Research Article
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Modeling student cohesiveness by waving the sociometric test with the picture apperception value test

Year 2016, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 33 - 44, 02.01.2016

Xhimi Hysa

https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.279082

Abstract

One of the main problems why students and also other categories of stakeholders within various organizations are not productive and satisfied with their jobs and organizations is because there is a lack of group cohesiveness. Since the latter influence directly the performance and job satisfaction, then there are strong reasons to find effective and efficient ways to stimulate social and task cohesion. The aim of this study is to model student cohesiveness by using simultaneously the Sociometric Test (ST) for group formation and Picture Apperception Value Test (PAVT) for consonance or social cohesion. The study is based on the method of literature review, theory development, and simulation modeling of students’ behavior. Findings of the study shows the way how can be integrated a sociometric test with a psychometric test for a common purpose (i.e. student cohesiveness referring to their values system). During simulation modeling a relevant point to be emphasized is the role of images during PAVT that serve as a substitute mechanism of questions to be answered. They activate emotions through the brain visual cortex and in them are anchored values. Therefore, through the mention procedure it is possible to understand social cohesion of different small groups of students. Regarding originality, value, and practical applications, this framework is novel and is supposed to increase students’ productivity/performance in terms of perception, learning, and task execution. Furthermore, it is supposed also to increase student satisfaction during project works.

Keywords

Student Cohesiveness Sociometric Test Picture Apperception Value Test Categorical Values Images

References

  • Aristotle. (1998). The Nicomachean ethics. Oxford: Oxford World’s Classics.
  • Aron, A., Fisher, H., Mashek, D.J., Strong, G., Li, H., & Brown, L. L. (2005). “Reward, motivation, and emotion systems associated with early-stage intense roman-tic love”. Journal of Neurophysiology, 94, pp. 327–337.
  • Aronson, E., Wilson, T.D., & Akert, R.M. (2010). Social Psychology, 7th Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Ashkanasy, N.M., Ashton-James, C.E. (2007). “Positive Emotion in Organizations: A Multi-level Framework”. In: D. Nelson & C.L. Cooper (Eds.), Positive Organiza-tional Behavior: Accentuating the Positive at Work, pp. 57-73. London: Sage Publications.
  • Barile, S. (2011). Management Sistemico Vitale: Decisioni e scelte in ambito complesso. Avellino: International Printing.
  • Barile, S. (Ed.) (2013). Contributions to Theoretical and Practical Advances in Man-agement: A Viable Systems Approach (VSA). Roma: Aracne.
  • Beal, D., Cohen, R., Burke, M., & McLendon, C. (2003). “Cohesion and Performance in Groups: A Meta-Analytic Clarification of Construct Relations”. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88 (6), pp. 989-1004.
  • Behavior. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Bollen, K. A., Hoyle, R. H. (1990). “Perceived cohesion: A conceptual and empirical examination”. Social Forces, 69, pp. 479–504.
  • Carron, A., Brawley, L. (2012). “Cohesion: Conceptual and measurement issues”. Small Group Research, 43 (6), pp. 726-743.
  • Carron, A.V. (1982). “Cohesiveness in sport groups: Interpretations and considerations”. Journal of Sport Psychology, 4 (2), pp. 123-138.
  • Chiocchio, F., Essiembre, H. (2009). “Cohesion and Performance: A Meta-Analytic Review of Disparities Between Project Teams, Production Teams, and Service Teams (English)”, Small Group Research, 40 (4), pp. 382-420.
  • Corbetta, P. (1999). Metodologia e tecniche della ricerca sociale. Bologna: il Mulino.
  • Dion, K.L. (2000). “Group cohesion: From ‘field of forces’ to multidimensional construct”. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 4, pp. 7–26.
  • Ehrhart, M.G., Naumann, S.E. (2004). “Organizational citizenship behavior in work groups: A group norms approach”. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, pp. 960–974.
  • Ericson, R.F. (1969). “Organizational Cybernetics and Human Values”. Program of Policy Studies in Science and Technology, Monograph No. 4. George Washing-ton University.
  • Espejo, R., Reyes, A. (2011). Organizational Systems: Managing Complexity with the Viable
  • Evans, N. J., Jarvis, P. A. (1986). “The Group Attitude Scale: A measure of attraction to group”.
  • Festinger, L. (1950). “Informal social communication”. Psychological Review, 57 (5), pp. 271-282.
  • Fine, G., Holyfield, L. (1996). “Secrecy, trust, and dangerous leisure: Generating group cohesion in voluntary organizations”. Social Psychology Quarterly, 59 (1), pp. 22-38.
  • Forsyth, D.R. (2010). Group Dynamics, 5th Ed. California: Cengage Learning.
  • Forsyth, D.R., Zyzniewski, L.E., & Giammanco, C.A. (2002). “Responsibility diffusion in cooperative collectives”. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, pp. 54–65.
  • Gully, S.M., Devine, D.J., & Whitney, D.J. (1995). “A meta-analysis of cohesion and performance: Effects of level of analysis and task interdependence”. Small Group Research, 26, pp. 497-520.
  • Hackman, J.R. (1992). “Group influences on individuals in organizations”. In: M.D. Dunnett & L.M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psy-chology, 2nd Ed., Vol.3, pp. 199-267. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Hare, A.P. (1976). Handbook of small group research, 2nd Ed. New York: Free Press.
  • Härtel, Ch.E.J., Zerbe, W.J., & Ashkanasy, N.M. (Eds.). (2005). Emotions in Organiza-tional
  • Hellriegel, D., Slocum, J.W. (2011). Organizational Behavior, 13th Ed. Ohio: Cengage Learning.
  • Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G.J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and Organizations. Soft-ware of the
  • Hogg, M. A. (1992). The Social Psychology of Group Cohesiveness: From attraction to social
  • Hogg, M. A. (1993). “Group cohesiveness: A critical review and some new direc-tions”. In: W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psy-chology, Vol. 4, pp. 85-111. Chichester, England: Wiley.
  • Hogg, M.A., Vaughan, G.M. (2011). Social Psychology, 6th Ed. Harlow: Pearson Edu-cation Limited.
  • Hoyle, R. H., Crawford, A.M. (1994). “Use of individual-level data to investigate group phenomena: Issues and strategies”. Small Group Research, 25, pp. 464-485.
  • identity. New York: New York University Press.
  • Kirkeby, O.F. (2001). Organisationsfilosofi: En studie i liminalitet. Kobenhavn: Sam-fundslitteratur.
  • Kitawaki, M. (1956). “On the quantification of group cohesiveness in an industrial society by sociometric test”. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 26, pp. 386-392.
  • Lott, A.J., Lott, B.E. (1965). “Group cohesiveness as interpersonal attraction: A re-view of relationships with antecedent and consequent variables”. Psychologi-cal Bulletin, 64 (4), pp. 259–309.
  • Luthans, F. (2011). Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach, 12th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Manxhari, M. (2010). Sjellja ne Organizate: Kuptimi dhe menaxhimi i aspektit njere-zor te organizates. Tirane: Onufri.
  • Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and Personality. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Mind. Intercultural Cooperation and Its Importance for Survival. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Mobley, W.H., Griffeth, R.W., Hand, H.H., & Meglino, B.M. (1979). “Review and con-ceptual analysis of employee turnover process”. Psychological Bulletin, 86, pp. 493–522.
  • Moreno, J.L. (1953). Who Shall Survive? Foundations of Sociometry, Group Psycho-therapy, and Sociodrama. New York: Beacon House.
  • Mullen, B., Copper, C. (1994). “The relation between group cohesiveness and per-formance: integration”. Psychological Bulletin, 115 (2), pp. 210-227.
  • Murray, H. A. (1943). Thematic Apperception Test Manual. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Myers, D.G. (2010). Social Psychology, 10th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Nixon, H.L. (1979). The Small Group. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Oliver, L.W. (1988). “The Relationship of Group Cohesion to Group Performance: A Research Integration Attempt”. U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, technical report 807, pp. 1-20.
  • Osgood, C.E. (1952). “The nature and measurement of meaning”. Psychological Bulletin, 49, pp. 197-237.
  • Osgood, C.E., Suci, G.J., & Tannenbaum, P.H. (1957). The Measurement of Meaning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  • Park, W.W., & Shin, S.Y. (2009). “Moderating effects of group cohesiveness in com-petency-performance relationships: A multi-level study”. Journal of Behavior-al Studies in Business, 1, pp. 1-15.
  • Pescosolido, A., Saavedra, R (2012). “Cohesion and Sports Teams: A Review”. Small Group Research, 43 (6), pp. 744-758.
  • Rokeach, M. (1973). The Nature of Human Values. New York: The Free Press.
  • Schermerhorn, J.R., Hunt, J.G., Osborn, R.N., & Uhl-Bien, M. (2010). Organizational Behavior, 11th Ed. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Schwartz, S.H. (1999). “A Theory of Cultural Values and Some Implications for Work”. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 48 (1), pp. 23-47.
  • Schwartz, S.H. (2006). “A Theory of Cultural Value Orientations: Explication and Applications”. Comparative Sociology, 5 (2-3), pp. 137-182.
  • Sherif, M., Sherif, C. W. (1956). An Outline of Social Psychology, (rev. Ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
  • Siebold, G.L. (2007). “The essence of military group cohesion”. Armed Forces & Society, 33, pp. 286–295.
  • Small Group Behavior, 17, pp. 203–216.
  • Stokes, J. P. (1983). “Components of group cohesion: Intermember attraction, in-strumental value, and risk taking”. Small Group Behavior, 14, pp. 163–173.
  • Taylor, C. (1995). Identitet, frihet och gemenskap. Göteborg: Daidalos.
  • Treadwell, T., Lavertue, N., Kumar, V. K., & Veeraraghavan, V. (2001). “The group cohesion scale-revised: Reliability and validity”. International Journal of Ac-tion Methods: Psychodrama, Skill Training, and Role Playing, 54, pp. 3–12.
  • Van der Vegt, G., Emans, B., & Van De Vliert, E. (2001). “Patterns of interdepen-dence in work teams: A two-level investigation of the relations with job and team satisfaction”. Personnel Psychology, 54 (1), pp. 51-69.
  • Van Zelst, R.H. (1952). “Sociometrically selected work teams increase production”. Personnel Psychology, 5, pp. 175-185.
  • Wagner, J.A., Hollenbeck, J.R. (2010). Organizational Behavior: Securing Competitive Advantage. New York: Routledge.
  • Widmeyer, W. N., Brawley, L. R., & Carron, A. V. (1992). “Group dynamics in sports”. In: T. S. Horn (Ed.), Advances in sport psychology, pp. 163–180. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.
  • Williams, C. (2007). Management, 4th Ed. Canada: Thomson South-Western.
  • Zaccaro, S., Blair, V., Peterson, C., & Zazanis, M. (1995). ‘Collective efficacy’, Self-efficacy, Adaptation, and Adjustment: Theory, Research, and Application. New York: Plenum Press.
  • Zurcher, L.A. (1982). “The staging of emotion: A dramaturgical analysis”. Symbolic Interaction, 5, pp. 1–22.

Year 2016, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 33 - 44, 02.01.2016

Xhimi Hysa

https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.279082

Abstract

References

  • Aristotle. (1998). The Nicomachean ethics. Oxford: Oxford World’s Classics.
  • Aron, A., Fisher, H., Mashek, D.J., Strong, G., Li, H., & Brown, L. L. (2005). “Reward, motivation, and emotion systems associated with early-stage intense roman-tic love”. Journal of Neurophysiology, 94, pp. 327–337.
  • Aronson, E., Wilson, T.D., & Akert, R.M. (2010). Social Psychology, 7th Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Ashkanasy, N.M., Ashton-James, C.E. (2007). “Positive Emotion in Organizations: A Multi-level Framework”. In: D. Nelson & C.L. Cooper (Eds.), Positive Organiza-tional Behavior: Accentuating the Positive at Work, pp. 57-73. London: Sage Publications.
  • Barile, S. (2011). Management Sistemico Vitale: Decisioni e scelte in ambito complesso. Avellino: International Printing.
  • Barile, S. (Ed.) (2013). Contributions to Theoretical and Practical Advances in Man-agement: A Viable Systems Approach (VSA). Roma: Aracne.
  • Beal, D., Cohen, R., Burke, M., & McLendon, C. (2003). “Cohesion and Performance in Groups: A Meta-Analytic Clarification of Construct Relations”. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88 (6), pp. 989-1004.
  • Behavior. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Bollen, K. A., Hoyle, R. H. (1990). “Perceived cohesion: A conceptual and empirical examination”. Social Forces, 69, pp. 479–504.
  • Carron, A., Brawley, L. (2012). “Cohesion: Conceptual and measurement issues”. Small Group Research, 43 (6), pp. 726-743.
  • Carron, A.V. (1982). “Cohesiveness in sport groups: Interpretations and considerations”. Journal of Sport Psychology, 4 (2), pp. 123-138.
  • Chiocchio, F., Essiembre, H. (2009). “Cohesion and Performance: A Meta-Analytic Review of Disparities Between Project Teams, Production Teams, and Service Teams (English)”, Small Group Research, 40 (4), pp. 382-420.
  • Corbetta, P. (1999). Metodologia e tecniche della ricerca sociale. Bologna: il Mulino.
  • Dion, K.L. (2000). “Group cohesion: From ‘field of forces’ to multidimensional construct”. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 4, pp. 7–26.
  • Ehrhart, M.G., Naumann, S.E. (2004). “Organizational citizenship behavior in work groups: A group norms approach”. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, pp. 960–974.
  • Ericson, R.F. (1969). “Organizational Cybernetics and Human Values”. Program of Policy Studies in Science and Technology, Monograph No. 4. George Washing-ton University.
  • Espejo, R., Reyes, A. (2011). Organizational Systems: Managing Complexity with the Viable
  • Evans, N. J., Jarvis, P. A. (1986). “The Group Attitude Scale: A measure of attraction to group”.
  • Festinger, L. (1950). “Informal social communication”. Psychological Review, 57 (5), pp. 271-282.
  • Fine, G., Holyfield, L. (1996). “Secrecy, trust, and dangerous leisure: Generating group cohesion in voluntary organizations”. Social Psychology Quarterly, 59 (1), pp. 22-38.
  • Forsyth, D.R. (2010). Group Dynamics, 5th Ed. California: Cengage Learning.
  • Forsyth, D.R., Zyzniewski, L.E., & Giammanco, C.A. (2002). “Responsibility diffusion in cooperative collectives”. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, pp. 54–65.
  • Gully, S.M., Devine, D.J., & Whitney, D.J. (1995). “A meta-analysis of cohesion and performance: Effects of level of analysis and task interdependence”. Small Group Research, 26, pp. 497-520.
  • Hackman, J.R. (1992). “Group influences on individuals in organizations”. In: M.D. Dunnett & L.M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psy-chology, 2nd Ed., Vol.3, pp. 199-267. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Hare, A.P. (1976). Handbook of small group research, 2nd Ed. New York: Free Press.
  • Härtel, Ch.E.J., Zerbe, W.J., & Ashkanasy, N.M. (Eds.). (2005). Emotions in Organiza-tional
  • Hellriegel, D., Slocum, J.W. (2011). Organizational Behavior, 13th Ed. Ohio: Cengage Learning.
  • Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G.J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and Organizations. Soft-ware of the
  • Hogg, M. A. (1992). The Social Psychology of Group Cohesiveness: From attraction to social
  • Hogg, M. A. (1993). “Group cohesiveness: A critical review and some new direc-tions”. In: W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psy-chology, Vol. 4, pp. 85-111. Chichester, England: Wiley.
  • Hogg, M.A., Vaughan, G.M. (2011). Social Psychology, 6th Ed. Harlow: Pearson Edu-cation Limited.
  • Hoyle, R. H., Crawford, A.M. (1994). “Use of individual-level data to investigate group phenomena: Issues and strategies”. Small Group Research, 25, pp. 464-485.
  • identity. New York: New York University Press.
  • Kirkeby, O.F. (2001). Organisationsfilosofi: En studie i liminalitet. Kobenhavn: Sam-fundslitteratur.
  • Kitawaki, M. (1956). “On the quantification of group cohesiveness in an industrial society by sociometric test”. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 26, pp. 386-392.
  • Lott, A.J., Lott, B.E. (1965). “Group cohesiveness as interpersonal attraction: A re-view of relationships with antecedent and consequent variables”. Psychologi-cal Bulletin, 64 (4), pp. 259–309.
  • Luthans, F. (2011). Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach, 12th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Manxhari, M. (2010). Sjellja ne Organizate: Kuptimi dhe menaxhimi i aspektit njere-zor te organizates. Tirane: Onufri.
  • Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and Personality. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Mind. Intercultural Cooperation and Its Importance for Survival. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Mobley, W.H., Griffeth, R.W., Hand, H.H., & Meglino, B.M. (1979). “Review and con-ceptual analysis of employee turnover process”. Psychological Bulletin, 86, pp. 493–522.
  • Moreno, J.L. (1953). Who Shall Survive? Foundations of Sociometry, Group Psycho-therapy, and Sociodrama. New York: Beacon House.
  • Mullen, B., Copper, C. (1994). “The relation between group cohesiveness and per-formance: integration”. Psychological Bulletin, 115 (2), pp. 210-227.
  • Murray, H. A. (1943). Thematic Apperception Test Manual. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Myers, D.G. (2010). Social Psychology, 10th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Nixon, H.L. (1979). The Small Group. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Oliver, L.W. (1988). “The Relationship of Group Cohesion to Group Performance: A Research Integration Attempt”. U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, technical report 807, pp. 1-20.
  • Osgood, C.E. (1952). “The nature and measurement of meaning”. Psychological Bulletin, 49, pp. 197-237.
  • Osgood, C.E., Suci, G.J., & Tannenbaum, P.H. (1957). The Measurement of Meaning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  • Park, W.W., & Shin, S.Y. (2009). “Moderating effects of group cohesiveness in com-petency-performance relationships: A multi-level study”. Journal of Behavior-al Studies in Business, 1, pp. 1-15.
  • Pescosolido, A., Saavedra, R (2012). “Cohesion and Sports Teams: A Review”. Small Group Research, 43 (6), pp. 744-758.
  • Rokeach, M. (1973). The Nature of Human Values. New York: The Free Press.
  • Schermerhorn, J.R., Hunt, J.G., Osborn, R.N., & Uhl-Bien, M. (2010). Organizational Behavior, 11th Ed. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Schwartz, S.H. (1999). “A Theory of Cultural Values and Some Implications for Work”. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 48 (1), pp. 23-47.
  • Schwartz, S.H. (2006). “A Theory of Cultural Value Orientations: Explication and Applications”. Comparative Sociology, 5 (2-3), pp. 137-182.
  • Sherif, M., Sherif, C. W. (1956). An Outline of Social Psychology, (rev. Ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
  • Siebold, G.L. (2007). “The essence of military group cohesion”. Armed Forces & Society, 33, pp. 286–295.
  • Small Group Behavior, 17, pp. 203–216.
  • Stokes, J. P. (1983). “Components of group cohesion: Intermember attraction, in-strumental value, and risk taking”. Small Group Behavior, 14, pp. 163–173.
  • Taylor, C. (1995). Identitet, frihet och gemenskap. Göteborg: Daidalos.
  • Treadwell, T., Lavertue, N., Kumar, V. K., & Veeraraghavan, V. (2001). “The group cohesion scale-revised: Reliability and validity”. International Journal of Ac-tion Methods: Psychodrama, Skill Training, and Role Playing, 54, pp. 3–12.
  • Van der Vegt, G., Emans, B., & Van De Vliert, E. (2001). “Patterns of interdepen-dence in work teams: A two-level investigation of the relations with job and team satisfaction”. Personnel Psychology, 54 (1), pp. 51-69.
  • Van Zelst, R.H. (1952). “Sociometrically selected work teams increase production”. Personnel Psychology, 5, pp. 175-185.
  • Wagner, J.A., Hollenbeck, J.R. (2010). Organizational Behavior: Securing Competitive Advantage. New York: Routledge.
  • Widmeyer, W. N., Brawley, L. R., & Carron, A. V. (1992). “Group dynamics in sports”. In: T. S. Horn (Ed.), Advances in sport psychology, pp. 163–180. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.
  • Williams, C. (2007). Management, 4th Ed. Canada: Thomson South-Western.
  • Zaccaro, S., Blair, V., Peterson, C., & Zazanis, M. (1995). ‘Collective efficacy’, Self-efficacy, Adaptation, and Adjustment: Theory, Research, and Application. New York: Plenum Press.
  • Zurcher, L.A. (1982). “The staging of emotion: A dramaturgical analysis”. Symbolic Interaction, 5, pp. 1–22.
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Xhimi Hysa

Publication Date January 2, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

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APA Hysa, X. (2016). Modeling student cohesiveness by waving the sociometric test with the picture apperception value test. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 2(1), 33-44. https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.279082
AMA Hysa X. Modeling student cohesiveness by waving the sociometric test with the picture apperception value test. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research. January 2016;2(1):33-44. doi:10.24289/ijsser.279082
Chicago Hysa, Xhimi. “Modeling Student Cohesiveness by Waving the Sociometric Test With the Picture Apperception Value Test”. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research 2, no. 1 (January 2016): 33-44. https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.279082.
EndNote Hysa X (January 1, 2016) Modeling student cohesiveness by waving the sociometric test with the picture apperception value test. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research 2 1 33–44.
IEEE X. Hysa, “Modeling student cohesiveness by waving the sociometric test with the picture apperception value test”, International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 33–44, 2016, doi: 10.24289/ijsser.279082.
ISNAD Hysa, Xhimi. “Modeling Student Cohesiveness by Waving the Sociometric Test With the Picture Apperception Value Test”. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research 2/1 (January 2016), 33-44. https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.279082.
JAMA Hysa X. Modeling student cohesiveness by waving the sociometric test with the picture apperception value test. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research. 2016;2:33–44.
MLA Hysa, Xhimi. “Modeling Student Cohesiveness by Waving the Sociometric Test With the Picture Apperception Value Test”. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, vol. 2, no. 1, 2016, pp. 33-44, doi:10.24289/ijsser.279082.
Vancouver Hysa X. Modeling student cohesiveness by waving the sociometric test with the picture apperception value test. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research. 2016;2(1):33-44.

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