Öz
Son dönemde sosyal medyada viral olan pek çok paylaşımda yer alan deepfake teknolojisinde olduğu gibi, yapay zekanın ve bilgisayar teknolojisinin geldiği son noktayı gözler önüne seren dijital görüntü oluşturma teknolojileri, gerçekte orada olmayan veya gerçek bir kişi bile olmayan ve dahası artık hayatta olmayan bir kişinin yeniden hayat bulmasını sağlayabilmektedir. Sosyal medya ve internet içeriklerinde kullanımı daha yeni gündeme gelmiş olsa da film endüstrisinde uzun zamandır kendisine yer bulan deepfake ya da dijital görüntü oluşturma teknolojileri, yaşlanmış oyuncuların gençleştirilmesinde, ölmüş oyuncuların hayata döndürülmesinde, gerçek haber görüntülerinin manipüle edilmesinde film üretiminin hizmetinde olmuştur.
Bu bakımdan bu makalede, dijital görüntü oluşturma teknolojilerinin film üretimindeki iki temel ve yaygın kullanım biçimi olan dijital gençleştirme ve hayata döndürme özelliği merkeze alınarak dijital görüntü oluşturma teknolojileri yoluyla yaratılan dijital varlıkların film endüstrisine yaptığı-yapabileceği olumlu katkılar yanında teknolojinin beraberinde getirdiği birçok endişeyi ve bir dizi etik sorunu tartışmaya açmak amaçlanmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Dijital Varlıklar Deepfake Gençleştirme Hayata Döndürme Dijital Görüntü Teknolojisi Görsel Efekt
Kaynakça
- Bode, Lisa (2017). Making Believe: Screen Performance and Special Effects in Popular Cinema. Rutgers University Press: New Brunswick.
- Bozkurt Yüksel, Armağan Ebru (2018). “Yapay Zekanın Buluşlarının Patentlenmesi”, Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi, yıl 6, sayı 11, 585-622.
- Cole, Samantha (2018). “We Are Truly Fucked: Everyone Is Making AI-Generated Fake Porn Now”. Motherboard. https://www.vice.com/en/article/bjye8a/reddit-fake-porn-app-daisy-ridley
- Creed, Barbara (2000). The cyberstar: Digital pleasures and the end of the unconscious. Screen, 41, 79–86, akt. Kathleen Loock. “On the realist aesthetics of digital de-aging in contemporary Hollywood cinema”. Orbis Litterarum 2021;76:214–225.
- Desowitz, Bill (2017). “‘Rogue One’: How ILM Created CGI Grand Moff Tarkin and Princess Leia”. İndiewire. https://www.indiewire.com/2017/01/rogue-one-visual-effects-ilm-digital-grand-moff-tarkin-cgi-princess-leia-1201766597/
- Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu (1951) https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.3.5846.pdf
- Giardina, Carolyn (2015). “How ‘Furious 7’ Brought the Late Paul Walker Back to Life”. Hollywoodreporter. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/how-furious-7-brought-late-845763/
- Hern, Alex (2021). “'I don't want to upset people': Tom Cruise deepfake creator speaks out”. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/mar/05/how-started-tom-cruise-deepfake-tiktok-videos
- İbrahim Kulular, Merve Ayşegül (2022). “Metaverse Avatarlarlarının Telif Hakkı.” ASBÜ Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 4, no. 2, 540-580.
- Jones, Nate (2017). “Male Stars Get to Age, While Women Live On in Digital Re-creations of Their Younger Selves”. Vulture. https://www.vulture.com/2017/10/blade-runner-2049-recreated-22-year-old-sean-young-why.html
- Kidron, Ran (2020). “The History of Aging and De-Aging on Screen”. Artlist. https://artlist.io/blog/the-history-of-aging-and-de-aging-on-screen/
- King, Darryn (2019). “The Game-Changing Tech Behind Gemini Man’s ‘Young’ Will Smith”. Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/game-changing-tech-gemini-man-will-smith/
- Kronke, David (1994). “Movie puts the unreal into newsreels, using effects with eerie implications”. The Baltimore Sun. https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1994-07-06-1994187015-story.html
- Lauzen, Martha M. (2021). “It’s a Man’s (Celluloid) World, Even in a Pandemic Year: Portrayals of Female Characters in the Top U.S. Films of 2021”. https://womenintvfilm.sdsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2021-Its-a-Mans-Celluloid-World-Report.pdf
- Logan, Brian (1999). “Things to do in Hollywood when you’re dead”. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/film/1999/sep/17/6
- Loock, Kathleen (2021). “On the realist aesthetics of digital de-aging in contemporary Hollywood cinema”. Orbis Litterarum. 76: 214–225.
- Mack, David (2018). “This PSA About Fake News From Barack Obama Is Not What It Appears”. BuzzFeedNews. https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/davidmack/obama-fake-news-jordan-peele-psa-video-buzzfeed
- McTaggart, India (2021). “Tom Cruise deepfake creator has spoken out and warns of the risks the technology poses”. Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/03/05/tom-cruise-deepfake-creator-has-spoken-warns-risks-technology/
- Mystakidis, Stylianos (2022). “Metaverse”. Encyclopedia, 2, 486–497. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2010031
- Okkay İpek (2023). “İletişim Kuramları Bağlamında Metaverse”. TRT Akademi. Cilt 8, Sayı 17, 8-37.
- Oliver, David (2021). “Ageism still lurks in Hollywood, according to analysis of female film characters”. USA TODAY. https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/movies/2021/04/13/women-film-study-highlights-ageism-concerns-hollywood/7201257002/
- Purse, Lisa (2013). Digital Imaging in Popular Cinema. Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh.
- Satıcı, Hale (2022). Görsel Efektlerle Sinema. Doruk: İstanbul.
- Satıcı, Murat (2019). “Hukuk Felsefesine Neden İhtiyacımız Var?”, İnsan&İnsan, Yıl/Year 6, Sayı: 21, 713-724.
- Stadler, Jane (2021). “Synthetic Beings ans Synthespian Ethics: Embodiment Technologies in Science/Fiction”. Emotions, Ethics, and Cinematic Experience: New Phenomenological and Cognitivist Perspectives içinde 123–143 (Ed. Robert Sinnerbrink). Berghahn Books: New York & Oxford.
- Trenholm, Richard (2017). “How ‘Blade Runner 2049’ made Sean Young young again”. CNET. https://www.cnet.com/culture/entertainment/blade-runner-2049-sean-young-rachael-mpc-visual-effects/
Öz
As with deepfake technology, which has recently been in many viral posts on social media, digital image technologies reveal the latest point of artificial intelligence and computer technology. Digital imaging technologies can bring a person who is not there or not even a real person and no longer alive to be brought back to life. Although the use of deepfake or digital imaging technologies in social media and internet content has only recently come to the fore, it has been in the film industry for a long time. This technology has served film production to rejuvenate aged actors, resurrect dead actors, and manipulate actual news footage.
In this regard, this article will focus on de-aging and revitalization, which are the two primary and common uses of digital imaging technologies in film production. Thus, in addition to the positive contributions of digital beings created through digital image creation technologies to the film industry, it is aimed to discuss many concerns and a series of ethical problems brought about by technology.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Digital Beings Deepfake Rejuvenation Resuscitation Digital Image Technology Visual Effect
Kaynakça
- Bode, Lisa (2017). Making Believe: Screen Performance and Special Effects in Popular Cinema. Rutgers University Press: New Brunswick.
- Bozkurt Yüksel, Armağan Ebru (2018). “Yapay Zekanın Buluşlarının Patentlenmesi”, Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi, yıl 6, sayı 11, 585-622.
- Cole, Samantha (2018). “We Are Truly Fucked: Everyone Is Making AI-Generated Fake Porn Now”. Motherboard. https://www.vice.com/en/article/bjye8a/reddit-fake-porn-app-daisy-ridley
- Creed, Barbara (2000). The cyberstar: Digital pleasures and the end of the unconscious. Screen, 41, 79–86, akt. Kathleen Loock. “On the realist aesthetics of digital de-aging in contemporary Hollywood cinema”. Orbis Litterarum 2021;76:214–225.
- Desowitz, Bill (2017). “‘Rogue One’: How ILM Created CGI Grand Moff Tarkin and Princess Leia”. İndiewire. https://www.indiewire.com/2017/01/rogue-one-visual-effects-ilm-digital-grand-moff-tarkin-cgi-princess-leia-1201766597/
- Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu (1951) https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.3.5846.pdf
- Giardina, Carolyn (2015). “How ‘Furious 7’ Brought the Late Paul Walker Back to Life”. Hollywoodreporter. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/how-furious-7-brought-late-845763/
- Hern, Alex (2021). “'I don't want to upset people': Tom Cruise deepfake creator speaks out”. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/mar/05/how-started-tom-cruise-deepfake-tiktok-videos
- İbrahim Kulular, Merve Ayşegül (2022). “Metaverse Avatarlarlarının Telif Hakkı.” ASBÜ Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 4, no. 2, 540-580.
- Jones, Nate (2017). “Male Stars Get to Age, While Women Live On in Digital Re-creations of Their Younger Selves”. Vulture. https://www.vulture.com/2017/10/blade-runner-2049-recreated-22-year-old-sean-young-why.html
- Kidron, Ran (2020). “The History of Aging and De-Aging on Screen”. Artlist. https://artlist.io/blog/the-history-of-aging-and-de-aging-on-screen/
- King, Darryn (2019). “The Game-Changing Tech Behind Gemini Man’s ‘Young’ Will Smith”. Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/game-changing-tech-gemini-man-will-smith/
- Kronke, David (1994). “Movie puts the unreal into newsreels, using effects with eerie implications”. The Baltimore Sun. https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1994-07-06-1994187015-story.html
- Lauzen, Martha M. (2021). “It’s a Man’s (Celluloid) World, Even in a Pandemic Year: Portrayals of Female Characters in the Top U.S. Films of 2021”. https://womenintvfilm.sdsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2021-Its-a-Mans-Celluloid-World-Report.pdf
- Logan, Brian (1999). “Things to do in Hollywood when you’re dead”. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/film/1999/sep/17/6
- Loock, Kathleen (2021). “On the realist aesthetics of digital de-aging in contemporary Hollywood cinema”. Orbis Litterarum. 76: 214–225.
- Mack, David (2018). “This PSA About Fake News From Barack Obama Is Not What It Appears”. BuzzFeedNews. https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/davidmack/obama-fake-news-jordan-peele-psa-video-buzzfeed
- McTaggart, India (2021). “Tom Cruise deepfake creator has spoken out and warns of the risks the technology poses”. Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/03/05/tom-cruise-deepfake-creator-has-spoken-warns-risks-technology/
- Mystakidis, Stylianos (2022). “Metaverse”. Encyclopedia, 2, 486–497. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2010031
- Okkay İpek (2023). “İletişim Kuramları Bağlamında Metaverse”. TRT Akademi. Cilt 8, Sayı 17, 8-37.
- Oliver, David (2021). “Ageism still lurks in Hollywood, according to analysis of female film characters”. USA TODAY. https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/movies/2021/04/13/women-film-study-highlights-ageism-concerns-hollywood/7201257002/
- Purse, Lisa (2013). Digital Imaging in Popular Cinema. Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh.
- Satıcı, Hale (2022). Görsel Efektlerle Sinema. Doruk: İstanbul.
- Satıcı, Murat (2019). “Hukuk Felsefesine Neden İhtiyacımız Var?”, İnsan&İnsan, Yıl/Year 6, Sayı: 21, 713-724.
- Stadler, Jane (2021). “Synthetic Beings ans Synthespian Ethics: Embodiment Technologies in Science/Fiction”. Emotions, Ethics, and Cinematic Experience: New Phenomenological and Cognitivist Perspectives içinde 123–143 (Ed. Robert Sinnerbrink). Berghahn Books: New York & Oxford.
- Trenholm, Richard (2017). “How ‘Blade Runner 2049’ made Sean Young young again”. CNET. https://www.cnet.com/culture/entertainment/blade-runner-2049-sean-young-rachael-mpc-visual-effects/
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | İLETİŞİM |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 20 Eylül 2023 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 25 Eylül 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3 |
