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Investigation of Tribological Properties of Brake Friction Materials Developed from Industrial Waste Products

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 4, 309 - 315, 31.12.2023

Furkan Akbulut Halil Kılıç İbrahim Mutlu Fatma Sena Öztürk Eray Çaşın Mustafa Seyrek Abdullah Karaköse

https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1373026

Abstract

Various international initiatives on environmental issues and the need to protect the environment are promoting the use of industrial waste in a variety of applications, including automotive brake pads. These studies show that the reuse of industrial waste can help to reduce the environmental impact. The development of environmentally friendly and cost-effective composites for use in a variety of engineering applications is the need of the century. The use of industrial waste in composite production is a possible solution for both problems. In this study, the potential use of talc, quartz and ceramic waste FFC fracture as a friction modifier in brake friction materials and its performance properties in accordance with industry requirements were investigated. The tribological, physical and mechanical properties of the brake pads were measured, and the friction surface morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. According to the results obtained, the highest specific wear rate was observed in the FM3 sample. The FM2 sample with the highest hardness and average friction coefficient showed the lowest wear. FM4, FM5 and FM6 samples with high talc and quartz content exhibited low coefficient of friction characteristics compared to other samples.

Keywords

Industrial waste eco-friendly friction materials friction wear

Supporting Institution

TUBITAK

Project Number

1139B412000962

Thanks

This study was supported by TUBITAK/TURKIYE in frame of the project code of 1139B412000962 as researchers, we thank the TUBITAK/TURKIYE.

References

  • [1] Jadhav SP, Sawant SH. A review paper: Development of novel friction material for vehicle brake pad application to minimize environmental and health issues. Mater Today Proc. 2019 Jan 1;19:209–212.
  • [2] Güney B, Mutlu I. Tribological properties of brake discs coated with Cr2O3-40% TiO2 by plasma spraying. Surf Rev Lett. 2019;26(10).
  • [3] Idris UD, Aigbodion VS, Abubakar IJ, Nwoye CI. Eco-friendly asbestos free brake-pad: Using banana peels. J King Saud Univ - Eng Sci. 2015;27(2):185-192.
  • [4] Öztürk B, Öztürk S. Effects of resin type and fiber length on the mechanical and tribological properties of brake friction materials. Tribol Lett. 2011;42(3):339-350.
  • [5] Güney B, Öz A. Microstructure and chemical analysis of vehicle brake wear particle emissions. Eur J Sci Technol. 2020;19:633-642.
  • [6] Yavuz H, Bayrakçeken H. Investigation of friction and wear behavior of composite brake pads produced with huntite mineral. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2022;6(1):9-16.
  • [7] Akıncıoğlu G. Evaluation of the effect of the novolac resin ratio on the high-temperature performance of the brake pads. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2022;6(2):196-201.
  • [8] Sugözü İ, Sugözü, B. Investigation of usage of milled pine cone in brake pads. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2020;4(4):253-257.
  • [9] Lu J, Li Y, Wang Y, Fu Y. Effect of pre-impregnated organosilicon layer on friction and wear properties of paper-based friction materials. Wear. 2018;416–417.
  • [10] Yavuz H. Effect of limestone usage on tribological properties in copper and asbestos-free brake friction materials. Ind Lubr Tribol. 2023;75(2):238-245.
  • [11] Kılıç H, Mısırlı C. Investigation of tribological behavior of 20NiCrBSi-WC12Co coated brake disc by HVOF method. Mater Res Express. 2020;7(1).
  • [12] Mısırlı C, Mutlu İ, Kılıç H. Investigation of the friction behavior of plasma spray Mo/NiCrBSi coated brake discs. Mater Test. 2021;63(3).
  • [13] Singh T, Patnaik A, Chauhan R, Rishiraj A. Assessment of braking performance of lapinus–wollastonite fibre reinforced friction composite materials. J King Saud Univ - Eng Sci. 2017;29(2):183-190.
  • [14] Satapathy BK, Patnaik A, Dadkar N, Kolluri DK, Tomar BS. Influence of vermiculite on performance of flyash-based fibre-reinforced hybrid composites as friction materials. Mater Des. 2011;32(8–9):4354-4361.
  • [15] Křístková M, Weiss Z, Filip P. Hydration properties of vermiculite in phenolic resin friction composites. Appl Clay Sci. 2004;25(3–4):229-236.
  • [16] Aranganathan N, Bijwe J. Development of copper-free eco-friendly brake-friction material using novel ingredients. Wear. 2016;352–353:79-91.
  • [17] Jang H, Kim SJ. The effects of antimony trisulfide (Sb2S3) and zirconium silicate (ZrSiO4) in the automotive brake friction material on friction characteristics. Wear. 2000;239(2):229-236.
  • [18] Timur M, Kılıç H. Marble waste using produced of automotive brake pad of friction coefficient different pad brake pads with comprasion. Pamukkale Univ J Eng Sci. 2013;19(1):10-14.
  • [19] Tomášek V, Kratošová G, Yun R, Fan Y, Lu Y. Effects of alumina in nonmetallic brake friction materials on friction performance. J Mater Sci. 2009;44(1):266-273.
  • [20] Bijwe J, Aranganathan N, Sharma S, Dureja N, Kumar R. Nano-abrasives in friction materials-influence on tribological properties. Wear. 2012;296(1–2):693-701.
  • [21] Sun W, Zhou W, Liu J, Fu X, Chen G, Yao S. The size effect of SiO2 particles on friction mechanisms of a composite friction material. Tribol Lett. 2018;66(1).
  • [22] Peng T, Yan Q, Zhang X, Zhuang Y. Role of titanium carbide and alumina on the friction increment for Cu-based metallic brake pads under different initial braking speeds. Friction. 2021;9(6):1543-1557.
  • [23] Manoharan S, Sai Krishnan G, Ganesh Babu L, Vijay R, Lenin Singaravelu D. Synergistic effect of red mud-iron sulfide particles on fade-recovery characteristics of non-asbestos organic brake friction composites. Mater Res Express. 2019;6(10).
  • [24] Dadkar N, Tomar BS, Satapathy BK. Evaluation of flyash-filled and aramid fibre reinforced hybrid polymer matrix composites (PMC) for friction braking applications. Mater Des. 2009;30(10):4369-4376.
  • [25] Hee KW, Filip P. Performance of ceramic enhanced phenolic matrix brake lining materials for automotive brake linings. Wear. 2005;259(7–12):1088-1096.
  • [26] Bahari SA, Isa KH, Kassim MA, Mohamed Z, Othman EA. Investigation on hardness and impact resistance of automotive brake pad composed with rice husk dust. In: AIP Conference Proceedings. 2012.
  • [27] Qi S, Fu Z, Yun R, Jiang S, Zheng X, Lu Y, et al. Effects of walnut shells on friction and wear performance of eco-friendly brake friction composites. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part J J Eng Tribol. 2014;228(5).
  • [28] Rashid B, Leman Z, Jawaid M, Ghazali MJ, Ishak MR, Abdelgnei MA. Dry sliding wear behavior of untreated and treated sugar palm fiber filled phenolic composites using factorial technique. Wear. 2017;380–381.
  • [29] Chandra Verma P, Menapace L, Bonfanti A, Ciudin R, Gialanella S, Straffelini G. Braking pad-disc system: Wear mechanisms and formation of wear fragments. Wear. 2015;322–323.
  • [30] Sterle W, Prietzel C, Kloß H, Dmitriev AI. On the role of copper in brake friction materials. Tribol Int. 2010;43(12):2317-2326.
  • [31] Mutlu I, Oner C, Findik F. Boric acid effect in phenolic composites on tribological properties in brake linings. Mater Des. 2007;28(2):480-487.
  • [32] Singh T, Patnaik A, Gangil B, Chauhan R. Optimization of tribo-performance of brake friction materials: Effect of nano filler. Wear. 2015;324–325.
  • [33] Liew KW, Nirmal U. Frictional performance evaluation of newly designed brake pad materials. Mater Des. 2013;48:25-33.
  • [34] Tarhan M, Tarhan B, Aydin T. The effects of fine fire clay sanitaryware wastes on ceramic wall tiles. Ceram Int. 2016 Nov 15;42(15):17110–17115.
  • [35] Mutlu I, Eldogan O, Findik F. Tribological properties of some phenolic composites suggested for automotive brakes. Tribol Int. 2006;39(4):317-325.
  • [36] Lee PW, Filip P. Friction and wear of Cu-free and Sb-free environmental friendly automotive brake materials. Wear. 2013;302(1–2).
  • [37] Yun R, Filip P, Lu Y. Performance and evaluation of eco-friendly brake friction materials. Tribol Int. 2010;43(11):2010-2019.
  • [38] Straffelini G, Maines L. The relationship between wear of semimetallic friction materials and pearlitic cast iron in dry sliding. Wear. 2013;307(1–2):75-80.
  • [39] Wahlström J, Olander L, Olofsson U. A pin-on-disc study focusing on how different load levels affect the concentration and size distribution of airborne wear particles from the disc brake materials. Tribol Lett. 2012;46(2):195-204.
  • [40] Wahlström J, Lyu Y, Matjeka V, Söderberg A. A pin-on-disc tribometer study of disc brake contact pairs with respect to wear and airborne particle emissions. Wear. 2017;384–385.
  • [41] Kim YC, Cho MH, Kim SJ, Jang H. The effect of phenolic resin, potassium titanate, and CNSL on the tribological properties of brake friction materials. Wear. 2008;264(3–4):204-210.
  • [42] Dureja N, Bijwe J, Gurunath P V. Role of type and amount of resin on performance behavior of Non-asbestos Organic (NAO) friction materials. J Reinf Plast Compos. 2009;28(4):489-497.

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 4, 309 - 315, 31.12.2023

Furkan Akbulut Halil Kılıç İbrahim Mutlu Fatma Sena Öztürk Eray Çaşın Mustafa Seyrek Abdullah Karaköse

https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1373026

Abstract

Project Number

1139B412000962

References

  • [1] Jadhav SP, Sawant SH. A review paper: Development of novel friction material for vehicle brake pad application to minimize environmental and health issues. Mater Today Proc. 2019 Jan 1;19:209–212.
  • [2] Güney B, Mutlu I. Tribological properties of brake discs coated with Cr2O3-40% TiO2 by plasma spraying. Surf Rev Lett. 2019;26(10).
  • [3] Idris UD, Aigbodion VS, Abubakar IJ, Nwoye CI. Eco-friendly asbestos free brake-pad: Using banana peels. J King Saud Univ - Eng Sci. 2015;27(2):185-192.
  • [4] Öztürk B, Öztürk S. Effects of resin type and fiber length on the mechanical and tribological properties of brake friction materials. Tribol Lett. 2011;42(3):339-350.
  • [5] Güney B, Öz A. Microstructure and chemical analysis of vehicle brake wear particle emissions. Eur J Sci Technol. 2020;19:633-642.
  • [6] Yavuz H, Bayrakçeken H. Investigation of friction and wear behavior of composite brake pads produced with huntite mineral. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2022;6(1):9-16.
  • [7] Akıncıoğlu G. Evaluation of the effect of the novolac resin ratio on the high-temperature performance of the brake pads. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2022;6(2):196-201.
  • [8] Sugözü İ, Sugözü, B. Investigation of usage of milled pine cone in brake pads. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2020;4(4):253-257.
  • [9] Lu J, Li Y, Wang Y, Fu Y. Effect of pre-impregnated organosilicon layer on friction and wear properties of paper-based friction materials. Wear. 2018;416–417.
  • [10] Yavuz H. Effect of limestone usage on tribological properties in copper and asbestos-free brake friction materials. Ind Lubr Tribol. 2023;75(2):238-245.
  • [11] Kılıç H, Mısırlı C. Investigation of tribological behavior of 20NiCrBSi-WC12Co coated brake disc by HVOF method. Mater Res Express. 2020;7(1).
  • [12] Mısırlı C, Mutlu İ, Kılıç H. Investigation of the friction behavior of plasma spray Mo/NiCrBSi coated brake discs. Mater Test. 2021;63(3).
  • [13] Singh T, Patnaik A, Chauhan R, Rishiraj A. Assessment of braking performance of lapinus–wollastonite fibre reinforced friction composite materials. J King Saud Univ - Eng Sci. 2017;29(2):183-190.
  • [14] Satapathy BK, Patnaik A, Dadkar N, Kolluri DK, Tomar BS. Influence of vermiculite on performance of flyash-based fibre-reinforced hybrid composites as friction materials. Mater Des. 2011;32(8–9):4354-4361.
  • [15] Křístková M, Weiss Z, Filip P. Hydration properties of vermiculite in phenolic resin friction composites. Appl Clay Sci. 2004;25(3–4):229-236.
  • [16] Aranganathan N, Bijwe J. Development of copper-free eco-friendly brake-friction material using novel ingredients. Wear. 2016;352–353:79-91.
  • [17] Jang H, Kim SJ. The effects of antimony trisulfide (Sb2S3) and zirconium silicate (ZrSiO4) in the automotive brake friction material on friction characteristics. Wear. 2000;239(2):229-236.
  • [18] Timur M, Kılıç H. Marble waste using produced of automotive brake pad of friction coefficient different pad brake pads with comprasion. Pamukkale Univ J Eng Sci. 2013;19(1):10-14.
  • [19] Tomášek V, Kratošová G, Yun R, Fan Y, Lu Y. Effects of alumina in nonmetallic brake friction materials on friction performance. J Mater Sci. 2009;44(1):266-273.
  • [20] Bijwe J, Aranganathan N, Sharma S, Dureja N, Kumar R. Nano-abrasives in friction materials-influence on tribological properties. Wear. 2012;296(1–2):693-701.
  • [21] Sun W, Zhou W, Liu J, Fu X, Chen G, Yao S. The size effect of SiO2 particles on friction mechanisms of a composite friction material. Tribol Lett. 2018;66(1).
  • [22] Peng T, Yan Q, Zhang X, Zhuang Y. Role of titanium carbide and alumina on the friction increment for Cu-based metallic brake pads under different initial braking speeds. Friction. 2021;9(6):1543-1557.
  • [23] Manoharan S, Sai Krishnan G, Ganesh Babu L, Vijay R, Lenin Singaravelu D. Synergistic effect of red mud-iron sulfide particles on fade-recovery characteristics of non-asbestos organic brake friction composites. Mater Res Express. 2019;6(10).
  • [24] Dadkar N, Tomar BS, Satapathy BK. Evaluation of flyash-filled and aramid fibre reinforced hybrid polymer matrix composites (PMC) for friction braking applications. Mater Des. 2009;30(10):4369-4376.
  • [25] Hee KW, Filip P. Performance of ceramic enhanced phenolic matrix brake lining materials for automotive brake linings. Wear. 2005;259(7–12):1088-1096.
  • [26] Bahari SA, Isa KH, Kassim MA, Mohamed Z, Othman EA. Investigation on hardness and impact resistance of automotive brake pad composed with rice husk dust. In: AIP Conference Proceedings. 2012.
  • [27] Qi S, Fu Z, Yun R, Jiang S, Zheng X, Lu Y, et al. Effects of walnut shells on friction and wear performance of eco-friendly brake friction composites. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part J J Eng Tribol. 2014;228(5).
  • [28] Rashid B, Leman Z, Jawaid M, Ghazali MJ, Ishak MR, Abdelgnei MA. Dry sliding wear behavior of untreated and treated sugar palm fiber filled phenolic composites using factorial technique. Wear. 2017;380–381.
  • [29] Chandra Verma P, Menapace L, Bonfanti A, Ciudin R, Gialanella S, Straffelini G. Braking pad-disc system: Wear mechanisms and formation of wear fragments. Wear. 2015;322–323.
  • [30] Sterle W, Prietzel C, Kloß H, Dmitriev AI. On the role of copper in brake friction materials. Tribol Int. 2010;43(12):2317-2326.
  • [31] Mutlu I, Oner C, Findik F. Boric acid effect in phenolic composites on tribological properties in brake linings. Mater Des. 2007;28(2):480-487.
  • [32] Singh T, Patnaik A, Gangil B, Chauhan R. Optimization of tribo-performance of brake friction materials: Effect of nano filler. Wear. 2015;324–325.
  • [33] Liew KW, Nirmal U. Frictional performance evaluation of newly designed brake pad materials. Mater Des. 2013;48:25-33.
  • [34] Tarhan M, Tarhan B, Aydin T. The effects of fine fire clay sanitaryware wastes on ceramic wall tiles. Ceram Int. 2016 Nov 15;42(15):17110–17115.
  • [35] Mutlu I, Eldogan O, Findik F. Tribological properties of some phenolic composites suggested for automotive brakes. Tribol Int. 2006;39(4):317-325.
  • [36] Lee PW, Filip P. Friction and wear of Cu-free and Sb-free environmental friendly automotive brake materials. Wear. 2013;302(1–2).
  • [37] Yun R, Filip P, Lu Y. Performance and evaluation of eco-friendly brake friction materials. Tribol Int. 2010;43(11):2010-2019.
  • [38] Straffelini G, Maines L. The relationship between wear of semimetallic friction materials and pearlitic cast iron in dry sliding. Wear. 2013;307(1–2):75-80.
  • [39] Wahlström J, Olander L, Olofsson U. A pin-on-disc study focusing on how different load levels affect the concentration and size distribution of airborne wear particles from the disc brake materials. Tribol Lett. 2012;46(2):195-204.
  • [40] Wahlström J, Lyu Y, Matjeka V, Söderberg A. A pin-on-disc tribometer study of disc brake contact pairs with respect to wear and airborne particle emissions. Wear. 2017;384–385.
  • [41] Kim YC, Cho MH, Kim SJ, Jang H. The effect of phenolic resin, potassium titanate, and CNSL on the tribological properties of brake friction materials. Wear. 2008;264(3–4):204-210.
  • [42] Dureja N, Bijwe J, Gurunath P V. Role of type and amount of resin on performance behavior of Non-asbestos Organic (NAO) friction materials. J Reinf Plast Compos. 2009;28(4):489-497.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Automotive Engineering Materials
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Furkan Akbulut 0000-0001-6826-7199

Halil Kılıç 0000-0001-6182-356X

İbrahim Mutlu 0000-0001-5563-1000

Fatma Sena Öztürk 0009-0001-1359-8019

Eray Çaşın 0000-0003-3698-2248

Mustafa Seyrek 0000-0001-5386-4804

Abdullah Karaköse 0009-0006-6073-1966

Project Number 1139B412000962
Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date October 10, 2023
Acceptance Date November 3, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Akbulut, F., Kılıç, H., Mutlu, İ., Öztürk, F. S., et al. (2023). Investigation of Tribological Properties of Brake Friction Materials Developed from Industrial Waste Products. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology, 7(4), 309-315. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1373026
AMA Akbulut F, Kılıç H, Mutlu İ, Öztürk FS, Çaşın E, Seyrek M, Karaköse A. Investigation of Tribological Properties of Brake Friction Materials Developed from Industrial Waste Products. ijastech. December 2023;7(4):309-315. doi:10.30939/ijastech.1373026
Chicago Akbulut, Furkan, Halil Kılıç, İbrahim Mutlu, Fatma Sena Öztürk, Eray Çaşın, Mustafa Seyrek, and Abdullah Karaköse. “Investigation of Tribological Properties of Brake Friction Materials Developed from Industrial Waste Products”. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology 7, no. 4 (December 2023): 309-15. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech. 1373026.
EndNote Akbulut F, Kılıç H, Mutlu İ, Öztürk FS, Çaşın E, Seyrek M, Karaköse A (December 1, 2023) Investigation of Tribological Properties of Brake Friction Materials Developed from Industrial Waste Products. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology 7 4 309–315.
IEEE F. Akbulut, “Investigation of Tribological Properties of Brake Friction Materials Developed from Industrial Waste Products”, ijastech, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 309–315, 2023, doi: 10.30939/ijastech..1373026.
ISNAD Akbulut, Furkan et al. “Investigation of Tribological Properties of Brake Friction Materials Developed from Industrial Waste Products”. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology 7/4 (December 2023), 309-315. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech. 1373026.
JAMA Akbulut F, Kılıç H, Mutlu İ, Öztürk FS, Çaşın E, Seyrek M, Karaköse A. Investigation of Tribological Properties of Brake Friction Materials Developed from Industrial Waste Products. ijastech. 2023;7:309–315.
MLA Akbulut, Furkan et al. “Investigation of Tribological Properties of Brake Friction Materials Developed from Industrial Waste Products”. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology, vol. 7, no. 4, 2023, pp. 309-15, doi:10.30939/ijastech. 1373026.
Vancouver Akbulut F, Kılıç H, Mutlu İ, Öztürk FS, Çaşın E, Seyrek M, Karaköse A. Investigation of Tribological Properties of Brake Friction Materials Developed from Industrial Waste Products. ijastech. 2023;7(4):309-15.


International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology (IJASTECH) is published by Society of Automotive Engineers Turkey

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