KARAKTERISTIK KLINIS DAN KOMORBID PASIEN COVID-19 DI RUMAH SAKIT JAKARTA BARAT

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel infectious disease thas has been declared a pandemic since March 11, 2020. As of 26 November 2020, Indonesia has reported 511.836 confirmed cases and 16.225 death cases. Elders and comorbidities are risk factors for severe COVID-19. Signs and symptoms may vary from asymptomatic to symptomatic. This research aims to discover the characteristics of clinical manifestations, and comorbidities in COVID-19 patient to allow strategies for early COVID-19 and transmission prevention. This is a descriptive research with cross-sectional study design with 313 respondents gathered from the medical records of a hospital in West Jakarta. The data taken are the characteristics of the respondents, comorbidities, clinical manifestations, physical examinations, and diagnosis of COVID-19 patients. From data collections, COVID-19 is slightly dominated by women (53%) around the age of 46-55 years (26,5%). Most commonly found clinical manifestations include cough (83,7%), fever (70,6%), and difficulty of breathing (64,9%). The most common comorbidities found are hypertension (23,6%), diabetes mellitus (20,4%), and heart disease (6,7%). The physical examinations show that most of the patients suffer moderate illness and compos mentis (96,5%). The vital sign examinations show that majority of patients have optimal blood pressure (30,5%), normal heart rate (53,7%), and normal respiratory rate (52,9%). The average body temperature was 37,3(±0.9)°C with oxygen saturation 91,7(±9,9)%. The most common chest examinations’ result found was bilateral rhonchi (84,7%). The contact history of COVID-19 patient was 18,7%.

Keywords: COVID-19; clinical manifestation; comorbidity; physical examination

Abstrak

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) telah menjadi pandemi sejak 11 Maret 2020. Hingga 26 November 2020, terdapat 511.836 kasus konfirmasi dan 16.225 kasus kematian akibat COVID-19 di Indonesia. Faktor risiko berupa usia lanjut dan komorbid mempengaruhi tingkat keparahan COVID-19. Gejala klinis pasien COVID-19 bervariasi, mulai dari asimptomatik hingga simptomatik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengenali karakteristik manifestasi klinis dan komorbid pasien COVID-19 sehingga dapat disusun strategi dalam mendeteksi dini penyakit dan memutuskan rantai penularan COVID-19. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan desain cross-sectional. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di salah satu Rumah Sakit Jakarta Barat dengan 313 responden dari data sekunder rekam medik. Data yang diobservasi yaitu karakteristik demografis responden, komorbid, gejala klinis awal, serta pemeriksaan fisik awal dan diagnosa pasien COVID-19. Dari hasil pengumpulan data, COVID-19 sedikit didominasi oleh jenis kelamin perempuan (53%) dengan rentang usia 46-55 tahun (26,5%) . Manifestasi klinis terbanyak didapatkan batuk (83,7%), demam (70,6%), dan sesak napas (64,9%). Berdasarkan data komorbid, diperoleh komorbid terbanyak yaitu hipertensi (23,6%), diabetes melitus (20,4%), dan penyakit jantung (6,7%). Pada pemeriksaan fisik awal didapatkan keadaan umum mayoritas pasien COVID-19 (60,0%) dengan sakit sedang dan kesadaran kompos mentis (96,5%). Pada pemeriksaan tanda-tanda vital didapatkan mayoritas tekanan darah pasien optimal (30,5%), frekuensi nadi (57,3%) serta frekuensi napas (52,9%) dalam batas normal. Pemeriksaan suhu tubuh didapatkan rerata 37,3 (±0,9)°C dengan saturasi oksigen 91,7(±9,9)%. Pemeriksaan toraks kebanyakan pasien didapatkan temuan rhonki positif bilateral (84,7%). Riwayat kontak pasien COVID-19 diperoleh sebesar 18,7% pasien.