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Year 2022, Volume: 19 Issue: 50, 824 - 837, 30.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1171798

Abstract

References

  • Abc NEWS, (2011). ABC's Barbara Walters' interview with Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. https://abcnews.go.com/International/transcript-abcs-barbara-walters-interview-syrian-president-bashar/story?id=15099152. (Accessed: 04.10.2021).
  • Al-Bab, (2011a). Speech by President Bashar al-Assad at Damascus University. https://al-bab.com/albaborig/albab/arab/docs/syria/bashar_assad_speech_110330.htm. (Accessed: 01.09.2021).
  • Al-Bab, (2011b). Speech Delivered by President Bashar al-Assad. https://al-bab.com/documents-section/syria-speech-bashar-al-assad-0. (Accessed: 13.06.2021).
  • Al-Bab, (2011c). Speech by President Bashar al-Assad at Damascus University. https://al-bab.com/albaborig/albab/arab/docs/syria/bashar_assad_speech_110620.htm. (Accessed: 30.06.2021).
  • Anadolu Agency, (2021, March 15). 10 years since start of Syrian civil war. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/10-years-since-start-of-syrian-civil-war/2175768.
  • Austin, J. (1962). How to do things with words. Harvard University Press.
  • Bilgin, P., (2010). Identity/security. Burgess P. (Ed.), in the Roudledge Handbook of New Security Studies. Routledge.
  • Brubaker, R. & Cooper, F. (2000). Beyond identity. In Theory and Society, 29, 1-47.
  • Buchs, A. (2009). The Resilience of authoritarian rule in Syria under Hafez and Bashar Al-Asad. GIGA Working Papers, No. 97, German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA), Hamburg.
  • Buzan, B., (1991). People, states and fear: An agenda for international security studies in the post-cold war era. Lynne Rienner Pub.
  • Buzan, B., Wæver, O. & de Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A new framework for analysis. Lynne Rienner.
  • Buzan, B. & Wæver, O. (2003). Regions and powers. Cambridge University Press.
  • Friedman, G. (2011, August 15). Re-examining the arab spring. Rane. https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/re-examining-arab-spring.
  • Goodarzi, J. (2013). Syria and Iran alliance cooperation in a changing regional environment. Ortadoğu Etütler, 4, 31-54.
  • Hinnebusch, R. (2001). Syria: Revolution from above. London and New York. http://presidentbasharassad.blogspot.com/2013/01/(Accessed: 05.11.2021).
  • http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=20381, (Accessed: 05.11.2021).
  • https://presidentbasharassad.blogspot.com/2012/ (Accessed: 05.11.2021).
  • Huysmans, J. (2008). The jargon of exception on Schmitt, Agambem, and the absence of political society. International Political Sociology, 2(2), 165-183.
  • Jones, P., (2012). The Arab Spring: Opportunities and implications. International Journal, 67, 447-463.
  • Krause, K. & Williams, M. (1996). Broadening the agenda of security studies: Politics and methods. Mershon International Studies Review, 4(2), 229-254. https://doi.org/10.2307/222776.
  • Lesch, D. W. (2012). Syria: The fall of the house of Assad. Yale University Press.
  • Minority Rights Group International. (2018, March 11) World directory of minorities and indigenous peoples - Syria : Druze. https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749ca18.html.
  • Philips, C. (2013). Everyday Arab Identity: The daily reproduction of the Arab World. Routledge.
  • Phillips, C. (2016). The battle for Syria: International rivalry in the new Middle East. Yale University Press.
  • Presidentbasharassad, (2013). Speech Delivered by H.E. President Bashar al-Assad at the People's Assembly. http://presidentbasharassad.blogspot.com/2012/. (Accessed: 05.05.2021).
  • Presidentbasharassad, (2013). The West has Brought Terrorists to Syria. http://presidentbasharassad.blogspot.com/2014/12/president-bashar-al-assads-historic.html. (Accessed: 02.05.2021).
  • Quinlivan, J., (1999). Coup-Proofing: Its practice and consequences in the Middle East. International Security, 24(2), 131-165.
  • Rabinovich, I. & Valensi, C. (2021). Syrian requiem: The civil war and its aftermath. Princeton University Press.
  • Rubin, B., (2007). The Truth about Syria. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Salamandra, C. (2013). Sectarianism in Syria: Anthropological Reflections. Middle East Critique, 22(3), 303-306.
  • SANA, (2013a). President al-Assad to CCTV: Syria isn’t worried over draft resolution on chemical weapons proposed at Security Council. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=3706. (Accessed: 20.07.2021).
  • SANA, (2013b). Interview of President Bashar al-Assad to TeleSUR TV. https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=3709. (Accessed: 25.07.2021).
  • SANA, (2013c). President al-Assad: We focus today on getting rid of terrorists and their ideology. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=3712. (Accessed: 10.07.2021).
  • SANA, (2014a). President al-Assad to Der Spiegel: All decisions taken by the West for the past ten years have been in support of al-Qaeda. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=3717. (Accessed: 10.07.2021).
  • SANA, (2014b). Interview of President Bashar al-Assad to Agence France Presse. https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=3723. (Accessed: 10.07.2021).
  • SANA, (2014c). “Speech Delivered by President Bashar al-Assad at the People's Assembly”. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=6859. (Accessed: 05.11.2021).
  • SANA, (2014d). President al-Assad: Syria won’t be a puppet state for the West. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=6859. (Accessed: 05.11.2021).
  • SANA, (2015a). President al-Assad: Killing civilians is terrorism, events in France brought European policies to account. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=25117. (Accessed: 23.04.2021).
  • SANA, (2015b). “Interview of President Bashar al-Assad to Foreign Affairs Magazine. https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=26278. (Accessed: 2.08.2021).
  • SANA, (2015c). Interview of President Bashar al-Assad to Russian media. https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=33642. (Accessed: 01.12.2021).
  • SANA, (2015d). Interview of President Bashar al-Assad to Expressen Newspaper. https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=36449 (Accessed: 01.10.2021).
  • SANA, (2015e). President al-Assad: Terrorists are the true tool of the Israeli aggression, and confronting Israel requires confronting its tools first. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=52585. (Accessed: 08.03.2021).
  • SANA, (2015f). President al-Assad to Russian media outlets. We cannot implement anything unless we defeat the terrorism. The army is the most important symbol for any society. https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=54857. (Accessed: 23.07.2021).
  • SANA, (2015g). Interview of President Bashar al-Assad to the Khabar TV. https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=56697. (Accessed: 08.10.2021).
  • SANA, (2015h). President al-Assad to French magazine Valeurs Actuelles.. Whoever fights terrorism somewhere, will protect the rest of the world. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=61879. (Accessed: 18.07.2021).
  • SANA, (2015i). President al-Assad to Chinese PHOENIX TV Channel.. From the very first day, we were determined to fight terrorism. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=62206. (Accessed: 07.07.2021).
  • SANA, (2015j). President al-Assad to Czech TV: Defeating terrorism will remove obstacles in front of any political process. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=63209. (Accessed: 11.08.2021).
  • SANA, (2015k). President al-Assad: Russia’s policy towards Syria is based on values and interests, the West is not serious in fighting terrorists. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=63857. (Accessed: 03.09.2021).
  • SANA, (2016a). President Assad: Cessation of military operations requires preventing terrorists from using it to improve their position. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=70035. (Accessed: 25.05.2021).
  • SANA, (2016b). President Assad to ARD TV: Terrorists breached cessation of hostilities agreement from the very first hour, Syrian Army refrained from retaliating. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=70991. (Accessed: 28.08.2021).
  • SANA, (2016c). President al-Assad to RIA Novosti and Sputnik: Syria is not prepared for federalism. https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=73304. (Accessed: 16.08.2021).
  • SANA, (2016d). President al-Assad to RIA Novosti and Sputnik: We are prepared to accept any militant willing to drop arms. https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=73373. (Accessed: 25.04.2021).
  • SANA, (2016e). President al-Assad to RIA Novosti and Sputnik: We have the will to clean Syria completely of terrorists. https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=73547. (Accessed: 18.03.2021).
  • SANA, (2016f). President al-Assad to SBS Australia: Western nations attack Syrian government openly and deal with it secretly. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=81447. (Accessed: 19.10.2021).
  • SANA, (2016g). President al-Assad: United States fails everywhere, but it succeeds in creating problems. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=89986, (Accessed: 22.10.2021).
  • SANA, (2016h). President al-Assad to Denmark’s TV 2: Moderate opposition is a myth… We won’t accept that terrorists will take control of any part of Syria. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=89763. (Accessed: 10.10.2021).
  • SANA, (2016i). President al-Assad to Swiss SRF 1 TV channel: Fighting terrorists is the way to protect civilians in Aleppo. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=91031. (Accessed: 03.09.2021).
  • SANA, (2016j). President al-Assad: United States and its Western allies are to blame for failure of latest ceasefire. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=92287. (Accessed: 19.09.2021).
  • SANA, (2016k). President al-Assad: Syrians will not accept hope or dream of Western and some regional countries of dividing Syria. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=96185. (Accessed: 03.05.2021).
  • SANA, (2016l). President al-Assad: Military operations will not stop after liberating Aleppo, we will liberate Palmyra again. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=96184. (Accessed: 18.05.2021).
  • SANA, (2017a). President al-Assad: Astana talks will focus on ceasefire and allowing terrorist groups to join reconciliation. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=98592. (Accessed: 22.07.2021).
  • SANA, (2017b). President al-Assad: The US’s only way to defeat terrorism in Syria is through cooperation with Syrian government. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=99897. (Accessed: 18.11.2021).
  • SANA, (2017c). President al-Assad to French TF1 and EUROPE 1: We fight for the Syrian people, therefore, they support their government, army and President. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=10036. (Accessed: 11.11.2021).
  • SANA, (2017d). President al-Assad : Khan Sheikhoun incident fabricated..The West and the US blocked the investigation because it will find that all their allegations and narratives were lies. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=104753. (Accessed: 05.06.2021).
  • SANA, (2017e). President al-Assad to Wion TV: Situation in Syria has improved dramatically, Wahhabi terrorist extremist groups are retreating. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=10744., (Accessed: 16.09.2021).
  • SANA, (2018a). President al-Assad: We will liberate every part of Syria…The Americans should leave; somehow they’re going to leave …Israel is losing the dear ones of al-Nusra and ISIS and that’s why it is panicking. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=139186. (Accessed: 14.09.2021).
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Securitization and Identity: The Speech Acts of Bashar al-Assad

Year 2022, Volume: 19 Issue: 50, 824 - 837, 30.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1171798

Abstract

Security is one of the crucial concepts in International Relations. Due to diversity of the security issues encountered by the states, there is a lack of consensus on the definition of the concept. The traditional understanding of the security focuses on threats militarily and state was at the center. However, different approaches emerged to re-conceptualize the concept by the end of the Cold War. The Copenhagen School and its offshoot securitization is one of these approaches which is being frequently used in International Relations. The aim of this study is to analyze the securitization process of opposition, different identities and other actors by President Bashar al-Assad during the Civil War. This research argues that the opposition is securitized with the help of different identities in order to convince both Syrians and regional and international actors so that the securitizing actor can take the extraordinary measures. This study conducts the methods of literature review to clarify the concept of securitization and under which conditions it took place and discourse and content analysis to highlight the speech acts of Bashar al-Assad during the process. To this end, 46 different speeches and interviews of President Bashar al-Assad are analyzed. In all, it is concluded that speeches/discourses adopted by Assad had implications which served the aims and the targets of his rule and government during the Syrian Civil War.

References

  • Abc NEWS, (2011). ABC's Barbara Walters' interview with Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. https://abcnews.go.com/International/transcript-abcs-barbara-walters-interview-syrian-president-bashar/story?id=15099152. (Accessed: 04.10.2021).
  • Al-Bab, (2011a). Speech by President Bashar al-Assad at Damascus University. https://al-bab.com/albaborig/albab/arab/docs/syria/bashar_assad_speech_110330.htm. (Accessed: 01.09.2021).
  • Al-Bab, (2011b). Speech Delivered by President Bashar al-Assad. https://al-bab.com/documents-section/syria-speech-bashar-al-assad-0. (Accessed: 13.06.2021).
  • Al-Bab, (2011c). Speech by President Bashar al-Assad at Damascus University. https://al-bab.com/albaborig/albab/arab/docs/syria/bashar_assad_speech_110620.htm. (Accessed: 30.06.2021).
  • Anadolu Agency, (2021, March 15). 10 years since start of Syrian civil war. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/10-years-since-start-of-syrian-civil-war/2175768.
  • Austin, J. (1962). How to do things with words. Harvard University Press.
  • Bilgin, P., (2010). Identity/security. Burgess P. (Ed.), in the Roudledge Handbook of New Security Studies. Routledge.
  • Brubaker, R. & Cooper, F. (2000). Beyond identity. In Theory and Society, 29, 1-47.
  • Buchs, A. (2009). The Resilience of authoritarian rule in Syria under Hafez and Bashar Al-Asad. GIGA Working Papers, No. 97, German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA), Hamburg.
  • Buzan, B., (1991). People, states and fear: An agenda for international security studies in the post-cold war era. Lynne Rienner Pub.
  • Buzan, B., Wæver, O. & de Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A new framework for analysis. Lynne Rienner.
  • Buzan, B. & Wæver, O. (2003). Regions and powers. Cambridge University Press.
  • Friedman, G. (2011, August 15). Re-examining the arab spring. Rane. https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/re-examining-arab-spring.
  • Goodarzi, J. (2013). Syria and Iran alliance cooperation in a changing regional environment. Ortadoğu Etütler, 4, 31-54.
  • Hinnebusch, R. (2001). Syria: Revolution from above. London and New York. http://presidentbasharassad.blogspot.com/2013/01/(Accessed: 05.11.2021).
  • http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=20381, (Accessed: 05.11.2021).
  • https://presidentbasharassad.blogspot.com/2012/ (Accessed: 05.11.2021).
  • Huysmans, J. (2008). The jargon of exception on Schmitt, Agambem, and the absence of political society. International Political Sociology, 2(2), 165-183.
  • Jones, P., (2012). The Arab Spring: Opportunities and implications. International Journal, 67, 447-463.
  • Krause, K. & Williams, M. (1996). Broadening the agenda of security studies: Politics and methods. Mershon International Studies Review, 4(2), 229-254. https://doi.org/10.2307/222776.
  • Lesch, D. W. (2012). Syria: The fall of the house of Assad. Yale University Press.
  • Minority Rights Group International. (2018, March 11) World directory of minorities and indigenous peoples - Syria : Druze. https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749ca18.html.
  • Philips, C. (2013). Everyday Arab Identity: The daily reproduction of the Arab World. Routledge.
  • Phillips, C. (2016). The battle for Syria: International rivalry in the new Middle East. Yale University Press.
  • Presidentbasharassad, (2013). Speech Delivered by H.E. President Bashar al-Assad at the People's Assembly. http://presidentbasharassad.blogspot.com/2012/. (Accessed: 05.05.2021).
  • Presidentbasharassad, (2013). The West has Brought Terrorists to Syria. http://presidentbasharassad.blogspot.com/2014/12/president-bashar-al-assads-historic.html. (Accessed: 02.05.2021).
  • Quinlivan, J., (1999). Coup-Proofing: Its practice and consequences in the Middle East. International Security, 24(2), 131-165.
  • Rabinovich, I. & Valensi, C. (2021). Syrian requiem: The civil war and its aftermath. Princeton University Press.
  • Rubin, B., (2007). The Truth about Syria. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Salamandra, C. (2013). Sectarianism in Syria: Anthropological Reflections. Middle East Critique, 22(3), 303-306.
  • SANA, (2013a). President al-Assad to CCTV: Syria isn’t worried over draft resolution on chemical weapons proposed at Security Council. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=3706. (Accessed: 20.07.2021).
  • SANA, (2013b). Interview of President Bashar al-Assad to TeleSUR TV. https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=3709. (Accessed: 25.07.2021).
  • SANA, (2013c). President al-Assad: We focus today on getting rid of terrorists and their ideology. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=3712. (Accessed: 10.07.2021).
  • SANA, (2014a). President al-Assad to Der Spiegel: All decisions taken by the West for the past ten years have been in support of al-Qaeda. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=3717. (Accessed: 10.07.2021).
  • SANA, (2014b). Interview of President Bashar al-Assad to Agence France Presse. https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=3723. (Accessed: 10.07.2021).
  • SANA, (2014c). “Speech Delivered by President Bashar al-Assad at the People's Assembly”. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=6859. (Accessed: 05.11.2021).
  • SANA, (2014d). President al-Assad: Syria won’t be a puppet state for the West. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=6859. (Accessed: 05.11.2021).
  • SANA, (2015a). President al-Assad: Killing civilians is terrorism, events in France brought European policies to account. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=25117. (Accessed: 23.04.2021).
  • SANA, (2015b). “Interview of President Bashar al-Assad to Foreign Affairs Magazine. https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=26278. (Accessed: 2.08.2021).
  • SANA, (2015c). Interview of President Bashar al-Assad to Russian media. https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=33642. (Accessed: 01.12.2021).
  • SANA, (2015d). Interview of President Bashar al-Assad to Expressen Newspaper. https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=36449 (Accessed: 01.10.2021).
  • SANA, (2015e). President al-Assad: Terrorists are the true tool of the Israeli aggression, and confronting Israel requires confronting its tools first. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=52585. (Accessed: 08.03.2021).
  • SANA, (2015f). President al-Assad to Russian media outlets. We cannot implement anything unless we defeat the terrorism. The army is the most important symbol for any society. https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=54857. (Accessed: 23.07.2021).
  • SANA, (2015g). Interview of President Bashar al-Assad to the Khabar TV. https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=56697. (Accessed: 08.10.2021).
  • SANA, (2015h). President al-Assad to French magazine Valeurs Actuelles.. Whoever fights terrorism somewhere, will protect the rest of the world. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=61879. (Accessed: 18.07.2021).
  • SANA, (2015i). President al-Assad to Chinese PHOENIX TV Channel.. From the very first day, we were determined to fight terrorism. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=62206. (Accessed: 07.07.2021).
  • SANA, (2015j). President al-Assad to Czech TV: Defeating terrorism will remove obstacles in front of any political process. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=63209. (Accessed: 11.08.2021).
  • SANA, (2015k). President al-Assad: Russia’s policy towards Syria is based on values and interests, the West is not serious in fighting terrorists. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=63857. (Accessed: 03.09.2021).
  • SANA, (2016a). President Assad: Cessation of military operations requires preventing terrorists from using it to improve their position. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=70035. (Accessed: 25.05.2021).
  • SANA, (2016b). President Assad to ARD TV: Terrorists breached cessation of hostilities agreement from the very first hour, Syrian Army refrained from retaliating. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=70991. (Accessed: 28.08.2021).
  • SANA, (2016c). President al-Assad to RIA Novosti and Sputnik: Syria is not prepared for federalism. https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=73304. (Accessed: 16.08.2021).
  • SANA, (2016d). President al-Assad to RIA Novosti and Sputnik: We are prepared to accept any militant willing to drop arms. https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=73373. (Accessed: 25.04.2021).
  • SANA, (2016e). President al-Assad to RIA Novosti and Sputnik: We have the will to clean Syria completely of terrorists. https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=73547. (Accessed: 18.03.2021).
  • SANA, (2016f). President al-Assad to SBS Australia: Western nations attack Syrian government openly and deal with it secretly. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=81447. (Accessed: 19.10.2021).
  • SANA, (2016g). President al-Assad: United States fails everywhere, but it succeeds in creating problems. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=89986, (Accessed: 22.10.2021).
  • SANA, (2016h). President al-Assad to Denmark’s TV 2: Moderate opposition is a myth… We won’t accept that terrorists will take control of any part of Syria. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=89763. (Accessed: 10.10.2021).
  • SANA, (2016i). President al-Assad to Swiss SRF 1 TV channel: Fighting terrorists is the way to protect civilians in Aleppo. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=91031. (Accessed: 03.09.2021).
  • SANA, (2016j). President al-Assad: United States and its Western allies are to blame for failure of latest ceasefire. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=92287. (Accessed: 19.09.2021).
  • SANA, (2016k). President al-Assad: Syrians will not accept hope or dream of Western and some regional countries of dividing Syria. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=96185. (Accessed: 03.05.2021).
  • SANA, (2016l). President al-Assad: Military operations will not stop after liberating Aleppo, we will liberate Palmyra again. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=96184. (Accessed: 18.05.2021).
  • SANA, (2017a). President al-Assad: Astana talks will focus on ceasefire and allowing terrorist groups to join reconciliation. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=98592. (Accessed: 22.07.2021).
  • SANA, (2017b). President al-Assad: The US’s only way to defeat terrorism in Syria is through cooperation with Syrian government. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=99897. (Accessed: 18.11.2021).
  • SANA, (2017c). President al-Assad to French TF1 and EUROPE 1: We fight for the Syrian people, therefore, they support their government, army and President. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=10036. (Accessed: 11.11.2021).
  • SANA, (2017d). President al-Assad : Khan Sheikhoun incident fabricated..The West and the US blocked the investigation because it will find that all their allegations and narratives were lies. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=104753. (Accessed: 05.06.2021).
  • SANA, (2017e). President al-Assad to Wion TV: Situation in Syria has improved dramatically, Wahhabi terrorist extremist groups are retreating. http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=10744., (Accessed: 16.09.2021).
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Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Havva Dümen

Publication Date November 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 19 Issue: 50

Cite

APA Dümen, H. (2022). Securitization and Identity: The Speech Acts of Bashar al-Assad. OPUS Journal of Society Research, 19(50), 824-837. https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1171798