., and Rogozhin, E.A., Archeoseismological study of ancient historical and archeological monuments in Feodosiya, Crimea, in Problemy geodinamiki i geoekologii vnutrikontinental’nykh orogenov (Problems of Geodynamics and Geoecology of Intracontinental Orogens), Bishkek: Nauchn. Stantsia Ross. Akad. Nauk, 2017b.

  26. Korzhenkov, A.M., Moisieiev, D.A., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Larkov, A.S., Marahanov, A.V., Rogozhin, E.A., and Emrullaev, Sh.A., Archeoseismological study in Salachik, the ancient capital of Crimean Khans, Seism. Instrum., 2017c, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 244–259. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0747923917030070

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Korzhenkov, A.M., Luzhanskii, D.V., Abdieva, S.V., Deev, E.V., Pavlis, T., Rogozhin, E.A., Turova, I., and Yudakhin, A.S., On traces of a strong earthquake in walls of the Sary-Bulun medieval sites along the great silk route (western Issyk-Kul Lake region, Northern Tien Shan), Seism. Instrum., 2017d, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 309–322.  https://doi.org/10.3103/S0747923917040077

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Korzhenkov, A.M., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Lar’kov, A.S., Marakhanov, A.V., Rogozhin, E.A., and Sudarev, N.I., Traces of the strong earthquakes in ancient Mikhaylovka archeological monument, Kerch Peninsula, Crimea, Drevnosti Bospora, 2018a, vol. 22, pp. 115–132.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Korzhenkov, A.M., Lar’kov, A.S., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., and Sokolova, O.Yu., Traces of strong earthquakes in ruins of the Bosporus city of Nymphaeum, Bosporskie Issled., 2018b, no. 37, pp. 111–138.

  30. Korzhenkov, A.M., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Lar’kov, A.S., Rogozhin, E.A., Dimitrov, O.V., Sudarev, N.I., and Ustaeva, E.R., On traces of the strong earthquakes in Germonassa-Tmutarakan’ ancient city and structural positions of their source zones, Bosporskie Issled., 2019a, no. 39, pp. 242–274.

  31. Korzhenkov, A.M., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Fedoseev, N.F., and Larkov, A.S., Complex of building constructions’ deformations in the Greek archeological settlement “Hospital”, Kerch city, Crimea, Geol. Geofiz. Yuga Ross., 2019b, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 135–149. https://doi.org/10.23671/VNC.2019.1.26794

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Korzhenkov, A.M., Maslennikov, A.A., Ovsiuchenko, A.N., Lar’kov, A.S., and Suprenkov, A.A., Seismic deformations in the Siuiurtash area, Azov littoral zone, Drevnosti Bospora, 2019c, no. 24, pp. 370–397.

  33. Korzhenkov, A.M., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Lar’kov, A.S., and Zin’ko, V.N., Traces of strong earthquakes on ancient city Tyritake in Eastern Crimea, Bosporskie Issled., 2019d, no. 38, pp. 137–159.

  34. Korzhenkov, A.M., Usmanova, M.T., Anarbaev, A.A., Maksudov, F.A., Murodaliev, R.Kh., Zakhidov, T.K., and Rakhmanov, Z.O., Underestimated seismic hazard of the Fergana Depression: New archeoseismological data, Geofiz. Protsessy Biosfera, 2019e, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 77–90. https://doi.org/10.21455/GPB2019.3-5 Korzhenkov, A.M., Novichikhin, A.M., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Ranguelov, B.K., Rogozhin, E.A., Dimitrov, O.V., Larkov, A.S., and Liu, J., Seartch of the strong ancient earthquakes traces in the Western Caucasus: Archeoseismological study in Ancient Gorgippia, Geofiz. Protsessy Biosfera, 2019f, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 110–128. https://doi.org/10.21455/GPB2019.4-10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Korzhenkov, A.M., Maslennikov, A.A., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Larkov, A.S., and Rodina, S.N., Traces of seismic disasters in ruins of the forth and third centuries BC manors (the Crimean Azov), Probl. Istor., Filol., Kul’tury, 2020a, no. 3, pp. 49–76. https://doi.org/10.18503/1992-0431-2020-3-69-49-76

  36. Korzhenkov, A.M., Gadzhiev, M.S., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Lar’kov, A.S., and Rogozhin, E.A., Traces of seismic activity in architectural monuments in Derbent, Dagestan, Geofiz. Protsessy Biosfera, 2020b, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 5–29. https://doi.org/10.21455/GPB2020.1-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Korzhenkov, A.M., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Dimitrov, O.V., Dimov, T., Lar’kov, A.S., Ranguelov, B., Rogozhin, E.A., and Rodina, S.N., Traces of strong Eneolithic and medieval earthquakes hitting the Durankulak archaeological settlement in northeastern Bulgaria, J. Volcanol. Seismol., 2020c, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 262–282.  https://doi.org/10.1134/S0742046320040028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Korzhenkov, A.M., Usmanova, M.T., Anarbaev, A.A., Saidov, M., Nasriddinov, Sh., and Zakhidov, T.K., Seismic deformations in the archeological monuments of Mugkala and Mugtepa (Fergana Depression, Uzbekistan), Seism. Instrum., 2020d, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 701–720. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0747923920060043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Korzhenkov, A.M., Minchev, A., Tenekedjiev, V., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Dimitrov, O., Larkov, A.S., Rogozhin, E.A., Ranguelov, B., and Strelnikov, A.A., Seismic deformations in an early Christian monastery in the area of Djanavara, Varna, Bulgaria. Part 1: Study methods, Seism. Instrum., 2021, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 343–359.  https://doi.org/10.3103/S0747923921030075

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Kruglikova, I.T., Bronze Age monuments from Cimmeric, KSIIMK, 1952, vol. 43, pp. 108–118.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Kruglikova, I.T., Cimmeric in the light of archeological studies of 1947–1951, Bosporskie goroda. T. 2. Raboty Bosporskoi ekspeditsii 1946–1953 gg. Materialy i islledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR (Bosporan Cities. Vol. 2: Works of Bosporan Expedition 1946–1953: Materials and Studies on the Soviet Archeology), Gaidukevich, V.F., Ed., Moscow: Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1958, pp. 219–253.

  42. Marti, Yu.Yu., Cities of Bosporan kingdom to the south from Kerch: Kimmeric, Gorodishcha Bosporskogo tsarstva k yugu ot Kerchi. Cimmeric, Kitei, Akra, Izv. Tavrich. O-va. Istor., Arkheol. Etnogr., 1928, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 103–126.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Maslennikov, A.A., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Korzhenkov, A.M., Larkov, A.S., and Marahanov, A.V., Evidences of strong ancient earthquakes in settlement Polyanka and Southern Azov Active Fault, Drevnosti Bospora, 2017, vol. 21, pp. 265–294.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Minchev, A., Korzhenkov, A.M., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Dimitrov, O.V., Lar’kov, A.S., Rangelov, B.K., Rogozhin, E.A., and Andreeva, N.V., Deformations in episcopal basilica in Varna: Evidences of the strong historical earthquakes in North-Western Bulgaria, Geofiz. Protsessy Biosfera, 2020, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 16–32.  https://doi.org/10.21455/GPB2020.3-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Moiseev, D.A., Korzhenkov, A.M., and Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Seismic destruction traces of the tile kiln of the medieval pottery production center in the Suatkan spring gully (Bakchisaray district, Crimea), Geofiz. Protsessy Biosfera, 2018, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 23–47. https://doi.org/10.21455/gpb2018.2-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Moisieiev, D.A., Korzhenkov, A.M., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., and Larkov, A.S., Destructive Crimean earthquake in the second half of the 15th century, Seism. Instrum., 2019, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 661–675.  https://doi.org/10.3103/S0747923919060057

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Moiseiev, D.A., Korzhenkov, A.M., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., and Larkov, A.S., Estate at the Maslyanaya height of the chora of Tauric Chersonesos and evidence of destructive antique earthquake, Geofiz. Protsessy Biosfera, 2020, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 16–26. https://doi.org/10.21455/GPB2020.4-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Molev, E.A., Korzhenkov, A.M., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., and Larkov, A.S., Potential traces of earthquakes in the ancient city of Kytaia, Kerch Peninsula, Crimea, Geod. Geodyn., 2019, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 331–338.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2018.03.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Mordvintseva, V.I., The fortification wall on the eastern slope of Opuk Mountain: New data, Drevnosti Bospora, 2014, vol. 18, pp. 257–271.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Mordvintseva, V.I., On the time of construction of the fortress wall of the citadel on the upper plateau of Mount Opuk, XVIII Bosporskie chteniya. Bospor Kimmeriiskii i varvarskii mir v period antichnosti i srednevekov’ya: Puti–Tovary–Otnosheniya (18th Bosporan Readings: Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus and Barbarian World in Ancient and Medieval Period: Roads–Products–Relationships), Zin’ko, V.N. and Zin’ko, E.A., Eds., Simferopol: Solo-Rich, 2017, pp. 353–358.

  51. Mordvintseva, V.I., Smekalova, T.N., and Devaev, A.S., Study of the ancient settlement on the upper plateau of Opuk Mount in 2017, XIX Bosporskie chteniya. Bospor Kimmeriiskii i varvarskii mir v period antichnosti i srednevekov’ya: Traditsii i Innovatsii (19th Bosporan Readings: Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus and Barbarian World in Ancient and Medieval Period: Traditions and Innovations), Zin’ko, V.N. and Zin’ko, E.A., Eds., Simferopol, 2018, pp. 323–327.

  52. Morozova, R.M. and Shebalin, N.V., On Crimean earthquakes in 1800–1967 (attempt of critical catalog), Geofiz. Sb. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1968, no. 26, pp. 13–41.

  53. Nikonov, A.A., Seismic potential of the Crimean region: Comparison of regional maps and parameters of recognized events, Izv., Phys. Solid Earth, 2000, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 575–584.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Nikonov, A.A., Seismic geodynamics of the Crimean region (by the materials of last 2.6 thousand years), in Materialy XLVIII Tektonicheskogo soveshchaniya (Materials of the 48th Tectonic Meeting), Moscow: Geos, 2016, vol. 2, pp. 43–48.

  55. Nikonov, A.A. and Ponomareva, O.N., Strong Crimean earthquakes in the second half of the 19th century, Vopr. Inzh. Seismol., 1991, no. 32, pp. 59–76.

  56. Novichikhin, A.M., Korzhenkov, A.M., and Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Archaeoseismological investigation on the territory of the archaeological reserve Gorgippia in 2019, Drevnosti Bospora, 2020, vol. 25, pp. 260–288.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Shvarev, S.V., Lar’kov, A.S., and Marakhanov, A.V., Geological evidences of strong earthquakes in Kerch–Taman region, Vopr. Inzh. Seismol., 2015, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 33–54.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Menshikov, M.Yu., Rogozhin, E.A., and Korzhenkov, A.M., Cycles of seismic activity in the second half of Holocene in the Western Caucasus and their correlation with the stages of civilization development (a case study of upper part of the Mzymta river), Geofiz. Protsessy Biosfera, 2016, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 5–38.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Korzhenkov, A.M., Larkov, A.S., Marahanov, A.V., and Rogozhin, E.A., New findings on the sources of strong earthquakes in Kerch Peninsula based on paleoseismological data, Dokl. Earth Sci., 2017a, vol. 472, no. 1, pp. 53–56. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X17010081

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Korzhenkov, A.M., Vakarchuk, R.N., Gorbatikov, A.V., Larkov, A.S., Rogozhin, E.A., and Sysolin, A.I., Traces of the strong earthquake in the medieval settlement Phanagoria on Taman Peninsula, Geol. Geofiz. Yuga Ross., 2017b, no. 3, pp. 78–94. https://doi.org/10.23671/VNC.2017.3.9507

  61. Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Korzhenkov, A.M., Larkov, A.S., Rogozhin, E.A., and Marakhanov, A.V., Estimation of the seismic hazards of low-active areas by the example of the Kerch–Taman region, Nauka Tekhnol. Razrab., 2017c, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 5–18. https://doi.org/10.21455/std2017.1-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Korzhenkov, A.M., Larkov, A.S., Marahanov, A.V., and Rogozhin, E.A., Estimation of seismic hazards of low-active areas: Case study of Kerch-Taman region, Seism. Instrum., 2018, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 565–572. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0747923918050109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Vakarchuk, R.N., Korzhenkov, A.M., Larkov, A.S., Sysolin, A.I., Rogozhin, E.A., and Marakhanov, A.V., Active Faults in the Kerch Peninsula: New results, Dokl. Earth Sci., 2019a, vol. 488, no. 2, pp. 1152–1156. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X19100076

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Korzhenkov, A.M., Maslennikov, A.A., Vakarchuk, R.N., Lar’kov, A.S., and Sysolin, A.I., The traces and chronology of the strong historical earthquakes on Cape Zyuk, East Crimea, Izv., Phys. Solid Earth, 2019b, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 657–676. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1069351319040074

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Novichikhin, A.M., Bykhalova, O.N., Rogozhin, E.A., Korzhenkov, A.M., Larkov, A.S., Butanaev, Yu.V., and Lukashova, R.N., Interdisciplinary dating of Utrish seismic dislocations: Localization of the source of a strong historical earthquake in the Western Caucasus, Seism. Instrum., 2020, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 174–193. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0747923920020097

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Pustovitenko, B.G., Lushchik, A.V., Boborykina, O.A., Kul’chitskii, V.E., Mozhzherina, A.V., Nasonkin, V.A., Pankov, F.N., Porechnova, E.I., Pustovitenko, A.A, Tikhonenkov, E.P., and Shvyrlo, N.I., Monitoring seismicheskikh protsessov v Krymsko-Chernomorskom regione (Monitoring the Seismic Processes in the Crimean–Black Sea Region), Sevastopol: EKOSI-Gidrofizika, 2014.

  67. Rogozhin, E.A., Gorbatikov, A.V., Stepanova, M.Yu., Kharazova, Yu.V., Dimitrov, O.V., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Korzhenkov, A.M., and Strelnikov, A.A., Holocenic geological and seismic activity of the system of faults in north-east Bulgaria by the complex of geological and geomorphological and archeoseismological methods, Geofiz. Protsessy Biosfera, 2019, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 57–71. https://doi.org/10.21455/GPB2019.2-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Samuleva, V.I., Balakina, A.A., and Aleinikova, P.K., Geologicheskaya karta SSSR masshtaba 1 : 200 000. Ser. Krymskaya, listy L-37-XIX/XXV (Geological Map of the USSR, Scale 1 : 200 000, Ser. Krymskaya, Pages L-37-XIX/XXV), Muratov, M.V, Ed., Kiev: Kievgeologiya, 1970.

  69. Shnyukov, E.F., Alenkin, V.M., Put’, A.L., Naumenko, P.I., Inozemtsev, Yu.I., and Skiba, S.I., Geologiya shel’fa USSR. Kerchenskii proliv (Geology of the Shelf of the USSR: Kerch Strait), Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1981.

  70. Smekalova, T.N., Devaev, A.S., and Smokotina, A.V., Results of archeological and geophysical study of the Cimmeric ancient settlement, XX Bosporskie Chteniya. Bospor Kimmeriiskii i varvarskii mir v period antichnosti i srednevekov’ya: Osnovnye itogi i perspektivy issledovanii (20th Bosporan Readings: Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus and Barbarian World in Ancient and Medieval Period: Main Results and Prospects of Research), Zin’ko, V.N. and Zin’ko, E.A. Eds., Simferopol, 2019, pp. 521–527.

  71. Strelnikov, A.A. and Korzhenkov, A.M., Destruction of medieval archaeological monuments by strong earthquakes in the Southwestern Issyk-Kul Basin, Tien Shan, Seism. Instrum., 2021, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 55–74. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0747923921010096

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Tunkina, I.V., Russkaya nauka o klassicheskikh drevnostyakh Yuga Rossii (XVIII–seredina XIX vv.) (Russian Science about the Classical Ancientries of the South of Russia (18th Century–Middle of the 19th Century)), St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2002.

  73. Veselov, V.V., Svodnaya vedomost’ rezul’tatov arkheologicheskikh razvedok na Kerchenskom i Tamanskom poluostrovakh v 1949-1964 gg (Total List of Results of the Archaeological Explorations in the Kerch and Taman Peninsulas in 1949–1964), Moscow: Inst. Arkheol., Ross. Akad. Nauk, 2005.

  74. Vinokurov, N.I. and Nikonov, A.A., To the justification of seismic cause of total destructions in Bosporus in the middle–second half of the 3rd century AD, in VI chteniya pamyati professora V.D. Blavatskogo (k 100-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya) (6th Readings to the Memory of Professor V.D. Blavatskii (to the centenary of his birth), Moscow, 1999.

  75. Vinokurov, N.I. and Nikonov, A.A., Total destructions of the second half of the 3rd century AD in Bosporus as a chronological reference, in Bosporskii fenomen. Problemy khronologii i datirovki pamyatnikov (Bosporus Phenomenon: Problems of Chronology and Dating of Monuments), St. Petersburg: Izd-vo Gos. Ermitazha, 2004, vol. 1, pp. 95–103.

  76. Vinokurov, N.I., Korzhenkov, A.M., and Rodkin, M.V., Seismic hazard assessment of the Kerch strait region by archeoseismology data, Vopr. Inzh. Seismol., 2015, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 51–66.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Wells, D.L. and Coppersmith, K.J., New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 1994, vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 974–1002.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Zeest, I.B., Excavations of Cimmeric in 1947–1948, Vestn. Drevnei Istor., 1949, no. 3, pp. 92–101.

Download references

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors appreciate the help by A.S. Devaev in organizing and conducting the works at the study object.

Funding

The study was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, grant no. 18-05-01004, by the State Academic University of Humanities, and also as part of the scheduled activities in the framework of the State Contract for the Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences, 123242, Moscow, Russia

    A. M. Korzhenkov, A. N. Ovsyuchenko, A. A. Strelnikov & A. S. Larkov

  2. Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334, Moscow, Russia

    V. I. Mordvintseva

  3. HSE University, 109028, Moscow, Russia

    V. I. Mordvintseva

  4. State Academic University of Humanities, 119049, Moscow, Russia

    V. I. Mordvintseva

Authors
  1. A. M. Korzhenkov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. V. I. Mordvintseva
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. A. N. Ovsyuchenko
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. A. A. Strelnikov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. A. S. Larkov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. A. Strelnikov.

Ethics declarations

The authors claim they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Translated by N. Astafiev

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Korzhenkov, A.M., Mordvintseva, V.I., Ovsyuchenko, A.N. et al. Seismic Deformations at Archaeological Sites, in Sediments, and the Relief of Mt. Opuk, Crimea. Seism. Instr. 57, 637–672 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3103/S0747923921060050

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.3103/S0747923921060050

Keywords:

Search

Navigation