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Research on Mould and Aflatoxin Contamination Levels of Feeds Used in Trout Farms of Adana (Turkey)

Year 2021, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 157 - 163, 16.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.24180/ijaws.834623

Abstract

This research was conducted to analyze the mould counts and aflatoxin contamination levels of different types and sizes of feed used in trout farms of Adana. Totaly 33 different feeds supplied from 15 trout farms of Adana (Turkey) were analysed for moulds and aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2) between July-December 2010. To identify mould counts; the samples were incubated in the aerobic conditions at 25 ± 1 °C for five days by using Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol Agar (DRBC). Aflatoxins were determined by using liquid-solid extraction and recoveries were obtained 70.00% to 112.20%. The precision of measured values of mould and aflatoxin analysis methods was calculated with the results of repeatability and reproducibility. The bias, expressing the accuracy value, varies between 4.312 and 12.909. Although moulds were found in 12 of 33 analysed samples (36.30%): aflatoxins were determined 8 out of 33 analysed samples (24.25%). Positive sample’s range were 3.08-4.86 log10 kob g-1 moulds and 0.21–0.90 g AFB1 kg-1 (ppb) of trout feeds. As a result, this research showed that none of the trout feeds used in trout farms of Adana has aflatoxins above Turkey legal limits.

References

  • Altug, G., & Beklevik, G. (2003). Level of aflatoxin in some fish feeds from fish farming processes, feed factories and imported feeds. Turkish Journal of Animal Science, 27, 1247–1252.
  • Anater, A., Manyes, L., Meca, G., Ferrer, E., Luciano, F. B., Pimpao, C. T., & Font, G. (2016). Mycotoxins and their consequences in aquaculture: A review. Aquaculture, 451, 1–10.
  • Anonymous. (1999). Aflatest HPLC procedure for corn, grains and feeds. Aflatest Instruction Manual, Chapter 5.3., VICAM L.P., United States of America.
  • Anonymous. (2001). Yeasts, moulds and mycotoxins. Bacteriological Analytical Manual Online, Chapter 18, Food and Drug Administration, United States of America.
  • Anonymous. (2014). Yemlerde istenmeyen maddeler hakkında teblig (2014/11). Resmi Gazete: 28977. Gıda Tarim ve Hayvancilik Bakanligi, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Atesoglu, A. (1999). Total bacterial count, Enterobacteriaceae count and isolation of Enterobacteriaceae on fish feed and feed Stuffs. Bornova The Journal of Bornova Veterinary Science, 24(38), 71-78.
  • Aydın, R., Ozsan, E., & Alptekin, Y. (2003.) Aflatoxin contamination and health risk in animal products. First National Mycotoxin Symposium, İstanbul.
  • Aydın, N. (2007). Mycotoxins and mycotoxicosis in animal health. Journal of Infection, 21(10), 37-46.
  • Curie, L. A. (1995). Nomenclature in evaluation of analytical methods ıncluding detection and quantification capabilities. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 67(10), 1699-1723.
  • Ekici, H. (2017). Undesirable factors present fish feed. Turkiye Klinikleri Veterinary Sciences- Pharmacology and Toxicology-Special Topics. 3(2), 139-143.
  • European Commission (2006). Commission regulation (EC) No 401/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union, L364, 5-24.
  • Faria, C. B., Santos, F. C., Castro, F. F., Sutil, A. R., Sergio, L. C., Silva, M. V., Junior, M. M., & Barbosa-Tessmann, I. P. (2017). Occurrence of toxigenic Aspergillus flavus in commercial bulgur wheat. Food Science and Technology, 37(1), 103-111.
  • Fu, Z., Huang, X., & Min, S. (2008). Rapid determination of aflatoxins in corn and peanuts. Journal of Chromatography A, 1209, 271-274.
  • Golge, O., Hepsag, F., & Kabak, B. (2013). Incidence and level of aflatoxin contamination in chilli commercialised in Turkey. Food Control, 33, 514-520.
  • Goncalves, R. A., Naehrer, K., & Santos, G. A. (2018). Occurrence of mycotoxins in commercial aquafeeds in Asia and Europe: a real risk to aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture, 10, 263-280.
  • Greco, M., Pardo, A., & Pose, G. (2015). Mycotoxigenic fungi and natural co-occurrence of mycotoxins in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) feeds. Toxins, 7, 4595-4609.
  • Mohammadi, K., Safari, R., Khalesi, M. K., Mirmasod Sajadi, M., & Bahri, A. H. (2018). Toxin Reviews. 37, 35-38.
  • Kabak, B. (2012). Determination of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in retail cereal products from Turkey by high performance liquid chromatography. Food Control, 28, 1-6.
  • Kaymak, T. (2000). Detection of aflatoxin levels in trout feeds in Turkey. Master Thesis, Ankara University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ankara.
  • Kop, A. F., & Korkut, Y. A. (2002). Quality control in fish feeed. Ege Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences,19(1-2), 271-276.
  • Korkut, Y. A., Hossu, B., & Gultepe, N. (2002). Fish diseases related with feeding. Ege Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 19(3-4), 555-564.
  • Maciorowski, K. G., Herrera P., Jones F. T., Pillai S. D., & Ricke, S. C. (2007). Effects on poultry and livestock of feed contamination with bacteria and fungi. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 133, 109–136.
  • Merako, K. (2010). Determination of the heavy metal and aflatoxin content of the trout feeds used in trout aquaculture. Master Thesis, Namık Kemal University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Edirne.
  • Sahin, İ., & Korukluoğlu, M. (2000). Mould-food-human. Uludağ University Enpowerment Foundation, Bursa.
  • Yaroglu, T., & Gul, M. (2007). The investigation of aflatoxin b1 substance in the trout feeds in the market in Erzurum province. Van Veterinary Journal, 18(2), 51-58.

Adana’da Alabalık Çiftliklerinde Kullanılan Yemlerin Küf ve Aflatoksin Kontaminasyon Düzeyleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Year 2021, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 157 - 163, 16.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.24180/ijaws.834623

Abstract

Bu araştırma, Adana’daki alabalık çiftliklerinde kullanılan farklı tür ve büyüklükteki yemlerin küf ve aflatoksin kontaminasyon düzeylerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Adana'daki on beş alabalık çiftliğinden tedarik edilen 33 farklı alabalık yeminin, Temmuz-Aralık 2010 döneminde küf ve aflatoksin (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 ve AFG2) analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Küf sayılarını belirlemek için; yem örnekleri Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol Agar (DRBC) kullanılarak aerobik koşullarda 25 ± 1 ° C'de beş gün inkübe edilmiştir. Aflatoksinler sıvı-katı ekstraksiyon tekniği kullanılarak tespit edilmiş ve geri kazanım oranları 70% ile 112.20% arasında bulunmuştur. Küf ve aflatoksin analiz metotlarının kesinlik değerleri tekrarlanabilirlik ve tekrar üretebilirlik sonuçlarından hesaplanmıştır. Doğruluk değerini ifade eden bias, 4.312 ile 12.909 arasında değişmektedir. 33 yem numunesinin 12'sinde küf bulunurken (36.30%); 8'inde aflatoksin tespit edilmiştir (24.25%). Pozitif numuneler için aralıklar 3.08-4.86 log10 kob g-1 küf ve 0.21-0.90 g AFB1 kg-1 (ppb)’dir. Sonuç olarak, bu araştırma Adana'da incelenen alabalık çiftliklerinde kullanılan alabalık yemlerinin hiçbirisinde Türkiye yasal limitlerinin üzerinde aflatoksin bulunmadığını göstermiştir.

References

  • Altug, G., & Beklevik, G. (2003). Level of aflatoxin in some fish feeds from fish farming processes, feed factories and imported feeds. Turkish Journal of Animal Science, 27, 1247–1252.
  • Anater, A., Manyes, L., Meca, G., Ferrer, E., Luciano, F. B., Pimpao, C. T., & Font, G. (2016). Mycotoxins and their consequences in aquaculture: A review. Aquaculture, 451, 1–10.
  • Anonymous. (1999). Aflatest HPLC procedure for corn, grains and feeds. Aflatest Instruction Manual, Chapter 5.3., VICAM L.P., United States of America.
  • Anonymous. (2001). Yeasts, moulds and mycotoxins. Bacteriological Analytical Manual Online, Chapter 18, Food and Drug Administration, United States of America.
  • Anonymous. (2014). Yemlerde istenmeyen maddeler hakkında teblig (2014/11). Resmi Gazete: 28977. Gıda Tarim ve Hayvancilik Bakanligi, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Atesoglu, A. (1999). Total bacterial count, Enterobacteriaceae count and isolation of Enterobacteriaceae on fish feed and feed Stuffs. Bornova The Journal of Bornova Veterinary Science, 24(38), 71-78.
  • Aydın, R., Ozsan, E., & Alptekin, Y. (2003.) Aflatoxin contamination and health risk in animal products. First National Mycotoxin Symposium, İstanbul.
  • Aydın, N. (2007). Mycotoxins and mycotoxicosis in animal health. Journal of Infection, 21(10), 37-46.
  • Curie, L. A. (1995). Nomenclature in evaluation of analytical methods ıncluding detection and quantification capabilities. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 67(10), 1699-1723.
  • Ekici, H. (2017). Undesirable factors present fish feed. Turkiye Klinikleri Veterinary Sciences- Pharmacology and Toxicology-Special Topics. 3(2), 139-143.
  • European Commission (2006). Commission regulation (EC) No 401/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union, L364, 5-24.
  • Faria, C. B., Santos, F. C., Castro, F. F., Sutil, A. R., Sergio, L. C., Silva, M. V., Junior, M. M., & Barbosa-Tessmann, I. P. (2017). Occurrence of toxigenic Aspergillus flavus in commercial bulgur wheat. Food Science and Technology, 37(1), 103-111.
  • Fu, Z., Huang, X., & Min, S. (2008). Rapid determination of aflatoxins in corn and peanuts. Journal of Chromatography A, 1209, 271-274.
  • Golge, O., Hepsag, F., & Kabak, B. (2013). Incidence and level of aflatoxin contamination in chilli commercialised in Turkey. Food Control, 33, 514-520.
  • Goncalves, R. A., Naehrer, K., & Santos, G. A. (2018). Occurrence of mycotoxins in commercial aquafeeds in Asia and Europe: a real risk to aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture, 10, 263-280.
  • Greco, M., Pardo, A., & Pose, G. (2015). Mycotoxigenic fungi and natural co-occurrence of mycotoxins in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) feeds. Toxins, 7, 4595-4609.
  • Mohammadi, K., Safari, R., Khalesi, M. K., Mirmasod Sajadi, M., & Bahri, A. H. (2018). Toxin Reviews. 37, 35-38.
  • Kabak, B. (2012). Determination of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in retail cereal products from Turkey by high performance liquid chromatography. Food Control, 28, 1-6.
  • Kaymak, T. (2000). Detection of aflatoxin levels in trout feeds in Turkey. Master Thesis, Ankara University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ankara.
  • Kop, A. F., & Korkut, Y. A. (2002). Quality control in fish feeed. Ege Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences,19(1-2), 271-276.
  • Korkut, Y. A., Hossu, B., & Gultepe, N. (2002). Fish diseases related with feeding. Ege Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 19(3-4), 555-564.
  • Maciorowski, K. G., Herrera P., Jones F. T., Pillai S. D., & Ricke, S. C. (2007). Effects on poultry and livestock of feed contamination with bacteria and fungi. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 133, 109–136.
  • Merako, K. (2010). Determination of the heavy metal and aflatoxin content of the trout feeds used in trout aquaculture. Master Thesis, Namık Kemal University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Edirne.
  • Sahin, İ., & Korukluoğlu, M. (2000). Mould-food-human. Uludağ University Enpowerment Foundation, Bursa.
  • Yaroglu, T., & Gul, M. (2007). The investigation of aflatoxin b1 substance in the trout feeds in the market in Erzurum province. Van Veterinary Journal, 18(2), 51-58.
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Zootechny (Other)
Journal Section Animal Sciences
Authors

Özgür Gölge 0000-0001-5020-339X

Ayşegül Aktüre This is me 0000-0001-6431-8892

Rozelin Aydın This is me 0000-0002-7822-734X

Publication Date April 16, 2021
Submission Date December 2, 2020
Acceptance Date January 13, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Gölge, Ö., Aktüre, A., & Aydın, R. (2021). Research on Mould and Aflatoxin Contamination Levels of Feeds Used in Trout Farms of Adana (Turkey). Uluslararası Tarım Ve Yaban Hayatı Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 157-163. https://doi.org/10.24180/ijaws.834623

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