본 연구는 문화변용전략의 이론적 관점을 활용하여 북미에서 3년 이상 수학하고 귀국한 대학생들의 문화가치가 사회적 지지를 매개하여 한국 재적응을 예측하는지 알아보고자 하였다. 구체적으로 귀국 학생들을 대상으로, 문화 지능을 통제한 후 한국 문화 가치와 재적응의 관계에서 북미 문화 가치에 의해 조절된 사회적 지지의 매개효과를 확인하였다. 총 563명의 대학생(귀국 학생 104명, 국내 학생 366명)이 연구에 참여하였고, 귀국 학생과 국내에서 수학한 학생들이 연구변인에서 차이가 있는지 Welch’s t-test를 통해 비교하였다. 귀국한 학생들을 대상으로 한 조절된 매개효과 검증 결과, 한국 문화 가치와 재적응의 관계에서 북미 문화 가치에 의해 조절된 사회적 지지의 매개효과가 유의하였다. 이는 귀국 학생들이 통합의 전략을 사용하여 양쪽 문화 가치를 모두 수용하고 있을 때 주변의 지지를 잘 받고 재적응을 잘 할 수 있음을 의미한다. 연구 결과를 토대로 귀국 학생들의 재적응을 조력할 수 있는 방안을 논의하고, 본 연구의 제한점과 후속 연구에 대한 제언을 논하였다.
This study examined whether the effects of cultural values on readjustment were mediated by social support among South Korean students who studied in North America before college(returnees). A mediation model of social support on the relationship between South-Korean cultural values and readjustment in which the relationship between South-Korean cultural values and social support was moderated by North American cultural values was tested. A sample of 563 college students (104 returnees, 366 Korean-educated-only) completed a self-report questionnaire. Welch’s T-test was conducted to examine differences in the study variables between the two groups. The moderated mediation analysis showed that the relationship between South-Korean cultural values and readjustment was mediated by social support, and this mediation effect was moderated by North American cultural values. This finding suggests that returnees using integration strategies and embracing cultural values of both societies are more likely to receive social support and readjust effectively in Korea.
강희숙 (2010). 나홀로 조기유학생의 유학과정에 대한 질적 분석. 청소년 복지연구, 12 (3), 119-142.
곽영호 (2000). 귀국학생의 중학교 사회과 수업에 관한 연구: 지리영역을 중심으로. 지리학연구, 34(2), 87-99.
김민희, 김명철 (2015). 문화 지능과 성격, 문화 경험의 관계 탐색. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 21(2), 159-176.
김소희, [특별기획-조기 유학 ①] 조기 유학 다녀와도 ‘주류’ 못 된다…1/3로 급감한 유학생. (2015, December 2). 데일리한국. Retrieved December 16, 2015.
김소희, [특별기획-조기 유학 ②] 대입․취업 ‘재수’하는 ‘리터니’들…유학 경험이 오히려 걸림돌 되기도. (2015, December 7). 데일리한국. Retrieved December 16, 2015.
김수영 (2016). 사회적 지지가 중도입국청소년의 문화적응에 미치는 영향. 서울시립대학교 석사학위논문.
김창호 (2002). 귀국 학생을 위한 이중언어교육의 필요성. 이중언어학, 21.
김현주 (2007). 미국조기 유학 청소년의 적응과정 연구: 근거이론을 적용하여. 이화여자대학교 박사학위논문.
남순현 (2010). 중국유학생의 학년별 학교생활 적응 유형 분석 및 문화적응전략과 문화 정체감이 학교생활 적응에 미치는 영향. 교육심리연구, 24(4), 977-998
박주용 (2011). 귀국학생을 위한 국어과 교수․학습 방안. 언어학연구, (20), 23-49.
박지원 (1985). 사회적 지지척도 개발을 위한 일 연구. 연세대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
백미순, 장인실 (2014). 다문화 교사교육과정을 위한 초등교사의 문화지능 연구. 교육과정연구, 32(4), 217-240.
오경자, 박규리, 오서진 (2010). 해외거주 후 국내대학에 진학한 귀국대학생의 문화적응양상과 심리사회적 적응. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 16(2), 125-146.
우성범, 정미나, 성낙윤, 강총명, 양은주 (2009). 내면화된 수치심, 자기애, 책임귀인이 연애관계 만족에 영향을 미치는 경로 분석. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 21(4), 879-895.
이기홍 (2005). 미국으로의 조기유학 청소년의 적응과 열망. 사회과학연구, 44, 105-122.
이승미 (2004). 사회경제적 지위와 어머니의 사회적 지지, 양육효능감 및 자녀 성취에 대한 기대. 이화여자대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
이승종 (1996). 문화이입과정 스트레스와 유학생의 신념체계 및 사회적 지지와의 관계. 연세대학교 교육연구소, 1(9), 157-176.
이신전, 송계충 (2012). 문화지능과 직무만족 및 직무성과 간의 관계에서의 문화 적응의 매개역할 분석. 인적자원개발연구, 15 (2), 75-100.
이장영, 최화순 (1996). 해외 귀국 학생의 적응. 한국사회학회 사회학대회 논문집, 61-66.
정안숙, 오경자, 오서진, 박규리 (2015). 해외거주귀국대학생들의 “모국”문화재적응. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 21(1), 1-20.
장지영, 박규리 (2008). 한국의 귀국학생들의 정체감에 관한 탐색 연구. 한국심리학회 학술대회 자료집, 2008(1), 514-515.
정재옥, 주은선 (2003). 해외 귀국 청소년들의 학교생활적응 특성에 관한 연구. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 15(2), 329-351.
좌동훈 (2013). 중도입국청소년의 사회문화적응에 영향을 미치는 요인에 관한 연구. 숭실대학교 박사학위논문.
홍근표 (1985). 간호원의 소진경험에 관한 분석적 연구: 개인적 특성, 업무와 관련된 스트레스, 사회적 지지와의 관계. 연세대학교 박사학위논문.
황나리 (2011). 국내 중국인 유학생의 대학생활적응에 관한 모형 검증: 문화적응 스트레스, 사회적 지지, 적극적 대처방식을 중심으로. 가톨릭대학교 대학원 석사학위 논문.
Adler, N. J. (1981) Re-entry: Managing cross-cultural transitions. Group & Organization Studies, 6(3), 341-356
An, I. (1985). A study on Returnee students’ life adjustment. Master’s thesis. Ewha Woman’s University, Seoul, Korea.
Ang, S., & Van Dyne, L. (2008). Handbook of cultural intelligence. New York: ME Sharpe.
Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh C., Ng, K. Y., Templer, K. J., Tay, C., & Chandrasekar, N. A. (2007). Cultural intelligence: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance. Management and Organization Review, 3, 335-371.
Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Rockstuhl, T. (2015). Cultural intelligence: Origins, conceptualization, evolution, and methodological diversity. In M. J. Gelfand, C. Y. Chiu, & Y. Y Hong (Eds.), Handbook of advances in culture and psychology, 5: 273-323. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bakker, W., Zee, K. V., & Oudenhoven, J. P. (2006). Personality and Dutch Emigrants' Reactions to Acculturation Strategies. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(12), 2864-2891.
Barbuto, J. E., Beenen, G., & Tran, H. (2015). The role of core self-evaluation, ethnocentrism, and cultural intelligence in study abroad success. The International Journal of Management Education, 13(3), 268-277.
Barrera, M., Jr., Sandler, I.N., & Ramsay, T.B. (1981). Preliminary development of a scale of social support: Studies on college students. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9, 435-447.
Baughn, C. (1995). Personal and organizational factors associated with effective repatriation. In J. Selmer (Ed.), Expatriate management: New ideas for international business (pp. 215-230). Westport, CN: Quorum Books.
Berry, J. W. (1997) Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 46, 5-28.
Berry, J. W. (2005). Acculturation: Living successfully in two cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 697-712.
Black, J. S. (1992). Coming home: The relationship of expatriate expectations with repatriation adjustment and job performance. Human Relations, 45(2), 177-192.
Black, J. S., Grgersen, H. B., & Mendenhall, M. E. (1992a). Toward a theoretical framework of repatriation adjustment. Journal of International Business Studies, 16(4), 737-760.
Chamove, A. S., & Soeterik, S. M. (2006). Grief in returning sojourners. Journal of Social Science, 13(3), 215-220.
Choi, I. (2009, June). Socio-cultural Readjustment of Korean Students Returning from Overseas. International Journal of Human Ecology, 87-98.
Choi, N.-Y., & Miller, M. J. (2014). AAPI college students’ willingness to seek counseling: The role of culture, stigma, and attitudes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(3), 340-351. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000027
Cronkite, R. C., & Moos, R. H. (1995). Life context, coping process, and depression. In E. Beckham & B. Leber (Eds.), Handbook of depression (2nd ed., pp. 569-587). New York, NY: Guilford.
Early, P. C., & Ang, S. (2003). Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 9, 175-191.
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0 update (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Haggerty, R. J. (1980). Life Stress, Illness and Social Support. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 22(3), 391-400.
Han L, Berry JW, Zheng Y (2016) The Relationship of Acculturation Strategies to Resilience: The Moderating Impact of Social Support among Qiang Ethnicity following the 2008 Chinese Earthquake. PLoS ONE 11(10): e0164484.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164484
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderstion, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
Hobfoll, D. E., Vaux, A., Goldberger, L., & Breznitz, S. (1993). Social support: Social resources and social context. Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Free Press.
Huff, K. C., Song, P., & Gresch, E. B. (2014). Cultural intelligence, personality, and cross- cultural adjustment: A study of expatriates in Japan. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 38, 151-157.
Imamura, M., & Zhang, Y. B. (2014). Functions of the common in group identity model and acculturation strategies in intercultural communication: American host nationals’ communication with Chinese international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 43, 227-238.
Ince, B. Ü, Fassaert, T., Wit, M. A., Cuijpers, P., Smit, J., Ruwaard, J., & Riper, H. (2014).The relationship between acculturation strategies and depressive and anxiety disorders in Turkish migrants in the Netherlands. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1).doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0252-5
Kovacev, L. & Shute, R. (2004). Acculturation and social support in relation to psychosocial adjustment of adolescent refugees resettles in Australia. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28(3), 259-267.
Khan, K. A. (2015). Predicting effect of cultural intelligence on acculturative stress. Journal of Ravishankar University.
Kim, B. S. K., Atkinson, D. R., & Yang, P. H. (1999). The Asian Values Scale: Development, factor analysis, validation, and reliability. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46, 342-352.
Kim, B. S. K., Li, L. C., & Ng, G. F. (2005). Asian American Values Scale - Multidimensional: Development, reliability, and validity. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 11, 187-201.
Kim, B. S., & Omizo, M. M. (2005). Asian and European American Cultural Values, Collective Self-Esteem, Acculturative Stress, Cognitive Flexibility, and General Self-Efficacy Among Asian American College Students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(3), 412-419.
Lin, Y., Chen, A. S., & Song, Y. (2012). Does your intelligence help to survive in a foreign jungle? The effects of cultural intelligence and emotional intelligence on cross-cultural adjustment. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36(4), 541-552.
Linehan, M., & Scullion, A. (2002). Repatriation of female international managers. International Journal of Manpower, 23(7), 649-658.
Martin, J. N. (1984). The intercultural reentry: Conceptualization and directions for future research. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 8, 115-134.
Myers, S. (1999). Childhood migration and social integration in adulthood. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61, 774-789.
Ng, K. Y., Van Dyne, L., & Ang, S. (2009a). Developing global leaders: The role of international experience and cultural intelligence. Advances in Global Leadership, 5, 225-250.
Ng, K. Y., Van Dyne, L., & Ang, S. (2009b). From experience to experiential learning: Cultural intelligence as a learning capability for global leader development. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 8, 511-526.
Presbitero, A. (2016). Cultural intelligence (CQ) in virtual, cross-cultural interactions: Generalizability of measure and links to personality dimensions and task performance. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 50, 29-38.
Reichard, R. J., Dollwet, M., & Louw-Potgieter, J. (2013). Development of cross-cultural psychological capital and its relationship with cultural intelligence and ethnocentrism. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 19, 150-164.
Rockstuhl, T., Seiler, S., Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Annen, H. (2011). Beyond general intelligence (IQ) and emotional intelligence(EQ): The role of cultural intelligence(CQ) on cross-border leadership effectiveness in a globalized world. Journal of Social Issues, 67, 825-840.
Rogers, J., & Ward, C. (1993). Expectation- experience discrepancies and psychological adjustment during cross-cultural reentry. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 17(2), 185-196.
Schaetti, B. F. (1996). Transition programming in international schools: an emerging mandate, Inter-Ed. Association for the Advancement of International Education, 24, 12-19.
Szkudlarek, B. (2010). Reentry-A review of the literature. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34(1), 1-21.doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2009.06.006
Smith, P. B., & Bond, M. H. (1994). Social psychology across cultures: Analysis and perspectives. London: Allyn & Bacon.
Sussman, N. M. (1986). Re-entry research and training: Methods and implications. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 10, 235-54.
Sternberg, R. J., & Detterman, D. K. (1986). What is intelligence? Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Thomas, M. & Choi, J. B. (2006). Acculturative stress and social support among Korean and Indian immigrant adolescents in the Unites States. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 33(2), 123-143.
Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., & Koh, C. (2008). Development and validation of the CQS: The cultural intelligence scale. In S. Ang & L. Van Dyne (Eds.), Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications. New York, NY: Sharpe.
Ward, C., & Kennedy, A. (1994). Acculturation strategies. Psychological adjustment and sociocultural competence during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 18, 329-343.
Wilcox, R. R. (2003). Applying Contemporary Statistical techniques. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Wolfe, M. M., Yang, P. H., Wong, E. C., & Atkinson, D. R. (2001). Design and development of the European American values scale for Asian Americans. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 7, 274-283.
Yeh, C. J., & Inose, M. (2003). International students’ reported English fluency, social support satisfaction, and social connectedness as predictors of acculturative stress. Counseling Psychology Quarterly, 16, 15-28.
Yon, K. J. (2012). College student’s and counselor trainees’ perceptions of a psychologically healthy person: A comparative study on cultural values between the United States and South Korea(Doctoral Dissertation). University of Minnesota, Twin Cities.
Zhang, Y. (2012). “An Examination of Acculturative Stress, Preceived Social Support and Depression Among Chinese International Students” Child and Family Studies - Theses. Paper 3.
