¹ For a detailed examination of this phenomenon, see my doctoral thesis, “The Social Origins of Canadian Industrialism: A Study in the Structure of Entrepreneurship 1880–1910” (University of Toronto, 1971)Google Scholar, chapters 2–5. The changes in industrial structure parallelled a dramatic growth of Canada's industrial capability and of its industrial output. The real value of output increased from $423,000,000 in 1880 to $1,527,000,000 in 1910. See Bertram, Gordon, “Historical Statistics on Growth and Structure in Manufacturing in Canada 1870–1957,” Henripen, J. and Asimakopulos, A. A., eds., Canadian Political Science Association Conference on Statistics 1962 and 1963 Papers (Toronto, 1964), 103Google Scholar.

² Macmillan, David S., ed., Canadian Business History: Selected Studies 1497–1971 (Toronto, 1972), 144–174Google Scholar.

³ “The American Industrial Elite in the 1870's: Their Social Origins,” in Miller, William, ed., Men in Business (Cambridge, Mass., 1952), 191–211Google Scholar.

⁴ “The American Business Elite: A Collective Portrait,” Journal of Economic History, IX, 184–208Google Scholar.

⁵ Since many of these men were actively involved in the affairs of several different types of industrial enterprises, it becomes much more difficult to generalize about the types of industries represented in this sample.

⁶ The term “manufacturer” has been applied in this study only to those owner-managers whose principal work centered on the day-to-day administration of a manufacturing concern. Thus manufacturers are industrialists, but many other industrialists participated in the industrial process only as promoters or as members of corporate directorates.

⁷ Cole, Arthur H., Business Enterprise in Its Social Setting (Cambridge, Mass., 1959), 187–205Google Scholar; Dahrendorff, Ralf, Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society (Stanford, Cal., 1959), 44–17Google Scholar.

⁸ For example, Frank Meighan was the long-time treasurer and a director of the Lake of the Woods Milling Company, a firm of which his father had been the co-founder and president; Charles Riordon was vice-president and managing director of his family firm, Riordon Pulp and Paper.

⁹ The English-born population of Canada rose from 144,999 in 1871 to 519,401 in 1911. The Scottish-born declined from 121,074 in 1871 to 83,631 in 1901, then rose to 169,391 during the next decade. The Irish-born declined from 224,422 in 1871 to 92,874 in 1911. Canada, Census (1911), III, ix.

¹⁰ Thus William Cantlie, the dry goods wholesaler who eventually became a leading woolens manufacturer, came to Montreal from Aberdeen in 1863 to work as a clerk for William Stephen, a Scot and a leading dry goods wholesaler. Similarly, the twenty-one year-old James Wilson, who was to become a director of five major steel industries, was brought to Montreal in 1871 in conjunction with the wholesale metals firm of Thos. Robertson & Company. Within five years the young man assumed the managing directorship of that firm. ECB, I, 40; CMWT (1912), 1176.

¹¹ Among the more prominent members of this group were Lord Strathcona, who dominated the Railway and controlled the Hudson's Bay Company; his cousin, Lord Mount Stephen, who headed both the Railway and the Bank; the son of the former chief factor of the Hudson's Bay Company, Sir Edward Clouston, who rose to the general managership of the Bank of Montreal and sat as a director of nine major industrial firms including the three largest iron and steel manufactories in the city of Montreal. It included as well the Montreal wholesaler and Canadian Pacific Railway vice-president Duncan Mclntyre and his sons who headed several Montreal textile firms; R. B. Angus, the Scottish bank clerk who became part of the C.P.R. syndicate, president of the Bank, and leading industrialist; Senator James Ross, the Cromarty engineer who supervised construction of the western division of the C.P.R. and who was to become perhaps the foremost industrialist in the nation, and Ross' son, John, who followed his father into a variety of industrial enterprises. They were joined by Lord Mount Stephen's cousin-in-law James Cantlie, and by his brother-in-law, the Scotch-Irishman, Robert Meighan, who came to Montreal in association with Mount Stephen in 1879 and founded the Lake-of-the-Woods Milling Company; and Meighan's son, Frank who followed his father into a variety of flour, railroad, and woolens firms.

For brief biographical sketches of the above see the following: on Lord Mount Stephen, Gilbert, Heather, Awakening Continent: The Life of Lord Mount Stephen (Aberdeen, 1965)Google Scholar; on Lord Strathcona, Willson, H. Beckles, The Life of Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal (Boston, 1915)Google Scholar; on Sir Edward Clouston, Montreal, III, 32–37, Monetary Times, August 20, 1892, and CMWT (1912), 241; on Duncan Mclntyre, Industrial Canada (July, 1904), CMWT (1912), 772; on James Cantlie, ECB, U, 40, CCB, I, 746, CMWT (1898), 153, CMWT (1912), 198, and WWW, V, 176; on Robert Meighan, Montreal, in, 74–80; on R. B. Angus, Montreal, III, 5–8Google Scholar, ECB, I, 9, CCB, II, 465–66, and CMWT (1912), 29.

¹² The exception to this generalization, C. A. Flumerfelt, was the grandson of Ontario United Empire Loyalists.

¹³ Only two did not, one of whom was a Congregationalist, the other a Unitarian.

¹⁴ Methodists and Baptists together equalled the Anglican following among the second generation English-Canadian industrialists of the Lake Peninsula.

¹⁵ Every American-born member of the Lake Peninsula elite was an Anglican in 1910.

¹⁶ Notable examples of this phenomenon were W. O. Matthews, scion of a prominent Toronto Methodist family, and Lloyd Harris, a fourth generation Brantford Baptist, both of whom entered the Anglican faith. CCB, I, 340–41; CMWT (1912), 743; CMWT (1912), 504.

¹⁷ J. W. Allison, a nephew of the Methodist founder of Mount Allison University, Mr. Justice Robert Harris, an Annapolis Baptist, and Falmouth lawyer and Acadia University graduate, John Payzant; see CMWT (1912), 19; CMWT (1912), 505; CCB, II, 778; CMWT (1898), 810.

¹⁸ Such as the Ottawa lumber manufacturer, James MacLaren; see CMWT (1912), 705.

¹⁹ Such as the Parry Sound lumberman, John Miller. ECB, n, 58.

²⁰ There were twenty alumni of Montreal High School and eight of Upper Canada College in the 1910 elite.

²¹ The contrast was illustrated in the career of Sir Hugh Allan, who left his Scottish common school to work as a clerk at the age of twelve, and who was forty-two before he assumed control of his own firm, and that of his son, Sir Montagu Allan, who, after completing his education at Bishops College school and at Paris, entered the Allan Steamship Company as a principal officer and owner at the age of twenty one. He succeeded his father to the directorates of major rubber, paper, steel products, and textile manufactories. CCB, 35–36; CBC, II, 7–10; Monetary Times, December 15, 1882; ECB, I, 16; CMWT (1912), 15; Montreal, III, 660–662.

²² Most of the militia officers among the industrial elite were found in Montreal.

²³ The several families represented in the latter case included, among others, that of the agricultural implements manufacturer, Alanson Harris, of Brantford, whose grandson Lloyd left the company service in 1900 and achieved control of several industrial firms through his role as a financier; of John Redpath of Montreal, whose grandson, Huntley Redpath Drummond, succeeded his father, Sir George A. Drummond as head of the large St. Lawrence sugar refining industry; and of Henry Markland Molson, the Montreal capitalist whose grandfather had pioneered in the steam navigation of the St. Lawrence. For brief biographical sketches of the above see the following: on Harris, Lloyd, Men of Canada, I, 154Google Scholar, CMWT (1912), 504; on Huntley Drummond, Montreal, III, 304, CMWT (1912), 345, WWW (V), 244; on Molson, Henry M., Denison, Merrill, The Barley and the Stream: The Molson Story (Toronto, 1955)Google Scholar, CMWT (1912), 814.

²⁴ The Canadian Magazine, XXII, 441–43; Montreal, III, 217–233.

²⁵ CMWT (1912), 864.

²⁶ Typical of these were Robert Hopper, the asbestos and cement producer, whose father had been a prominent Quebec cattle dealer, and Lorne McGibbon, the rubber and footwear baron, whose father was a leading Montreal merchant. Montreal, III, 428–430; ECB, II, 111.

²⁷ One such union, the marriage of David Morrice Jr. to the daughter of the daughter of Andrew Gault, united the two leading Montreal textile families. Another brought together the Montreal engineer, contractor and industrialist, Herbert Holt and the daughter of the Sherbrooke woolens manufacturer, Andrew Paton. In a similar union the iron and steel baron G. E. Drummond of Montreal married the daughter of Brantford agricultural implements manufactuer Ignatius Cockshutt, while Guelph industrialist Christian Hoepfer took as his bride the daughter of the Calgary meat packer, Patrick Burns. For brief biographical sketches of the above see the following: on David Morrice, Jr., ECB, I, 85, CMWT (1912), 821; on Andrew Gault, ECB, II, 13, The Canadian Magazine, XXI, 201–203; on Herbert Holt, CMWT (1898), 474, WWW (1914), 455; on Andrew Paton, CCB, II, 448, CBD, II, 314–15; on G. E. Drummond, ECB, I, 12, CMWT, (1912), 345, and Industrial Canada, May, 1904; on Christian Kloepfer, CMWT (1912), 619; and on Patrick Bums, A. F. Sproule, “The Role of Patrick Burns in the Development of Western Canada” (M. A. thesis, University of Alberta, 1962)Google Scholar.

²⁸ The pattern is illustrated in the career of A. E. Dyment who, at the age of twenty-three, inherited a successful Simcoe County lumber firm from his father. Fourteen years later he disposed of the concern and established a Toronto brokerage through which medium he acquired an interest in a variety of industrial enterprises. A different path to success was adopted by Edmund Robert who, at the height of the consolidation movement, took his father's small Beauharnois woolen mill and used it as the basis for the Dominion Woolen Manufacturing Company, of which he became managing director. CMWT (1912), 359; CMWT (1912), 947.

²⁹ The success stories in the former field of endeavor included those of the Canadian Pacific Railway's former general manager for construction, Senator James Ross, and his subordinates Sir Donald Mann and Sir William MacKenzie, both the sons of humble Scottish immigrants. All three went on to promote numerous iron and steel firms, but Ross and Mackenzie moved into the field of electrical technology with their takeover and electrification of the street railway systems of Winnipeg, Toronto, Montreal, Saint John, and Birmingham. From this base they undertook the promotion of a number of electrical power and electrical equipment firms. ECB, II, 21; CMWT (1898), 700, 887–88; CMWT (1912), 701, 972; Montreal, III, 22–23.

³⁰ CCB, I, 10; ECB, II, 25; Prominent Men, 99–102; CMWT (1912), 433–444.

³¹ CMWT (1912), 472.

³² WWW (VI & VII), 1107.

³³ ECB, II, 26.

³⁴ CMWT (1912), 577.

³⁵ ECB, II, 7; CMWT (1898), 787–88; CMWT (1912), 874–75; and Wilkinson, Anne, Lions In the Way (Toronto, 1956)Google Scholar.

³⁶ CMWT (1912), 21.

³⁷ CMWT (1912), 10.

³⁸ ECB, I, 107–108.

³⁹ ECB, I, 38; Montreal, III, 112–19.

⁴⁰ CMWT (1912), 931.

⁴¹ CMWT (1912), 56.

⁴² Industrial Canada, December 1904; ECB, II, 31; CMWT (1912), 103.

⁴³ ECB, I, 13; CMWT (1898), 477; CMWT (1912), 548.

⁴⁴ Mills, C. Wright, “The Business Elite: A Collective Portrait,” Journal of Economic History, V (Supplement), 37Google Scholar.

⁴⁵ For example, stockbroker E. B. Osler and tinware manufacturer A. E. Kemp represented Toronto East and Toronto West in Parliament throughout most of the first two decades of the twentieth century (both were Conservatives), while their provincial Tory counterpart, William McNaught, held Toronto North in the provincial assembly Johnson, J. K., ed., The Canadian Directory of Parliament 1867–1967 (Ottawa, 1967), 300, 451Google Scholar.

⁴⁶ The transportation entrepreneurs, such as the Allans, were a notable exception to this generalization.

⁴⁷ Thus, although Senator James Ross and Sir William MacKenzie continued to serve as ruling elders of their Presbyterian congregations, and the Hamilton steel manufacturer, Cyrus Birge, even retained the superintendency of a Methodist Sunday school, the more characteristic industrialist was the agricultural implements manufacturer Chester Massey who, in addition to his trusteeship of Metropolitan Church — Toronto's Methodist “Cathedral” — served both as president of Methodist Social Action and as a trustee of Victoria College. He shared this latter office with the tinware manufacturer, Albert Kemp, and the broker, A. E. Ames. A similar office was occupied at McMaster University by the Toronto paperbook manufacturer Samuel Moore, and by the Woodstock piano manufacturer, Dennis Karn — both leading Baptist laymen — while the founder of the Canadian General Electric Company, Frederic Nicholls, served as a governor of Trinity College, and the Presbyterian financier, Robert Kilgour, served as governor of Knox College. See, on Senator James Ross, Montreal, III, 22–23, CMWT (1912), 972, Industrial Canada, December, 1904; on Sir William MacKenzie, ECB, II, 21, CMWT (1912), 701; on Cyrus Birge, ECB, II, 31, Industrial Canada, December, 1904; on Chester Massey, ECB, II, 10, Prominent Men, 326, CMWT (1912), 738, Denison, Merrill, Harvest Triumphant: The Story of Massey-Harris (Toronto, 1948)Google Scholar; on Albert Kemp, CMWT (1912), 607; on A. E. Ames, CMWT (1912), 21; on Samuel Moore, ECB, I, 84, CMWT (1912), 819; on Dennis Karn, CMWT (1912), 596; and on Robert Kilgour, CMWT (1912), 851–52.

⁴⁸ For example, Georgetown paper manufacturer John Barber and Orillia carriage-maker James Tudhope, were members of the Ontario and National clubs of Toronto; the Calgary brewer, Alexander Cross, was a member of both the Carleton Club of Winnipeg and the Union Club of Victoria, B.C. See CMWT (1912), 58; CMWT (1912), 1112; WWW (West), III, 171.

⁴⁹ CMWT (1912), 483, 738.

⁵⁰ CMWT (1912), 972.