Temida 2023 Volume 26, Issue 2, Pages: 163-188
https://doi.org/10.2298/TEM2302163M
Full text ( 301 KB)
Living in misery: Child to parent and grandparent violence and abuse
Mills Tyler (Equality, Diversity and Inclusion in Research and Innovation, University of Hull, United Kingdom), T.J.Mills@hull.ac.uk
Green Simon (Wilberforce Institute + University of Hull, United Kingdom), S.T.Green@hull.ac.uk
O’Leary Nicola (School of Criminology, Sociology and Policing, University of Hull, United Kingdom), N.OLeary@hull.ac.uk
This article investigates the hidden and under-researched phenomenon of
child/ adolescent-to-parent violence and abuse (CAPVA). Despite the
attention given to spousal and child abuse, very little is known about why
children abuse their parents or what can be done to prevent it. This article
explores how this issue is explained, its effects on parents and carers and
the different interventions that have emerged to tackle it. Based on
in-depth focus groups with parents, grandparents and practitioners
participating in a ‘Who’s in Charge’ intervention in the United Kingdom,
this article explores the complex intersection of parenting skills,
intergenerational violence, gender, neurodiversity and the associated
response (or lack thereof) from education and law enforcement. The article
concludes with important new recommendations on 1) the need for better
referral routes, 2) greater emphasis on neurodiversity, 3) very early
intervention, and 4) the benefit of online platforms used during the
COVID-19 lockdown for engaging parents and grandparents.
Keywords: Who’s in Charge, CAPVA, parents, grandparents, neurodiversity, intergenerational, Zoom, WhatsApp, violence, abuse
Show references
Baker, V. (2021) Exploring Adolescent Violence and Abuse towards Parents: The Experiences and Perceptions of Young People. Doctoral thesis, University of Central Lancashire, England.
Breman, R., MacRae, A., Vicary, D. (2018) “It’s Been an Absolute Nightmare” - Family Violence in Kinship Care in Victoria. Children Australia, 1, pp. 7-12. doi: 10.1017/cha.2018.8.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979) The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Brown, A., Charles, A. (2021) The Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility: The Need for a Holistic Approach, Youth Justice, 2, pp. 153-171. doi: 10.1177/1473225419893782.
Burck, D., Walsh, D., Lynch, D. (2019) Silenced Mothers: Exploring Definitions of Adolescent-to-parent Violence and Implications for Practice, Advances in Social Work and Welfare Education, 1, pp. 7-18. doi: 10.3316/informit.529927407399794.
Calvete, E., Orue, I., Gamez-Guadix, M. (2013) Child-to-Parent Violence: Emotional and Behavioral Predictors, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 4, pp. 755-772, doi: 10.1177/0886260512455869.
Clarke, K. R. (2015) Parents’ Experiences of Being Abused by Their Adolescent Children: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Study of Adolescent-to-Parent Violence and Abuse. Doctoral thesis, University of Hertfordshire, England.
Dyck, E., Russell, G. (2020) Challenging Psychiatric Classification: Healthy Autistic Diversity and the Neurodiversity Movement. In: S. J. Taylor, A. Brumby (Eds.) Healthy Minds in the Twentieth Century: In and Beyond the Asylum. New York: Springer International Publishing, pp. 167-187.
Holt, A. (2015) Working with Adolescent Violence and Abuse Towards Parents, Abingdon: Routledge, doi: 10.4324/9781315750781.
Holt, A. (2016) Adolescent-to-Parent abuse as a Form of ‘Domestic Violence’: A Conceptual Review. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 5, pp. 490-499. doi: 10.1177/ 1524838015584372.
Holt, A. (2021) International and Cross-cultural Research on Violence against Parents. In: T. Shackelford (Ed.) The SAGE Handbook of Domestic Violence. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, pp. 841-858.
Holt, A., Lewis, S. (2021) Constituting Child-to-Parent Violence: Lessons from England and Wales. The British Journal of Criminology, 3, pp. 792-811. doi: 10.1093/bjc/azaa088
Hong, J. S., Kral, M. J., Espelage, D. L., Allen-Meares, P. (2012) The Social Ecology of Adolescent-initiated Parent Abuse: A Review of the Literature. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 3, pp. 431-454. doi: 10.1007/s10578-011-0273-y
Ibabe, I., Arnoso, A., Elgorriaga, E. (2020) Child-to-Parent Violence as an Intervening Variable in the Relationship between Inter-parental Violence Exposure and Dating Violence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 5, pp. 1514, doi: 10.3390/ijerph17051514
Margolin, G., Baucom, B. R. (2014) Adolescents’ Aggression to Parents: Longitudinal Links with Parents’ Physical Aggression. Journal of Adolescent Health, 5, pp. 645-651. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.05.008
McCloud, E. (2017) Adolescent-to-Parent Violence and Abuse (APVA): An Investigation into Prevalence, Associations and Predictors in a Community Sample. Doctoral thesis, University of Portsmouth, England.
Miles, C., Condry, R. (2014) Adolescent to Parent Violence: The Police Response to Parents Reporting Violence from their Children. Policing and Society, 7, pp. 804-823. doi: 10.1080/10439463.2014.989158
O’Hara, K. L., Duchschere, J. E., Beck, C. J. A., Lawrence, E. (2017) Adolescent-to-Parent Violence: Translating Research into Effective Practice. Adolescent Research Review, 2, pp. 181-198. doi: 10.1007/s40894-016-0051-y
Papamichail, A., Bates, E.A. (2022) ‘I Want my Mum to Know that I am a Good Guy...’: A Thematic Analysis of the Accounts of Adolescents who Exhibit Childto- Parent Violence in the UK. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37, pp. 9-10. doi: 10.1177/0886260520926317
Paterson, R., Luntz, H., Perlesz, A., Cotton, S. (2002) Adolescent Violence towards Parents: Maintaining Family Connections When the Going Gets Tough. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 2, pp. 90-100. doi: 10.1002/j.1467-8438.2002.tb00493.x
Rutter, N. (2020) ‘I’m Meant to be His Comfort Blanket, not a Punching Bag’ - Ethnomimesis as an Exploration of Maternal Child to Parent Violence in Preadolescents, Qualitative Social Work, 5, pp. 1317-1338. doi: 10.1177/1473325020940774
Sawyer, S. M., Azzopardi, P. S., Wickremarathne, D., Patton, G. C. (2018) The Age of Adolescence. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 3, pp. 223-228. doi: 10.1016/S2352- 4642(18)30022-1
Simmons, M., McEwan, T. E., Purcell, R., Ogloff, J. R. P. (2018) Sixty Years of Child-to- Parent Abuse Research: What we Know and Where to Go”, Aggression and Violent Behavior, 38, pp. 31-52. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2017.11.001
Stevković, L. (2022) Victim or Abuser: Victimisation by Domestic Violence as a Predictor of Violent Behaviour of Juveniles towards Family Members. Društvena istraživanja, 4, pp. 619-638. https://doi.org/10.5559/di.31.4.03
Toole-Anstey, C., Keevers, L., Townsend, M. L. (2023) A Systematic Review of Child to Parent Violence Interventions. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 2, pp. 1157-1171. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380211053618
Williams, M., Tuffin, K., Niland, P. (2017) ‘It’s Like He Just Goes Off, BOOM!’: Mothers and Grandmothers Make Sense of Child-to-Parent Violence. Child and Family Social Work, 2, pp. 597-606. doi: 10.1111/CFS.12273
Internet sources
Baker, V., Bonnick, H. (2021) Understanding CAPVA: A Rapid Literature Review on Child and Adolescent to Parent Violence and Abuse for the Domestic Abuse Commissioner’s Office. Available at: https://domesticabusecommissioner.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/CAPVA-Rapid-Literature-Review-Exec-Summary-November-2021-Baker-and-Bonnick.pdf, page accessed 23.6.2023.
Brennan, I., Burnley, N., Cutmore, M., Holt, A., Lillis, J., Llewellyn, J., Macleod, S., Shah, M., Van Zanten, R., Vicentini, L. (2022) Comprehensive Needs Assessment of Child/Adolescent to Parent Violence and Abuse in London. London: London’s Violence Reduction Unit. Available at: https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/comprehensive_needs_assessment_of_child-adolescent_to_parent_violence_and_ abuse_in_london.pdf, page accessed 23.6.2023.
Holt, A., Birchall, J. (2020) Investigating Experiences of Violence towards Grandparents in a Kinship Care Context: Project Summary. Available at: https://www.roehampton. ac.uk/globalassets/documents/social-sciences/violenceagainstgrandparents_ projectsummary_may2020.pdf, page accessed 23.6.2023.
Sanders, R. (2020) ESSS Outline: Adolescent to Parent Violence and Abuse. Available at: https://www.iriss.org.uk/resources/esss-outlines/adolescent-parent-violence, page accessed 23.6.2023.
Sharfman, A., Cobb. P. (2022) Families and Households in the UK - Office for National Statistics. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/ birthsdeathsandmarriages/families/bulletins/familiesandhouseholds/latest, page accessed 27.9.2022.
Sutherland, G., Rangi, M., Llewellyn, G., Kavanagh, A., Vaughan, C. (2022) Toward a Socio-Ecological Understanding of Adolescent Violence in the Home by Young People with Disability: A Conceptual Review. Research Report, ANROWS. Available at: https://www.anrows.org.au/publication/towards-a-socio-ecological-understandingof- adolescent-violence-in-the-home-by-young-people-with-disability-a-conceptualreview/, page accessed 23.6.2023.
Thorley, W. (2017) Child-Parent Violence (CPV): An exploratory exercise. Discussion Paper, University of Sunderland. Available at: http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/id/eprint/6896/, page accessed 23.6.2023.
Wilcox, P., Mortensen, U., Christoffersson, I., Kommun, A. (2015) Responding to Child to Parent Violence: Executive Summary. RCPV. Available at: https://helenbonnick.files.wordpress.com/2021/04/rcpv-executive-summary-may-2015_english.pdf, page accessed 23.6.2023.