Derleme
Ochratoxin A and Its Effects
Öz
Ochratoxin A is a fungal secondary metabolite that has toxic effects to humans and animals. Its toxic property was first identified in 1965 and then studies in mid-1980 showed that the toxin is also carcinogenic to animals. Farm animals receive the toxin through their food intake and the toxin reaches to humans directly with consumption of plant originated nutrients or indirectly with the consumption of animals who fed with the toxin contaminated food.
Toxic and carcinogenic properties of the toxin were studied in several animal groups and it is found that the toxin is primarily toxic to kidney and liver and it also causes specifically kidney tumors. It is also found that ochratoxin A has more toxic toxicity and carcinogenic effect to males compared to females. In this paper, patho-logical and toxic effects of ochratoxin A will be discussed.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Alvarez, L., Gil, A., Ezpeleta, J.A., 2004. Immuno-toxic effects of Ochratoxin A in wistar rats after oral administration. Food Chem Toxicol., 42, 825- 834.
- Baydar, T., Engin, A.B., Girgin, G., Aydin, S., Sahin, G., 2005. Aflatoxin and ochratoxin various types of commonly consumed retail ground samples in Ankara, Turkey. Ann Agric Environ Med., 12, 193-197.
- Bendele, A.M., Carlton, W.W., Krogh, P., Lillehoj, E.B., 1985. Ochratoxin A carcinogenesis in the (C57BL/6J X C3H)F1 mouse. J Natl Cancer Inst., 75(4): 733-742.
- Boorman, G., 1989. Ed NTP Technical report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of ochratoxin A in F344/N Rats (Gavage Studies) (NIH Publi-cation No. 89-2813): National Toxicology program. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S Department of Health and Human Services. 303-47-9.
- Burckhardt, B.C., Burckhardt, G., 2003. Transport of organic anions across the basolateral membrane of proximal tubule cells. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharma-col., 146, 95-158.
- Ceci, E.G., Bozzo, E., Bonerba, A., Di Pinto, M.G., Tantillo, S., 2007. Ochratoxin A detection by HPLC in target tissues of swine and cytological and histological analysis. Food Chem., 105, 364-368.
- Chu, F.S., 1974. A comparative study of the interac-tion of ochratoxins with bovine serum albumin. Biochem Pharmacol., 23, 1105–1107.
- Dragacci, S., Grosso, F., Bire, R., Fremy, J.M., Coulon, S., 1999. A French monitoring programme for determining ochratoxin A occurrence in pig kidneys. Nat Toxins., 7, 167-173.
- Elling, F., Nelsen, J.P., Lillehoj, E.B., Thomassen, M.S., Stormer, F.C., 1985. Ochratoxin A induced porcine nephropathy: Enzyme and ultrastructural changes after short-term exposure. Toxicon., 23, 247–254.
- Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), 1995. Biotechnology and food safety. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO consultation, Food and Nutrition.
- Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), 2001. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Addi-tives, Fifty‐sixth meeting, Geneva, Switzerland 6–15.
- Fuchs, R., Peraica, M., 2005. Ochratoxin A in human kidney diseases. Food Addit Contam., 22, 53-57.
- Galtier, P.M., Alvinerie, J.L., Charpenteau, F., 1981.The pharmacokinetic profiles of ochratoxin A in pigs, rabbit and chicken. Food Cosmet Toxicol., 19, 735–738.
- Gresham, A., Done, S., Livesey, C., Macdonald, S., Chan, D., Sayers, R., Clark, C., Kemp, P., 2006. Survey of pigs' kidneys with lesions consistent with PMWS and PDNS and ochratoxicosis. Part 1: con-centrations and prevalence of ochratoxin A. Vet Rec., 159, 737-742.
- Hald, B., 1991. Porcine nephropathy in Europe. IARC Sci Publ., 115, 49-56.
- Hamilton, P.B., Huff, W.E., Harris, J.R., Wyatt, R.D., 1982. Natural occurrences of ochratoxicosis in poultry. Poult Sci., 51, 1832.
- Hassen, W., Abid-Essafi, S., Achour, A., Guezzah, N., Zakhama, A., Ellouz, F, Creppy E.E., Bacha, H., 2004. Karyomegaly of tubular kidney cells in human chronic interstitial nephropathy in Tunisia: Respective role of Ochratoxin A and possible genetic predisposition. Hum Exp Toxicol., 23, 339–346.
- Hmaissia, Khlifa K., Ghali, R., Mezigh, C., Aouni, Z., Ghorbel, H., Harrzallah, K., Machgoul, S., Hedhili, A., 2008. Serum levels of ochratoxin A in healthy subjects and in nephropathic patients in Tunisia. Ann Biol Clin., 66, 631-636.
- Huff, W.E., Kubena, L.F., Harvey, R.B., Phillips, T.D., 1992. Efficacy of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate to reduce the individual and com-bined toxicity of aflatoxin and ochratoxin A. Poult Sci., 71, 64–69.
- Jung, K.Y., Takeda, M., Kim, D.K., Tojo, A., Narikawa, S., Yoo, B.S., Hosoyamada, M., Cha, S.H., Sekine, T., Endou, H., 2001. Characterization of ochratoxin A transport by human organic anion transporters. Life Sci., 69, 2123-2135.
- Kap, P.S., 2002.Çekirdeksiz üzümlerde Okratoksin A üreticisi küflerin dağılımı üzerinde nem ve sıcaklığın etkilerinin araştırılması. Yüksek lisans tezi danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Rengin Eltem Ege Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir.
- Khoury, A., Atoui, A., 2010. Ochratoxin A: General Overview and Actual Molecular Status. Toxins., 2, 461-493.
- Mantle, P., Kulinskaya, E., Nestler, S., 2005. Renal tumourigenesis in male rats in response to chronic dietary ochratoxin A. Food Addit Contam., 22 (1), 58-64.
- Mantle, P.G., 2008. Interpretation of the pharmaco-kinetics of ochratoxin A in blood plasma of rats, during and after acute or chronic ingestion. Food Chem Toxicol., 46, 1808–1816.
- Mantle, P.G., 2009. Minimum tolerable exposure period and maximum threshold dietary intake of ochratoxin A for causing renal cancer in male Dark Agouti rats. Food Chem Toxicol., 47(10), 2419-2424.
- Mantle, P., Kulinskaya, E., 2010. Lifetime, low-dose ochratoxin A dietary study on renal carcino-genesis in male Fischer rats. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess., 27(11), 1566-1573.
- Marquardt, R.R., Frohlich, A.A., 1992. A review of recent advances in understanding ochratoxicosis. J Anim Sci., 70, 3968-3988. Matrella, R.L., Monaci, M.A., Milillo, F., Palmisano, M.G., Tantillo, S., 2006. Ochratoxin A determination in paired kidneys and muscle samples from swines slaughtered in southern Italy. Food Control., 17, 114-117.
- Mor, F., Kilic, M.A., Ozmen, O., Yilmaz, M., Eker, I., Uran, K., Haligur, M., Mantle, P.G., 2014. A Role for Testosterone in the Rat Gender Difference in Toxicological Response to Ochratoxin A. Exp Toxicol Pathol., 66, 267-275.
- National Toxicology Program (NTP). 1989. Toxi-cology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Ochratoxin A (CAS No. 303-47-9) in F344/N Rats (Gavage Stud-ies). Technical Report Series No 358; NTIS Publica-tion No. PB90-219478/AS.
- O'Brien, E., Heussner, A.H., Dietrich, D.R., 2001. Species-, sex-, and cell type-specific effects of ochratoxin A and B. Toxicol Sci., 63, 256–264. O’Brien, E., Dietrich, D.R., 2005: Ochratoxin A: The continuing enigma. Crit Rev Toxicol., 35, 33-60.
- Pavlovic, M., Plestina, R., Krogh, P., 1979. Ochra-toxin A contamination of foodstuffs in an area with Balkan (endemic) nephropathy. Acta Pathol Micro-biol Scand. B., 87, 243-246.
- Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A., Pinelli, E., Bartsch, H., Mohr, U., Castegnaro, M., 1998. Sex- and strain-specific expression of cytochrome P450s in ochratoxin A-induced genotoxicity and carcino-genicity in rats. Mol Carcinog., 23, 76–85.
- Pfohl-Leszkowicz, Manderville., 2007. Ochratoxin A: an overview on toxicity and carcinogenicity in animals and humans. Mol Nutr Food Res., 51, 61–99.
- Plestina, R., Ceovic, S., Gatenbeck, S., Habazin-Novak, V., Hult, K., Hökby, E., Krogh, P., Radic, B., 1990. Human exposure to ochratoxin A in areas of Yugoslavia with endemic nephropathy. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol., 10, 145-148.
- Prior, M.G., 1976. Mycotoxin determinations on animal feedstuffs and tissues in Western Canada. Can J Comp Med., 40, 75-79. Pohland, A.E., Nesheim, S., Friedmann, L., 1992. Ochratoxin A. Pure Appl Chern., 64, 1029-1046.
- Ribelin, W.E., Fukushima, K., Still, P.E., 1978. A The toxicity of ochratoxin to ruminants. Can J Comp Med., 42(2), 172-176.
- Ringot, D., Lerzy, B., Bonhoure, J., Auclair, E., Oriol, E., Larondelle, Y., 2005. Effect of temperature on in vitro Ochratoxin A biosorbtion onto yeast cell wall derivatives. Process Biochemistry., 40, 3008-3016.
- Ringot, D., Chango, A., Schneider, Y.J., Larondelle, Y., 2006. Toxicokinetics and toxico-dynamics of ochratoxin A, an update. Chem Biol Interact., 159, 18-46.
- Stoev, S.D., 2010. Studies on carcinogenic and toxic effects of ochratoxin A in chicks. Toxins., 2, 649- 664.
- Ünal, A.S., 2009. Kuru Üzüm ve Ürünlerinde Okra-toksin A Varlığının Araştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Buket Alpertunga, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- Vettorazzi, A., Gonzalez-Peñas, E., Trocóniz, I.F., Arbillaga, L., Corcuera, L.A., Gil, A.G., López de, Cerain A., 2009. A different kinetic profile of ochra-toxin a in mature male rats. Food Chem Toxicol., 47, 1921-1927.
- Vettorazzi, A., de Trocóniz, I.F., González-Peñas, E., Arbillaga, L., Corcuera, L.A., Gil, A.G., de Cerain, A.L., 2011. Kidney and liver distribution of ochratoxin A in male and female F344 rats. Food Chem Toxicol., 49, 1935-1942.
- Wafa, E.W., Yahya, R.S., Sobh, M.A., Eraky, I., El-baz, M., El-Gayar, H.A., Betbeder, A.M., 1998. Human ochratoxicosis and nephropathy in Egypt: A preliminary study. Human Exp Toxicol., 17, 124-129.
- World Health Organization (WHO), 1991. Evalua-tion of certain food additives and contaminants. Thirty-seventh report of the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. WHO technical report series 806, 29–31.
Okratoksin A ve Etkileri
Öz
Okratoksin A, bir fungal metabolik ürün olup, insan ve hayvanlar üzerine toksik etkilerinin olduğu ilk kez 1965’te ortaya konmuş ve 1980’lerin ortalarında yapılan çalışmalar bu toksinin aynı zamanda hayvanlarda kan-serojen olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu toksinin insan ve çiftlik hayvanlarına geçişi gıda yolu ile olmaktadır. İnsanlara bitkisel gıdalarla doğrudan geçebildiği gibi, toksin ile bulaşmış yemlerin hayvanlar tarafından tüketilmesiyle indirekt olarak da geçebilmektedir.
Okratoksin A’nın toksik ve kanserojenik etkileri deney hayvanlarında çalışılmış olup, uygulandığı tüm hayvan türlerinde başta böbrek ve karaciğer olmak üzere birçok organa zarar verdiği ve özellikle böbrek tümörlerine neden olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Okratoksin A’nın bir diğer önemli özelliği de, toksitesini ve kanserojenik özelliğini dişilerden çok erkekler üzerinde göstermesidir. Bu derlemede Okratoksin A’nın toksik ve patolojik etkileri değerlendirilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Alvarez, L., Gil, A., Ezpeleta, J.A., 2004. Immuno-toxic effects of Ochratoxin A in wistar rats after oral administration. Food Chem Toxicol., 42, 825- 834.
- Baydar, T., Engin, A.B., Girgin, G., Aydin, S., Sahin, G., 2005. Aflatoxin and ochratoxin various types of commonly consumed retail ground samples in Ankara, Turkey. Ann Agric Environ Med., 12, 193-197.
- Bendele, A.M., Carlton, W.W., Krogh, P., Lillehoj, E.B., 1985. Ochratoxin A carcinogenesis in the (C57BL/6J X C3H)F1 mouse. J Natl Cancer Inst., 75(4): 733-742.
- Boorman, G., 1989. Ed NTP Technical report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of ochratoxin A in F344/N Rats (Gavage Studies) (NIH Publi-cation No. 89-2813): National Toxicology program. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S Department of Health and Human Services. 303-47-9.
- Burckhardt, B.C., Burckhardt, G., 2003. Transport of organic anions across the basolateral membrane of proximal tubule cells. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharma-col., 146, 95-158.
- Ceci, E.G., Bozzo, E., Bonerba, A., Di Pinto, M.G., Tantillo, S., 2007. Ochratoxin A detection by HPLC in target tissues of swine and cytological and histological analysis. Food Chem., 105, 364-368.
- Chu, F.S., 1974. A comparative study of the interac-tion of ochratoxins with bovine serum albumin. Biochem Pharmacol., 23, 1105–1107.
- Dragacci, S., Grosso, F., Bire, R., Fremy, J.M., Coulon, S., 1999. A French monitoring programme for determining ochratoxin A occurrence in pig kidneys. Nat Toxins., 7, 167-173.
- Elling, F., Nelsen, J.P., Lillehoj, E.B., Thomassen, M.S., Stormer, F.C., 1985. Ochratoxin A induced porcine nephropathy: Enzyme and ultrastructural changes after short-term exposure. Toxicon., 23, 247–254.
- Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), 1995. Biotechnology and food safety. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO consultation, Food and Nutrition.
- Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), 2001. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Addi-tives, Fifty‐sixth meeting, Geneva, Switzerland 6–15.
- Fuchs, R., Peraica, M., 2005. Ochratoxin A in human kidney diseases. Food Addit Contam., 22, 53-57.
- Galtier, P.M., Alvinerie, J.L., Charpenteau, F., 1981.The pharmacokinetic profiles of ochratoxin A in pigs, rabbit and chicken. Food Cosmet Toxicol., 19, 735–738.
- Gresham, A., Done, S., Livesey, C., Macdonald, S., Chan, D., Sayers, R., Clark, C., Kemp, P., 2006. Survey of pigs' kidneys with lesions consistent with PMWS and PDNS and ochratoxicosis. Part 1: con-centrations and prevalence of ochratoxin A. Vet Rec., 159, 737-742.
- Hald, B., 1991. Porcine nephropathy in Europe. IARC Sci Publ., 115, 49-56.
- Hamilton, P.B., Huff, W.E., Harris, J.R., Wyatt, R.D., 1982. Natural occurrences of ochratoxicosis in poultry. Poult Sci., 51, 1832.
- Hassen, W., Abid-Essafi, S., Achour, A., Guezzah, N., Zakhama, A., Ellouz, F, Creppy E.E., Bacha, H., 2004. Karyomegaly of tubular kidney cells in human chronic interstitial nephropathy in Tunisia: Respective role of Ochratoxin A and possible genetic predisposition. Hum Exp Toxicol., 23, 339–346.
- Hmaissia, Khlifa K., Ghali, R., Mezigh, C., Aouni, Z., Ghorbel, H., Harrzallah, K., Machgoul, S., Hedhili, A., 2008. Serum levels of ochratoxin A in healthy subjects and in nephropathic patients in Tunisia. Ann Biol Clin., 66, 631-636.
- Huff, W.E., Kubena, L.F., Harvey, R.B., Phillips, T.D., 1992. Efficacy of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate to reduce the individual and com-bined toxicity of aflatoxin and ochratoxin A. Poult Sci., 71, 64–69.
- Jung, K.Y., Takeda, M., Kim, D.K., Tojo, A., Narikawa, S., Yoo, B.S., Hosoyamada, M., Cha, S.H., Sekine, T., Endou, H., 2001. Characterization of ochratoxin A transport by human organic anion transporters. Life Sci., 69, 2123-2135.
- Kap, P.S., 2002.Çekirdeksiz üzümlerde Okratoksin A üreticisi küflerin dağılımı üzerinde nem ve sıcaklığın etkilerinin araştırılması. Yüksek lisans tezi danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Rengin Eltem Ege Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir.
- Khoury, A., Atoui, A., 2010. Ochratoxin A: General Overview and Actual Molecular Status. Toxins., 2, 461-493.
- Mantle, P., Kulinskaya, E., Nestler, S., 2005. Renal tumourigenesis in male rats in response to chronic dietary ochratoxin A. Food Addit Contam., 22 (1), 58-64.
- Mantle, P.G., 2008. Interpretation of the pharmaco-kinetics of ochratoxin A in blood plasma of rats, during and after acute or chronic ingestion. Food Chem Toxicol., 46, 1808–1816.
- Mantle, P.G., 2009. Minimum tolerable exposure period and maximum threshold dietary intake of ochratoxin A for causing renal cancer in male Dark Agouti rats. Food Chem Toxicol., 47(10), 2419-2424.
- Mantle, P., Kulinskaya, E., 2010. Lifetime, low-dose ochratoxin A dietary study on renal carcino-genesis in male Fischer rats. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess., 27(11), 1566-1573.
- Marquardt, R.R., Frohlich, A.A., 1992. A review of recent advances in understanding ochratoxicosis. J Anim Sci., 70, 3968-3988. Matrella, R.L., Monaci, M.A., Milillo, F., Palmisano, M.G., Tantillo, S., 2006. Ochratoxin A determination in paired kidneys and muscle samples from swines slaughtered in southern Italy. Food Control., 17, 114-117.
- Mor, F., Kilic, M.A., Ozmen, O., Yilmaz, M., Eker, I., Uran, K., Haligur, M., Mantle, P.G., 2014. A Role for Testosterone in the Rat Gender Difference in Toxicological Response to Ochratoxin A. Exp Toxicol Pathol., 66, 267-275.
- National Toxicology Program (NTP). 1989. Toxi-cology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Ochratoxin A (CAS No. 303-47-9) in F344/N Rats (Gavage Stud-ies). Technical Report Series No 358; NTIS Publica-tion No. PB90-219478/AS.
- O'Brien, E., Heussner, A.H., Dietrich, D.R., 2001. Species-, sex-, and cell type-specific effects of ochratoxin A and B. Toxicol Sci., 63, 256–264. O’Brien, E., Dietrich, D.R., 2005: Ochratoxin A: The continuing enigma. Crit Rev Toxicol., 35, 33-60.
- Pavlovic, M., Plestina, R., Krogh, P., 1979. Ochra-toxin A contamination of foodstuffs in an area with Balkan (endemic) nephropathy. Acta Pathol Micro-biol Scand. B., 87, 243-246.
- Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A., Pinelli, E., Bartsch, H., Mohr, U., Castegnaro, M., 1998. Sex- and strain-specific expression of cytochrome P450s in ochratoxin A-induced genotoxicity and carcino-genicity in rats. Mol Carcinog., 23, 76–85.
- Pfohl-Leszkowicz, Manderville., 2007. Ochratoxin A: an overview on toxicity and carcinogenicity in animals and humans. Mol Nutr Food Res., 51, 61–99.
- Plestina, R., Ceovic, S., Gatenbeck, S., Habazin-Novak, V., Hult, K., Hökby, E., Krogh, P., Radic, B., 1990. Human exposure to ochratoxin A in areas of Yugoslavia with endemic nephropathy. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol., 10, 145-148.
- Prior, M.G., 1976. Mycotoxin determinations on animal feedstuffs and tissues in Western Canada. Can J Comp Med., 40, 75-79. Pohland, A.E., Nesheim, S., Friedmann, L., 1992. Ochratoxin A. Pure Appl Chern., 64, 1029-1046.
- Ribelin, W.E., Fukushima, K., Still, P.E., 1978. A The toxicity of ochratoxin to ruminants. Can J Comp Med., 42(2), 172-176.
- Ringot, D., Lerzy, B., Bonhoure, J., Auclair, E., Oriol, E., Larondelle, Y., 2005. Effect of temperature on in vitro Ochratoxin A biosorbtion onto yeast cell wall derivatives. Process Biochemistry., 40, 3008-3016.
- Ringot, D., Chango, A., Schneider, Y.J., Larondelle, Y., 2006. Toxicokinetics and toxico-dynamics of ochratoxin A, an update. Chem Biol Interact., 159, 18-46.
- Stoev, S.D., 2010. Studies on carcinogenic and toxic effects of ochratoxin A in chicks. Toxins., 2, 649- 664.
- Ünal, A.S., 2009. Kuru Üzüm ve Ürünlerinde Okra-toksin A Varlığının Araştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Buket Alpertunga, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- Vettorazzi, A., Gonzalez-Peñas, E., Trocóniz, I.F., Arbillaga, L., Corcuera, L.A., Gil, A.G., López de, Cerain A., 2009. A different kinetic profile of ochra-toxin a in mature male rats. Food Chem Toxicol., 47, 1921-1927.
- Vettorazzi, A., de Trocóniz, I.F., González-Peñas, E., Arbillaga, L., Corcuera, L.A., Gil, A.G., de Cerain, A.L., 2011. Kidney and liver distribution of ochratoxin A in male and female F344 rats. Food Chem Toxicol., 49, 1935-1942.
- Wafa, E.W., Yahya, R.S., Sobh, M.A., Eraky, I., El-baz, M., El-Gayar, H.A., Betbeder, A.M., 1998. Human ochratoxicosis and nephropathy in Egypt: A preliminary study. Human Exp Toxicol., 17, 124-129.
- World Health Organization (WHO), 1991. Evalua-tion of certain food additives and contaminants. Thirty-seventh report of the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. WHO technical report series 806, 29–31.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.