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Yükselen Ekonomilerde İnovasyon ve Büyüme İlişkisi: Panel Eşbütünleşme Analizi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 649 - 681, 19.08.2022

Pınar Tokal

https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.1103653

Öz

Bir ülke ekonomisinin global düzeyde teknolojiye ulaşabilmesi, Ar-Ge ve teknoloji yaratmaya ilişkin odağında inovasyonun bulunduğu bir büyüme stratejisini uygulamasıyla mümkün hale gelebilmektedir. Yeni ürün ve üretim süreçlerinin oluşturulması veya mevcut ürün ya da üretim süreçlerinin iyileştirilmesi şeklinde ekonomik açıdan yarar elde edilmesini ifade eden inovasyon kavramı, ülkelerin sürdürülebilir ekonomik büyüme ve rekabet gücü elde edebilmeleri noktasında oldukça büyük bir öneme sahiptir. İnovasyon; global çapta rekabet üstünlüğü elde etmede, verimliliğin arttırılmasında, ekonomik büyümede ve buna bağlı olarak refah ve hayat standartlarının yükseltilmesinde önemli unsurlarından biri şeklinde görülmektedir. Özellikle yükselen ekonomiler için büyümenin itici gücü olarak teknolojik gelişmeler ve inovasyon büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, yükselen ekonomilerde teknolojik gelişmelerin büyümeye etkisini panel eşbütünleşme analizinden yararlanarak ortaya koymaktır. Gerçekleştirilen analizle birlikte, değişkenler arasında uzun vadeli bir bağlantı belirlenmiştir. Uzun dönem katsayı tahminleri incelendiğinde, AR-GE ve PA değişkeni GSYİH üzerinde pozitif yönde istatistiksel açıdan ilişki bulunduğu görülmüştür. AR-GE değişkeni GSYİH değişkenini %25.2 arttırmaktadır. Diğer yandan, PA değişkeni GSYİH değişkenini %21.4 arttırmaktadır. Ayrıca, AR-GE ve PA değişkenlerinden GSYİH’ye doğru tek yönlü nedensellik saptanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İnovasyon Büyüme Teknoloji Panel Veri Analizi

Destekleyen Kurum

yok

Kaynakça

  • Aghion, P. and Howitt, P. (1992). A model of growth through creative destruction. Econometrica, 60, 323-351.
  • Aghion, P. and Howitt, P. (2006). Appropriate growth policy: a unifying framework. Journal of the European Economic Association, 4, 269-314.
  • Altıntaş, F. F. (2020). İnovasyonun ekonomik büyümeyi etkilemesine yönelik bir yapısal eşitlik modeli uygulaması: G20 grubu ülkeleri örneği. BMIJ, 8(4), 723-763.
  • Barro, R. J. (1990). Government spending in a simple model of endogenous growth. Journal of Political Economy, 98, 103-125.
  • Barro, R. J. (1991). Economic growth in a cross section of countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, 407-443.
  • Bayraktutan, Y. ve Kethuda, F. (2016). Ar-Ge ve iktisadi büyüme ilişkisi: OECD örneği. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(53), 679-694.
  • Bialbao-Osorio, B. and Rodriguez-Pose, A. (2004). From R&D to innovation and economic growth in the EU. Growth and Change, 35(4), 434-455.
  • Bozkurt, C. (2015). R&D Expenditures and Economic Growth Relationship in Turkey. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(1), 188-198.
  • Breusch, T. S. and Pagan, A. R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239- 253.
  • Caiazza, R. (2015). Explaining innovation in mature industries: Evidences from Italian SMEs. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 27(1), 975-985.
  • Correa, J. A. (2012). Innovation and competition: An unstable relationship. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 27(2), 160-166.
  • Cutcu I. ve Bozan T. (2019). İnovasyon ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: G-7 ülkeleri üzerine panel veri analizi. Uluslararası Ekonomi İşletme ve Politika Dergisi, 3(2), 289-310.
  • Donou-Adonsou, F. (2019). Technology, education, and economic growth in sub-saharan Africa. Telecommunications Policy, 43(4), 353-360.
  • Drucker, P. (2014). Innovation and entrepreneurship: practice and principles. New York: Routledge.
  • Dumitrescu, E. and Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(1), 1450-1460.
  • Farinha, L., Ferreira, J. and Gouveia, B. (2016). Networks of innovation and competitiveness: a triple helix case study. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 5(2), 1-18.
  • Genç, M. ve Atasoy, Y. (2010). Ar-Ge harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: panel veri analizi, The Journal of Knowledge Economy & Knowledge Management, 5(2), 27-34.
  • Granger, C. W. J. (1969). Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-Spectral Methods. Econometrica, 37, 424-438.
  • Grossman, G. M. and Helpman, E. (1991). Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Gülmez, A. ve Yardımcıoglu, F. (2012). OECD Ülkelerinde Ar-Ge harcaması ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Panel eşbütünleşme ve panel nedensellik analizi (1990-2010). Maliye Dergisi, 163, 335-353.
  • Güloğlu, B. ve Tekin, B. (2012). A panel causality analysis of the relationship among research and development, innovation, and economic growth in high-income OECD countries. Eurasian Economic Review, 2(1), 32-47.
  • Güneş, H. (2019). Ar-Ge harcamaları ile ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: OECD ülkeleri için panel veri analizi. Sakarya İktisat Dergisi, 8(2), 160-176.
  • Hasan, I. and Tucci, C. L. (2010). The innovation–Economic growth nexus: Global evidence. Research Policy, 39(10), 1264-1276.
  • Hong, J-P. (2017). Causal Relationship Between ICT R&D Investment and economic growth in Korea. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 116, 70-75.
  • Huňady, J. and Orviská, M. (2014). The Impact of Research and Development Expenditures on Innovation Performance and Economic Growth of the Country-the Empirical Evidence, CBU International Conference Proceedings, 2(1), 119-125.
  • Hussain, M., F., Afzal, A., Asif, M., Ahmed, N. and Bilal, R. M. (2011). Impact of innovation, technology and economic growth on entrepreneurship. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 1(1), 45-51.
  • Inekwe, J. N. (2014). The countribution of R&D expenditures to economic growth in developing countries. Social Indicators Research, 124(3), 727-745.
  • İnal, V., Altıntaş, N. ve Çalışkan, M. (2017). Ar‐Ge harcamalarının ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: Türkiye özelinde nedensellik analizi. Sakarya Üniversitesi Dergisi, 1(1), 34-47.
  • Josheski, D. and Koteski, C. (2011). The causal relationship between patent growth and growth of GDP with quarterly data in the G7 countries: Cointegration, ARDL and Error Correction Models. MPRA Paper No. 33153, 1-21.
  • Lasagni, A. (2012). How can external relationships enhance innovation in SMEs? New evidencefor Europe. Journal of Small Business Management, 50(2), 310-339.
  • Larsson, L. and Larsson, J. (2018). Sustainable development in project-based industries–supporting the realization of explorative innovation. Sustainability 10(3), 1-18.
  • Lefebvre, V. M., De Steur, H., & Gellynck, X. (2015). External sources for innovation in food SMEs. British Food Journal, 117, 412-430.
  • Li, J. and Jiang, Y. (2016). ‘Calculation and empirical analysis on the contributions of R&D spending and patents to china’s economic growth. Theoretical Economics Letters, 6(6), 1256-1266.
  • Lindgardt, Z., Reeves, M. and Stalk, G. (2015). Business model innovation -when the game gets tough, change the game. Boston, MA: Boston Consulting Group.
  • Ljungquist, L. and Sargent, T. (2004). Recursive macroeconomic theory, 2nd edition. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
  • Lucas, R. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22, 3-42.
  • Martins, E. and Terblanche, F. (2003). Building organizational culture that stimulates creativity and innovation. European Journal of Innovation Management, 6(1), 64-74.
  • Medcof, J.W. and Lee, T. (2017). The effects of the chief technology officer and firm and industry R&D intensity on organizational performance: CTO and firm and industry R&D on organizational performance. R&D Management, 47(5), 767-781.
  • Mecik, O. (2014). Ar-Ge Harcamalarının ekonomik gelişmişlik üzerindeki etkileri. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(32), 669-674.
  • Mehran, M. & Reza, M. A. (2011). Comparative investigation of the relation of R&D expenditures to economic growth in a group of the less developed countries and OECD countries. Journal of Social and Development Sciences, 2(4), 188-195.
  • Michelson, S., Philipova, E. and Srotova, P. (2008). The case of emerging market funds. Journal of Business and Economics, 6(11), 81-88.
  • Ntuli, H., Inglesi-Lotz, R., Chang, T. and Pouris, A. (2015). A does research output cause economic growth or vice versa? evidence from 34 OECD countries. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 66(8), 1709-1716.
  • Özbay, F., Arıcan, M. ve Oguzturk, B. S. (2021). Çin rüyasının gerçekleşmesinde inovasyonun önemi: büyüme ve inovasyon ilişkisi üzerine ekonometrik bir analiz. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(1), 413-437.
  • Özer, M. ve Çiftçi, N. (2009). Ar-Ge harcamaları ve ihracat ilişkisi: OECD ülkeleri panel veri analizi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23, 1-9.
  • Özcan, B. ve Arı, A. (2014). Araştırma-geliştirme harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: panel veri analizi. Maliye Dergisi, 166, 39-55.
  • Pece, A. M., Simona, O. E. O. ve Salisteanu, , F. (2015). Innovation and economic growth: an empirical analysis for CEE countries. Procedia Economics and Finance, 26(1),461-467.
  • Petruzzelli, M. A., Ardito, L. and Savino, T. (2018). Maturity of knowledge inputs and innovation value: The moderating effect of firm age and size. Journal of Business Research, 86(2), 190-201. Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. CESifo Working Papers, No.1233, 255-260.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah A. and Yamagata T. (2008). A bias-adjusted lm test of error cross-section independence. Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H. and Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
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The Relationship Between Innovation and Growth in Emerging Economies: A Panel Cointegration Analysis

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 649 - 681, 19.08.2022

Pınar Tokal

https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.1103653

Öz

A country’s economy’s access to technology at a global level becomes possible by implementing a growth strategy that focuses on R&D and technology creation, with innovation. The concept of innovation, which expresses economic benefit in the form of creating new products and production processes or improving existing products or production processes, has a great importance for countries to achieve sustainable economic growth and competitiveness. Innovation; “It is seen as one of the important elements in gaining competitive advantage on a global scale, increasing productivity, economic growth and, accordingly, raising welfare and living standards. Technological developments and innovation are of great importance as the driving force of growth, especially for emerging economies. The aim of this study is to reveal the effect of technological developments on growth in emerging economies by using panel cointegration analysis. With the analysis performed, a long-term link between the variables was determined. When the long-term coefficient estimates are examined, it is seen that there is a positive statistical relationship on the R&D and PA variable GDP. The R&D variable increases the GDP variable by 25.2%. On the other hand, the PA variable increases the GDP variable by 21.4%. Also, one-way causality was found from R&D and PA variables to GDP”

Anahtar Kelimeler

Innovation Growth Technology Panel Data Analysis.

Kaynakça

  • Aghion, P. and Howitt, P. (1992). A model of growth through creative destruction. Econometrica, 60, 323-351.
  • Aghion, P. and Howitt, P. (2006). Appropriate growth policy: a unifying framework. Journal of the European Economic Association, 4, 269-314.
  • Altıntaş, F. F. (2020). İnovasyonun ekonomik büyümeyi etkilemesine yönelik bir yapısal eşitlik modeli uygulaması: G20 grubu ülkeleri örneği. BMIJ, 8(4), 723-763.
  • Barro, R. J. (1990). Government spending in a simple model of endogenous growth. Journal of Political Economy, 98, 103-125.
  • Barro, R. J. (1991). Economic growth in a cross section of countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, 407-443.
  • Bayraktutan, Y. ve Kethuda, F. (2016). Ar-Ge ve iktisadi büyüme ilişkisi: OECD örneği. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(53), 679-694.
  • Bialbao-Osorio, B. and Rodriguez-Pose, A. (2004). From R&D to innovation and economic growth in the EU. Growth and Change, 35(4), 434-455.
  • Bozkurt, C. (2015). R&D Expenditures and Economic Growth Relationship in Turkey. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(1), 188-198.
  • Breusch, T. S. and Pagan, A. R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239- 253.
  • Caiazza, R. (2015). Explaining innovation in mature industries: Evidences from Italian SMEs. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 27(1), 975-985.
  • Correa, J. A. (2012). Innovation and competition: An unstable relationship. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 27(2), 160-166.
  • Cutcu I. ve Bozan T. (2019). İnovasyon ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: G-7 ülkeleri üzerine panel veri analizi. Uluslararası Ekonomi İşletme ve Politika Dergisi, 3(2), 289-310.
  • Donou-Adonsou, F. (2019). Technology, education, and economic growth in sub-saharan Africa. Telecommunications Policy, 43(4), 353-360.
  • Drucker, P. (2014). Innovation and entrepreneurship: practice and principles. New York: Routledge.
  • Dumitrescu, E. and Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(1), 1450-1460.
  • Farinha, L., Ferreira, J. and Gouveia, B. (2016). Networks of innovation and competitiveness: a triple helix case study. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 5(2), 1-18.
  • Genç, M. ve Atasoy, Y. (2010). Ar-Ge harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: panel veri analizi, The Journal of Knowledge Economy & Knowledge Management, 5(2), 27-34.
  • Granger, C. W. J. (1969). Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-Spectral Methods. Econometrica, 37, 424-438.
  • Grossman, G. M. and Helpman, E. (1991). Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Gülmez, A. ve Yardımcıoglu, F. (2012). OECD Ülkelerinde Ar-Ge harcaması ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Panel eşbütünleşme ve panel nedensellik analizi (1990-2010). Maliye Dergisi, 163, 335-353.
  • Güloğlu, B. ve Tekin, B. (2012). A panel causality analysis of the relationship among research and development, innovation, and economic growth in high-income OECD countries. Eurasian Economic Review, 2(1), 32-47.
  • Güneş, H. (2019). Ar-Ge harcamaları ile ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: OECD ülkeleri için panel veri analizi. Sakarya İktisat Dergisi, 8(2), 160-176.
  • Hasan, I. and Tucci, C. L. (2010). The innovation–Economic growth nexus: Global evidence. Research Policy, 39(10), 1264-1276.
  • Hong, J-P. (2017). Causal Relationship Between ICT R&D Investment and economic growth in Korea. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 116, 70-75.
  • Huňady, J. and Orviská, M. (2014). The Impact of Research and Development Expenditures on Innovation Performance and Economic Growth of the Country-the Empirical Evidence, CBU International Conference Proceedings, 2(1), 119-125.
  • Hussain, M., F., Afzal, A., Asif, M., Ahmed, N. and Bilal, R. M. (2011). Impact of innovation, technology and economic growth on entrepreneurship. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 1(1), 45-51.
  • Inekwe, J. N. (2014). The countribution of R&D expenditures to economic growth in developing countries. Social Indicators Research, 124(3), 727-745.
  • İnal, V., Altıntaş, N. ve Çalışkan, M. (2017). Ar‐Ge harcamalarının ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: Türkiye özelinde nedensellik analizi. Sakarya Üniversitesi Dergisi, 1(1), 34-47.
  • Josheski, D. and Koteski, C. (2011). The causal relationship between patent growth and growth of GDP with quarterly data in the G7 countries: Cointegration, ARDL and Error Correction Models. MPRA Paper No. 33153, 1-21.
  • Lasagni, A. (2012). How can external relationships enhance innovation in SMEs? New evidencefor Europe. Journal of Small Business Management, 50(2), 310-339.
  • Larsson, L. and Larsson, J. (2018). Sustainable development in project-based industries–supporting the realization of explorative innovation. Sustainability 10(3), 1-18.
  • Lefebvre, V. M., De Steur, H., & Gellynck, X. (2015). External sources for innovation in food SMEs. British Food Journal, 117, 412-430.
  • Li, J. and Jiang, Y. (2016). ‘Calculation and empirical analysis on the contributions of R&D spending and patents to china’s economic growth. Theoretical Economics Letters, 6(6), 1256-1266.
  • Lindgardt, Z., Reeves, M. and Stalk, G. (2015). Business model innovation -when the game gets tough, change the game. Boston, MA: Boston Consulting Group.
  • Ljungquist, L. and Sargent, T. (2004). Recursive macroeconomic theory, 2nd edition. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
  • Lucas, R. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22, 3-42.
  • Martins, E. and Terblanche, F. (2003). Building organizational culture that stimulates creativity and innovation. European Journal of Innovation Management, 6(1), 64-74.
  • Medcof, J.W. and Lee, T. (2017). The effects of the chief technology officer and firm and industry R&D intensity on organizational performance: CTO and firm and industry R&D on organizational performance. R&D Management, 47(5), 767-781.
  • Mecik, O. (2014). Ar-Ge Harcamalarının ekonomik gelişmişlik üzerindeki etkileri. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(32), 669-674.
  • Mehran, M. & Reza, M. A. (2011). Comparative investigation of the relation of R&D expenditures to economic growth in a group of the less developed countries and OECD countries. Journal of Social and Development Sciences, 2(4), 188-195.
  • Michelson, S., Philipova, E. and Srotova, P. (2008). The case of emerging market funds. Journal of Business and Economics, 6(11), 81-88.
  • Ntuli, H., Inglesi-Lotz, R., Chang, T. and Pouris, A. (2015). A does research output cause economic growth or vice versa? evidence from 34 OECD countries. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 66(8), 1709-1716.
  • Özbay, F., Arıcan, M. ve Oguzturk, B. S. (2021). Çin rüyasının gerçekleşmesinde inovasyonun önemi: büyüme ve inovasyon ilişkisi üzerine ekonometrik bir analiz. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(1), 413-437.
  • Özer, M. ve Çiftçi, N. (2009). Ar-Ge harcamaları ve ihracat ilişkisi: OECD ülkeleri panel veri analizi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23, 1-9.
  • Özcan, B. ve Arı, A. (2014). Araştırma-geliştirme harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: panel veri analizi. Maliye Dergisi, 166, 39-55.
  • Pece, A. M., Simona, O. E. O. ve Salisteanu, , F. (2015). Innovation and economic growth: an empirical analysis for CEE countries. Procedia Economics and Finance, 26(1),461-467.
  • Petruzzelli, M. A., Ardito, L. and Savino, T. (2018). Maturity of knowledge inputs and innovation value: The moderating effect of firm age and size. Journal of Business Research, 86(2), 190-201. Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. CESifo Working Papers, No.1233, 255-260.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah A. and Yamagata T. (2008). A bias-adjusted lm test of error cross-section independence. Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H. and Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
  • Petrariu, I. R., Bumbac, R. and Ciobanu, R. (2013). Innovation: a path to competitiveness and economic growth. The case of CEE countries. Theoretical and Applied Economics, 20(3), 15-26.
  • Phillips, P. and Hansen, B. (1990). Statistical inference in instrumental variables regression with I(1) processes. Review of Economic Studies, 57, 99-125.
  • Pradhan, R. P., Arvin, M. B., Hall, J. H. and Nair, M. (2016). Innovation, financial development and economic growth in eurozone countries. Applied Economics Letters, 23(16), 1141–1144.
  • Pradhan, R. P., Arvin, M. B., Bahmani, S. and Bennett, S. E. (2017). The innovation-growth link in OECD countries: Could other macroeconomic variables matter?. Technology in Society, 51, 113-123.
  • Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002-1037.
  • Romer, P. M. (1987). Growth based on increasing returns due to specialization. The American Economic Review, 77(2), 56-62.
  • Romer, P.M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 71-102.
  • Romer, P. M. (2014). Mathiness in the theory of economic growth. American Economic Review, 105, 89-93.
  • Sağlam, Y. ve Çimen, A. (2019). Comparison of sectoral performance of R&D expenditures: analysing innovation based economic growth. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, Special Issue on Business and Organization Research, 1(1), 58-68.
  • Sağlam, Y., Egeli, H. ve Egeli, P. (2017). Gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ar&ge harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: panel veri analizi. Sosyo-ekonomi Dergisi, 25(31), 149-165.
  • Samimi, A. J. and Alerasoul, S. M. (2009). R&D and economic growth: new evidence from some developing countries. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(4), 3464-3469.
  • Schoen, J., Mason, T. W., Kline, W. A., ve Bunch, R. (2005). The innovation cycle: a new model and case study for the invention to innovation process.Engineering Management Journal, 17(3), 3-10.
  • Shen, X., Lin, B. Wu, W. (2019). R&D Efforts, Total factor productivity, and the energy intensity in china, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 55(11), 2566-2588.
  • Schumpeter, J. A. (1911). The theory of economic development. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Schumpeter, J. A. (1943). Capitalism, socialism & democracy. London: Routledge.
  • Spear, S. and Young, W. (2015). Two-Sector growth, optimal growth, and the turnpike: amalgamation and metamorphosis. Macroeconomic Dynamics, 19, 394-424.
  • Solow, R. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70, 65-94.
  • Srivastava, S., Sultan, A. and Chashti, N. (2017). Influence of innovation competence on firm level competitiveness: an exploratory study. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 11(1), 63-75.
  • Sylwester, K. (2001). R&D and economic growth. Knowledge, Technology & Policy, 13(4), 71-84.
  • Thuriaux-Alemán, B., Eagar, R. and Johansson, A. (2013). Getting a better return on your innovation investment - Results of the 8th Arthur D. Little global innovation excellence study. Technology and innovation management, 1(1), 1-24.
  • Türedi, S. (2016). The relationship between R&D expenditures, patent applications and growth: A dynamic panel causality analysis for OECD countries. Anadolu University Journal of Social Sciences, 16(1), 39-48.
  • Verbič, M., Majcen, B., Ivanova, O. and Čok, M. (2011). R&D and economic growth in slovenia: a dynamic general equilibrium approach with endogenous growth. Panoeconomicus, 1(1), 67-89.
  • Weerawardena, J. (2003). The role of marketing capability in innovation-based competitive strategy. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 11(1), 15-35.
  • Westerlund, J. and Edgerton, D. L. (2007). A panel bootstrap cointegration test. Economic Letters, 97(3), 185-190.
  • Yıldırım, D. Ç. ve Kantarcı, T. (2018). Araştırma geliştirme harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi üzerine bir panel veri analizi. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(5), 661-670.
  • Yu-Ming, W., Li, Z. and Jian-Xia, L. (2007). Co-integration and causality between R&D expenditure and economic growth in china: 1953-2004. International Conference on Public Administration, 1(1), 869-876.
  • Zaman, K., Khan, H. U. R., Ahmad, M. & Aamir, A. (2018). Research productivity and economic growth: A policy lesson learnt from across the globe. Iranian Economic Review, 22(3), 627-641.
Toplam 76 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Pınar Tokal 0000-0003-2267-8931

Yayımlanma Tarihi 19 Ağustos 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Tokal, P. (2022). Yükselen Ekonomilerde İnovasyon ve Büyüme İlişkisi: Panel Eşbütünleşme Analizi. TESAM Akademi Dergisi, 9(2), 649-681. https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.1103653
AMA Tokal P. Yükselen Ekonomilerde İnovasyon ve Büyüme İlişkisi: Panel Eşbütünleşme Analizi. TESAM Akademi Dergisi. Ağustos 2022;9(2):649-681. doi:10.30626/tesamakademi.1103653
Chicago Tokal, Pınar. “Yükselen Ekonomilerde İnovasyon Ve Büyüme İlişkisi: Panel Eşbütünleşme Analizi”. TESAM Akademi Dergisi 9, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2022): 649-81. https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.1103653.
EndNote Tokal P (01 Ağustos 2022) Yükselen Ekonomilerde İnovasyon ve Büyüme İlişkisi: Panel Eşbütünleşme Analizi. TESAM Akademi Dergisi 9 2 649–681.
IEEE P. Tokal, “Yükselen Ekonomilerde İnovasyon ve Büyüme İlişkisi: Panel Eşbütünleşme Analizi”, TESAM Akademi Dergisi, c. 9, sy. 2, ss. 649–681, 2022, doi: 10.30626/tesamakademi.1103653.
ISNAD Tokal, Pınar. “Yükselen Ekonomilerde İnovasyon Ve Büyüme İlişkisi: Panel Eşbütünleşme Analizi”. TESAM Akademi Dergisi 9/2 (Ağustos 2022), 649-681. https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.1103653.
JAMA Tokal P. Yükselen Ekonomilerde İnovasyon ve Büyüme İlişkisi: Panel Eşbütünleşme Analizi. TESAM Akademi Dergisi. 2022;9:649–681.
MLA Tokal, Pınar. “Yükselen Ekonomilerde İnovasyon Ve Büyüme İlişkisi: Panel Eşbütünleşme Analizi”. TESAM Akademi Dergisi, c. 9, sy. 2, 2022, ss. 649-81, doi:10.30626/tesamakademi.1103653.
Vancouver Tokal P. Yükselen Ekonomilerde İnovasyon ve Büyüme İlişkisi: Panel Eşbütünleşme Analizi. TESAM Akademi Dergisi. 2022;9(2):649-81.
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