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Anthropological Models in Yoruba History

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 January 2012

Extract

The recent appearance of a monograph by a social anthropologist, Peter Lloyd, on The Political Development of Yoruba Kingdoms in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries is likely to arouse considerable interest among historians of Africa, whose appetites have been whetted by adumbrations of his interpretation in some of his earlier publications. Lloyd traces the political development of the kingdom of Oyo through its period of imperial expansion in the eighteenth century until its collapse in the 1830s, and of five Yoruba states in the nineteenth century—Ibadan, Ado Ekiti, Abeokuta, Iwo, and Ilorin. He seeks to apply to the history of these states a model of the process whereby ‘tribal kingdoms’ develop into ‘highly centralised monarchies’. A ‘tribal kingdom’ is defined as one in which ‘political power…rests with a council of chiefs, each of which is selected by and from among members of a descent group—[and] the king is seen more as an arbiter between the chiefs than as an autocrat’. In a centralized monarchy, on the other hand, power rests with the king, the senior chiefs are appointed by the king, and a concept of ‘citizenship’ develops to replace descent-group loyalties. The Yoruba states discussed in this monograph did not, in fact, develop in this way, and Lloyd's theme is their failure to achieve centralization. The analysis is applied principally to Oyo. Of the nineteenth-century states discussed, relatively little is said of Iwo and Ado Ekiti, while Ibadan, Abeokuta, and Ilorin did not start out as ‘tribal kingdoms’ but as war-camps without kings. Moreover, it is suggested that the failure of Oyo to achieve centralization provided precedents for decentralization which influenced the development of its successors in the nineteenth century.

Résumé

MODÈLES ANTHROPOLOGIQUES APPLIQUÉS A L'HISTOIRE DES YORUBA

Une récente étude de l'état de Oyo et des autres états Yoruba par Peter Lloyd présente des conclusions méthodologiques d'importance pour l'histoire africaine. Lloyd déclare que les ‘royaumes tribaux’ se développent dans des ‘monarchies centralisées’ grâce à l'exploitation par le roi de ‘ressources de libre circulation’. Notant que de telles ressources existaient dans le pays Yoruba, mais que les états Yoruba n'avaient pas achevé leur centralisation, il suppose l'existence—qu'il cherche à établir—de facteurs qui ‘freinaient’ le processus espéré de centralisation. Au cours de son analyse, il fait usage de modèles variés. L'usage d'un ‘modèle’ dans le sens d'une représentation idéalisée du fonctionnement d'un système politique pour interpréter les événements historiques et l'usage de l' ‘extrapolation’ depuis les temps les plus récents pour construire un tel modèle semble ne poser aucune difficulté de principe (bien que les difficultés pratiques puissent être considérables). Mais l'emploi par Lloyd d'un modèle de prévision, décrivant un processus de transformation dans des circonstances données, semble discutable. L'historien peut employer un tel modèle comme schéma d'interprétation, mais ne saurait considérer sa valeur de prévision trop sérieusement, ou lui accorder la force d'une explication valable.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1973

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