Birdsong is a learned behavior. Song behavior has been analyzed from varieties of perspectives but how birds are listening to the song and behaving accordingly is relatively neglected. There are ample evidence from field observations that birds do remember vocalizations of conspecifics. Ecological approaches utilizing playback experiments revealed some species of males have a large memory capacity. In addition to these, we applied operant procedures and heart rate measurements to demonstrate auditory memory capacities in birds. How such memories are formed and where are they stored? A region of higher auditory area, the caudal-medial neostriatum (NCM), has properties that enable formation and maintenance of species specific vocal patterns. We propose combined behavioral-neuroanatomical approaches to understand ecologically valid processes of auditory memory formation.